Immigration and refugee law in Australia:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sydney
Federation Press
1998
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXXVI, 331 S. |
| ISBN: | 1862872902 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804144857411747840 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | IMAGE 1
IMMIGRATION AND
REFUGEE LAW IN AUSTRALIA
MARY CROCK BA (HONS), LLB (HONS) (MELB); PHD (MELB) BARRISTER AND
SOLICITOR OF THE SUPREME COURTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND VICTORIA
LECTURER, FACULTY OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY
THE FEDERATION PRESS 1998
IMAGE 2
CONTENTS
PREFACE V
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII
ABBREVIATIONS XIV
TABLE OFCASES XVI
TABLE OF LEGISLATION XXVIII
1 CONTEXTUALISING MIGRATION LAW 1
1.1 PATTERNS, TRENDS AND THEORIES OF STATE 1
1.2 IMMIGRATION POLICY CONSIDERATIONS: A QUESTION OFBALANCE 4 1.2.1
EMPLOYMENT AND OTHER ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 5 1.2.2 HUMAN RIGHTS AND
THE POWER OF THE FAMILY 6
1.2.3 CULTURE AND DEMOGRAPHICS 7
1.2.4 THE ENVIRONMENT: IMMIGRATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 8
1.2.5 REFUGEES, THE LAW AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 9
2 IMMIGRATION LAW AND THE GROWTH OF NATIONHOOD 11
2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE EARLY LAWS 11
2.2 THE ALIEN AS OTHER: THE COURTS AND THE WHITE AUSTRALIA POLICY 15 2.3
THE CONSTITUTIONAL BASES OF MODERN IMMIGRATION LAWS 20
THE REACH OF THE IMMIGRATION POWER AND THE RISE OF THE ALIENS POWER
20
THE ALIENS POWER CONSTRAINED: HIGH COURT REACTIONS TO PROVISIONS
USURPING THE JUDICIAL POWER IN S 71 OF THE CONSTITUTION 23 2.4 THE
IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 25
COMPLAINTS TO THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE 30
3 THE CHANGING FACE OF IMMIGRATION DECISION-MAKING 33
3.1 THE REVOLUTION WITHIN: CHANGES IN POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PROCEDURE 33
3.2 THE IMMIGRATION BUREAUCRACY IN THE 1990S 36
3.3 PRESSURE FROM WITHOUT: EXTERNAL SCRUTINY OF THE MIGRATION
BUREAUCRACY 38
OTHER EXTERNAL INQUIRIES 39
CURIAL REVIEW AS AN AGENT OF CHANGE 40
3.4 AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATIVE REFORMS 42
THE 1989 AND 1993 REGULATIONS 43
THE 1994 REGULATIONS 44
3.5 JUDICIAL RESPONSES TO THE REGULATORY REGIME 46
3.6 THE IMPACT OF REGULATORY CHANGE ON MIGRATION APPLICANTS: ACCRUED
RIGHTS, DISALLOWED REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATIVE CONFUSION 50
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS
4 IMMIGRATION CLEARANCE AND COMMON ENTRY REQUIREMENTS: HEALTH, CHARACTER
AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 52
4.1 VISAS, PERMITS AND CONCEPTSOF ENTRY 52
4.2 COMMON ENTRY CRITERIA: PROTECTING THE PUBLIC INTEREST 56
4.3 HEALTH CONCERN NON-CITIZENS 57
4.4 CHARACTER REQUIREMENTS 62
4.4.1 HI STORY AND CONTEXT 62
4.4.2 PUBLIC INTEREST AND CIVIL LIBERTIES: BORDER CONTROL OR THOUGHT
CONTROL? 65
4.4.3 PROPOSAIS FOR REFORM 67
5 FAMILY REUNION 68
5.1 THE PLACE OF FAMILIES IN THE MIGRANT INTAKE 68
5.2 IMMIGRATION ON GROUNDS OFMARRIAGE OR DE FACTO RELATIONSHIP 69
5.2.1 SPOUSAL MIGRATION - AN OVERVIEW 69
OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS 69
ON-SHORE APPLICATIONS 71
5.2.2 THE LEGAL ATTRIBUTES OF A VALID MARRIAGE 72
DE FACTO COUPLES 72
5.2.3 THE REQUIREMENTS OF A GENUINE IMMIGRATION MARRIAGE OR DE FACTO
RELATIONSHIP 73
5.2.4 SHAM MARRIAGES AND OTHER ABUSIVE CASES 76
5.3 RESIDENCE BASED ON INTERDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIPS 79
5.4 FAMILIES AND COMPASSION: OTHER CLOSE FAMILY REUNION CATEGORIES 82
5.4.1 THE COURTS AND THE REGULATION OF COMPASSION 82
5.4.2 AGED PARENTS 84
5.4.3 CONCEPTS OF DEPENDENCY: CHILDREN AND AGED DEPENDENT RELATIVES 85
5.4.4 ORPHANED AND REMAINING RELATIVES 87
5.4.5 SPECIAL NEED RELATIVES 89
6 SKILLS-BASCD AND BUSINESS MIGRATION 92
6.1 ECONOMICS AND THE MIGRATION MIX 92
6.1.1 THE RECENT HISTORY OF SKILLED MIGRATION PROGRAMS 94
6.1.2 THE CAAIP REPORT AND THE 1989 REFORMS 95 6.1.3 THE PROGRAM AFTER
1989 96
6.1.4 THE PROGRAM AFTER 1997 97
6.2 SKILLED AUSTRALIAN-LINKED AND INDEPENDENT MIGRANTS 98
6.2.1 THE POINTS TEST: FLEXIBILITY VERSUS NOTIONS OF ACCRUED RIGHTS 98
6.2.2 ASSESSING EMPLOYABILITY 100
DETERMINING A PERSON S USUAL OCCUPATION 101
DEFINING OCCUPATIONS AND THE QUALIFICATIONS REQUIRED TO PRACTICE IN
AUSTRALIA *02
THE ASSESSMENT OF OVERSEAS QUALIFICATIONS 1 03
THE ASSESSMENT OF RELEVANT EXPERIENCE 106
6.2.3 OPTIONS FOR REFORM OF THE SCHEDULE 6 POINTSTEST 107
6.3 SKILLED MIGRATION 108
6.3.1 THE MAJOR VISA CLASSES 108
6.3.2 EMPLOYER NOMINATION 108
6.3.3 DISTINGUISHED TALENT VISAS H 3
VLLL
IMAGE 4
CONTENTS
6.4 BUSINESS MIGRATION 113
6.5 BUSINESS TEMPORARY ENTRY 116
6.5.1 THE ROACH COMMITTEE REPORT AND THE REFORMS OF 1996 117 SHORT TERM
BUSINESS VISAS 117
LONG TERM BUSINESS VISAS 118
LONG TERM BUSINESS VISAS - COMPANIES OPERATING IN AUSTRALIA 119
SPONSORSHIPS 119
KEYACTIVITY 120
LONG-TERM BUSINESS VISAS - COMPANIES NOT OPERATING IN AUSTRALIA 120
DEPARTMENTAL INITIATIVES 121
VISA-FREE BUSINESS TRAVEL 121
7 REFUGEE STATUS 123
7.1 THE CONCEPTOF REFUGEE 123
7.2 THE OFF-SHORE REFUGEE AND HUMANITARIAN PROGRAM 124
7.3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR REFUGEE DETERMINATION IN
AUSTRALIA 126
7.3.1 ON-SHORE REFUGEE CLAIMANTS 126
THE DETERMINATION OF REFUGEE STATUS COMMITTEE (DORS) 1978-1990 127
THE REFUGEE STATUS REVIEW COMMITTEE 1990-1993 128 CURRENT MECHANISMS FOR
DETERMINING REFUGEE STATUS 129 7.3.2 THE GRANT OF PROTECTION ON
HUMANITARIAN GROUNDS TO PERSONS IN AUSTRALIA 130
7.4 REFUGEES AND THE COURTS 132
7.4.1 THE OSCILLATION BETWEEN JUDICIAL DEFERENCETO INTERVENTION 132 7.5
THE DEFINITION OF REFUGEE 135
7.5.1 WELL-FOUNDED FEAR AND THE REAL CHANCE TEST 135 7.5.2 THE REAL
CHANCE TEST AND ONUS OF PROOF 138
7.5.3 PERSECUTION 139
7.5.3.1 THE SCOPE OF PROTECTION 139
7.5.3.2 STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR PERSECUTION 141
7.5.3.3 THE INTERNAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLE 141
7.5.4 THE REFUGEE CONVENTION GROUNDS 143
7.5.4.1 FOR REASONS OF 143
7.5.4.2 RACE 143
7.5.4.3 NATIONALITY 144
7.5.4.4 RELIGION 145
7.5.4.5 PARTICULAR SOCIAL GROUP 146
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, SOCIAL GROUPS AND THE PUBLIC- PRIVATE DISTINCTION
148
7.5.4.6 POLITICAL OPINION 151
7.6 THE EXTENT OF AUSTRALIA S PROTECTION OBLIGATIONS 153
7.6.1 REFUGEES SUR PLACE 153
7.6.2 EXCLUSION - EFFECTIVE NATIONALITY, SAFE THIRD COUNTRIES AND ART 1E
OF THE REFUGEE CONVENTION 154
7.6.3 REFUGEES WHO ARE UNDESERVING OF PROTECTION: THE NATIONAL SECURITY
EXCEPTION TO THE NON-REFOULEMENT RULE 157 7.6.4 CESSATION -ARTICLE IC OF
THE REFUGEE CONVENTION 158
IX
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS
7.7 ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE: WOMEN IN THE REFUGEE DETERMINATION PROCESS
160 7.8 THE CHALLENGE OF REFUGEE LAW 163
8 STUDENTS, VISITORS AND RISK FACTORS 164
8.1 INTRODUCTION 164
8.2 IDENTIFYING GENUINE VISITORS: TOURISTS, FAMILY VISITORS AND RISK
FACTORS 164
8.2.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE LAW GOVERNING THE ADMISSION OF VISITORS 164
8.2.2 THE CODIFICATION OF CRITERIA RELATING TO THE ADMISSION OF VISITORS
166
8.2.3 THE OPERATION OF RISK FACTOR PROVISIONS 168
8.2.4 POLICY DIRECTIONS RELATING TO THE ASSESSMENT OF GENUINE VISIT
170
8.2.5 VISITORS AND RESTRICTIONS ON WORKING 171
8.3 THE OVERSEAS STUDENT PROGRAM 171
THE REVIEW OF STUDENT VISA DECISIONS 175
9 UNLAWFUL STATUS 177
9.1 BECOMING UNLAWFUL - AN OVERVIEW 177
9.2 UNLAWFUL STATUS BY OPERATION OF LAW: UNAUTHORISED ARRIVALS AND
OVERSTAYERS 179
9.3 LOSS OF LAWFUL STATUS (1): CANCELLATION OF VISA ON GROUNDS OF
IRREGULARITY AT OR BEFORE ENTRY INTO AUSTRALIA 180
9.4 LOSS OF LAWFUL STATUS (2): CANCELLATION OF TEMPORARY VISAS AFTER
ENTRY INTO AUSTRALIA 184
9.5 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE REGULARISATION OF UNLAWFUL STATUS 186
9.5.1 TIME LIMITS, BRIDGING VISAS AND OTHER THRESHOLD
REQUIREMENTS 186
REPEAT APPLICATIONS AND CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTANCES 187 9.5.2 THE SCHEDULE 3
CRITERIA L 88
9.5.3 SUBSTANTIAL COMPLIANCE WITH PREVIOUS VISA CONDITIONS 190
9.6 SUBSTANTIVE VISAS AVAILABLE TO UNLAWFUL NON-CITIZENS 191
9.6.1 PERMANENT VISAS AVAILABLE TO UNLAWFUL NON-CITIZENS 191
PERSONS WHO HAVE BEEN UNLAWFUL FOR ANY LENGTH OF TIME 191
ABSORBED PERSONS 191
NON-CITIZENS WHO ARE UNLAWFUL FOR 12 MONTHS OR LESS (SEH 3, CL 3002) I
92
NON-CITIZENS WHO ARE UNLAWFUL FOR 28 DAYS OR LESS 192
9.6.2 TEMPORARY VISAS AVAILABLE TO UNLAWFUL NON-CITIZENS 193
9.6.3 THE DECISIONS OF 13 JUNE 1997: THE CL 850 (RESOLUTION OF STATUS
FOR CHINESE AND OTHERS) (TEMPORARY) VISA 193
9.7 PAST CONCESSIONS FOR UNLAWFUL NON-CITIZENS 19
9.7.1 MODERATING CONTROL WITH COMPASSION: CHANGING
APPROACHES TO UNLAWFUL MIGRATION ^
9.7.2 THE QUASI-AMNESTY OF 15 OCTOBER 1990 - REG 35AA 1 95
IMAGE 6
CONTENTS
9.7.3 THE OCTOBER 1990 CONCESSIONS - REG 13LA/SUBCL 812 - AND RELATED
CONCESSIONS 196
THE COMPASSIONATE GROUND - EXTREME HARDSHIP AND IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE
197
THE FAMILY CASES 198
EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIPS 199
9.7.4 THE CONCESSIONS OF 1 NOVEMBER 1993 199
9.8 IMMIGRATION OFFENCES 202
9.8.1 OFFENCES RELATING TO ENTRY AND STAY IN AUSTRALIA 202 9.8.2
OFFENCES RELATING TO MIGRATION FRAUD 204
9.8.3 OFFENCES RELATING TO DECISIONS MADE UNDER THE ACT 205 9.8.4
MIGRATION AGENTS REGISTRATION SCHEINE (MARS) OFFENCES 205 9.8.5 PART 9
OFFENCES 206
9.8.6 POWERS OF SEARCH AND SEIZURE 206
10 THE ENFORCEMENT OF DECISIONS 208
10.1 INTRODUCTION 208
10.2 BORDER APPLICANTS, IMMIGRATION CLEARANCE AND DETENTION 208 10.2.1
CONTROL MEASURES AT POINT OF ENTRY 208
10.2.2 SPECIAL DETENTION MEASURES AND LIM 210
10.2.3 AFTER LIM: DETENTION POLICY AND DETAINEES ACCESS TO LEGAL ADVICE
211
10.3 THE ARREST AND DETENTION OF ACTUAL AND SUSPECTED UNLAWFUL NON-
CITIZENS AFTER ENTRY INTO AUSTRALIA 214
10.3.1 THE LEGISLATIVE SCHEME GOVERNING ARREST AND DETENTION 214 10.3.2
RELEASE FROM DETENTION: BRIDGING VISAS 215
10.4 THE REMOVAL OF UNLAWFUL NON-CITIZENS 217
10.4.1 THEORIES OF REMOVAL AND DEPORTATION 217
10.4.2 THE EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATIVE SCHEME 218
10.4.3 REMOVAL AND THE COURTS 219
10.5 THE EXECUTION OF DEPORTATION ORDERS AND DETERMINATIONS TO REMOVE
222 10.5.1 STAY ORDERS 222
10.5.2 DELAY IN REMOVAL 224
10.5.3 CHOOSING THE DESTINATION OF A REMOVEE AND REMOVAL AS DISGUISED
EXTRADITION 225
11 THE DEPORTATION OF PERMANENT RESIDENTS 231
11.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE CURRENT LEGISLATIVE REGIME 231
11.2 THE REVIEWOF DEPORTATION DECISIONS 233
THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEPORTATION ON CRIMINAL GROUNDS 234 11.3 THE AAT AND
CRIMINAL DEPORTATION POLICY 234
11.3.1 CRIMINAL DEPORTATION AS A BALANCING ACT: ONUS OF PROOF AND THE
WEIGHTING OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTERESTS 235 11.3.2 ASSESSING THE
SERIOUSNESS OF THE OFFENCE 236
11.3.3 ASSESSING AN OFFENDER S TIES IN AUSTRALIA 239
11.3.4 ASSESSING THE RISK OF RECIDIVISM 241
11.4 CRIMINAL DEPORTATION AND THE FEDERAL COURT 243
11.4.1 SECTION 44 APPEALS 243
11.4.2 JUDICIAL REVIEW OF MINISTERIAL ORDERS OVERRULING THE AAT 246 11.5
PROPOSAIS FOR THE REFORM OF CRIMINAL DEPORTATION LAWS 248
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS
12 IMMIGRATION APPEALS 250
12.1 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANISMS FOR REVIEWING THE MERITS OF MIGRATION
DECISIONS 250
12.2 INTERNAL REVIEW: THE MIRO 252
12.3 THEIRT 253
12.3.1 THE IRT SMODEOF OPERATION 255
12.4 REFUGEE STATUS APPEALS 257
12.5 REVIEW OF DECISIONS BY THE AAT AND BY THE S203 COMMISSIONER 259
12.6 THE TRIBUNALS AND GOVERNMENT POLICY 260
12.7 THE NATURE OF INQUISITORIAL REVIEW 261
12.7.1 DETERMINING THE LIMITS OF CREDIBILITY: FACT-FINDING, ONUS OF
PROOF AND THE DUTY TO MAKE A DECISION 261
12.7.2 THE EXTENT OF THE DUTY TO INQUIRE 263
12.8 PROPOSAIS FOR THE REFORM OF MIGRATION REVIEW AUTHORITIES 265 12.9
COMPLAINTS REGARDING MALADMINISTRATION OR BREACH OF HUMAN RIGHTS 267
13 THE JUDICIAL REVIEW OF MIGRATION DECISIONS 270
13.1. INTRODUCTION 270
13.2. JUDICIAL REVIEW AND PART 8 OF THE ACT 271
13.2.1 THE MIGRATION REFORM ACT 1992 (CTH) 271
13.2.2 REVIEWABLE DECISIONS 271
13.2.3 THE GROUNDS FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW 272
13.2.4 STANDING TO SEEK REVIEW, STATEMENTS OF REASON AND THE POWERS OF
THE FEDERAL COURT 272
13.2.5 THE CONCEPT OF NON-COMPELLABLE, NON-REVIEWABLE MINISTERIAL
DISCRETIONS 274
13.2.6 OTHER PROVISIONS LIMITING REVIEW BY THE FEDERAL COURT 276 13.3
THE HIGH COURT AND JUDICIAL REVIEW 276
13.4 CURIAL PROTECTION OF THE PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF MIGRATION APPLICANTS
279 13.4.1 ESTABLISHING THE LINK BETWEEN HEARING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS
279
13.4.2 CODIFIED PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS AND MIGRATION DECISION- MAKING 283
13.4.3 JUDICIAL RESPONSES TO THE CODIFIED HEARING PROVISIONS: THE SCOPE
FOR THE CONTINUED APPLICATION OF THE COMMON LAW RULES OF PROCEDURAL
FAIRNESS 284
13.4.4 THE REVIEW OFTRIBUNAL DECISIONS ON GROUNDS OFBIAS 288 13.5 BARE
LEGALITIES: RELEVANCY AND REASONABLENESS AS GROUNDS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
290
13.5.1 THE LEGACYOF THE 1980S 290
13.5.2 THE SCOPE FOR JUDICIAL REVIEW UNDER PART 8 OF THE ACT 292 13.6
PROPOSAIS FOR REFORM: THE FUTURE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW 293
13.6.1 MIGRATION LEGISLATION AMENDMENT BILL (NO 5) 1997 (CTH) 293
13.6.2 THE HICKMAN PRINCIPLE 294
13.7 REAFFIRMING THE ROLE OF THE COURTS (A CALL FOR A CESSATION OF
HOSTILITIES) 296
BIBLIOGRAPHY 301
INDEX 317
|
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| spellingShingle | Crock, Mary Immigration and refugee law in Australia |
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| title_auth | Immigration and refugee law in Australia |
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| title_full_unstemmed | Immigration and refugee law in Australia Mary Crock |
| title_short | Immigration and refugee law in Australia |
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