Naven: a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Stanford, Calif.
Stanford Univ. Press
1958
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 312 S. Ill. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Naven |b a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view |c by Gregory Bateson |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Stanford, Calif. |b Stanford Univ. Press |c 1958 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 312 S. |b Ill. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Titel: Naven
Autor: Bateson, Gregory
Jahr: 1958
TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Table is provided to help those who may be interested in dis-
secting the arguments contained in this book. Every heading in the
book is listed in the Table, and, in addition, a number of finer sub-
divisions, not specially marked in the text, are here given the dignity of
headings.
Preface to the Second Edition vii
Foreword ix?x
Chap. I. METHODS OF PRESENTATION 1-5
Artistic and scientific techniques contrasted; functional analysis;
the importance of ethos; synchronic study of culture; sketch of the
Iatmul people.
Chap. II. THE NAVEN CEREMONIES 6-22
Occasions on which Naven are performed 6
(1) Major achievements of laua; (2) first accomplishment of minor
acts; (3) acts characteristic of laua; (4) boasting in presence of wau;
(5) changes in laua's social status; naven for girls.
Materials upon which the Description is based 10
Small naven; the five naven witnessed by the writer; native descrip-
tions of naven.
Description of the Ceremonies 12
Two waus in Palimbai naven; zvaus called "mothers"; their trans-
vestite costume; their buffoonery; they search for laua; grotesque
obscenities; laua gives valuables to wau; wau rubs buttocks on
laua's leg; classificatory spreading of naven; naven in Mindimbit for
children who had made sago; transvestite women; relatives con-
cerned; their costume contrasted with that of wau; costumes of
mother and mother's brother's wife; special kinship terms for
transvestite women; women beating men; women enter ceremofllal
house; women's dance; naven for girl who had caught fish; wau
carrying laua; laua on belly of wau; mother's brother's wife (mbord)
dances; presentations of pigs; return presents of valuables; naven
for homicide; mbora snatches feather ornament from iau; tnbora
copulates with wau; laua spears the fish-trap and steps across all the
women; summary of the naven behaviour of the various relatives.
xii Contents
Chap. III. THE CONCEPTS OF STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION 23-34
Structure 23
Formulations as summaries of many details of cultural behaviour;
"tradition" equated with Structure; definition of Cultural Pre-
mises ; definition of Cultural Structure; Social Structure.
Function 26
Strict and popular uses of the term; "useful" functions; institu-
tions; classification of "functions" is a necessary preliminary to
definition of institutions; previous classifications; Radcliffe-Brown's
system; the position of economics; definitions of categories used by
the writer; considerations leading to subdivision of "pragmatic
function "; impossibility of guessing at affective functions until the
ethos of the culture is known; the analogy between ethos and eidos;
relation between these concepts and "Configuration"; standardisa-
tion of individuals by culture; the irrelevance of psychology to
sociology.
Chap. IV. CULTURAL PREMISES RELEVANT TO
THE WAU-LAXJA RELATIONSHIP 35-53
I dentification 3 5
Discrimination between Wau and Father 36
Story of children who are ashamed of father and mother who
behave like wau and tnbora; esoteric knowledge given to son but
sold to laua; "my laua will help my son"; wau may help laua in
first killing, but father must not do this; wau and laua identified in
achievements; father and son identified in economics.
Identification between Father and Son 38
Evidence from terminology; double terms for groups of kin; the
term, wau, sometimes applied to mother's brother's son; avoidances
between father and son; promotion of son into father's initiatory
grade; intimacy between father and son is shocking; mutual respect.
The Child's Relationship to the Maternal Clan 42
Bones regarded as a product of semen, but flesh and blood derived
from menstrual blood; names given to child by paternal and
maternal clans; -awan names; aspects of child's personality repre-
sented by these names; fate of names after death; the laua identified
with the ancestors of the maternal clan; laua addressed as " father
and father's father"; laua addressed as totem of maternal clan; laua
dances in masks representing maternal ancestors; laua ornaments
himself with totemic plants of maternal clan; laua eats the sacrifices
to his maternal ancestors; laua eats fowl presented by trespasser;
laua eats maternal ancestors; pwivu ritual; mintshanggu mortuary
ceremony; part played by paternal and maternal clans.
Contents xiii
Chap. IV. Cultural Premises etc. (cont.)
Summary of the First Three Premises 48
The child is identified with the father but competes with him in
achievement; the child is the achievement of the mother and his
achievements are her achievements; achievements of man and woman
stressed in mortuary ceremonial; myth of naven celebrated for a
man on occasion of the birth of his child; the tragic consequences;
procedure at first kill explained; achievements equated with ancestors.
Identification between Brother and Sister 49
Evidence from the naming system; ceremonial behaviour expressing
this identification; the passing of the right to names from sister to
brother; brother cutting sister's hair, presenting a shell valuable and
claiming the names; position of woman who is solitary surviver of
clan; her bride price greater because all the names are vested in her.
Identification of Wife and Husband 52
Evidence from kinship terminology; household as a single economic
unit; context and identification.
Chap. V. SORCERY AND VENGEANCE 54-73
The native concept of ngglambi; infectious guilt; native phrasings
of the cause of death; ngglambi equated with lex talionis; homo-
nymous uses of the word nggambwa, " vengeance "; native phrasings
of the cause of death illustrate the identifications described in
Chapter iv; eleven stories of sorcery and killing documenting these
identifications.
Chap. VI. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE WAV-
LAVA RELATIONSHIP 74-85
The wau's behaviour analysed in terms of the identifications de-
scribed in Chapter iv and documented in Chapter v; these identifi-
cations indicate that wau is a "mother" and a "brother-in-law" of
laua.
i. The Wau as a "Mother" 75
Sketch of the relationship between a mother and her child; her
gifts of food to the child; her vicarious pride; the mother as a
comforter; analogous behaviour of wau; exaggeration in wau of the
natural behaviour of mother; behaviour of laua analogous to
behaviour of son towards mother; his loyalty.
xiv Contents
Chap. VI. Structural Analysis etc. (cont.)
2. The Wau as a "Wife's Brother" 78
Sketch of the relationship between brothers-in-law; bride-price;
indebtedness; co-operation; joking about mutual opposition; in-
sistence upon loyalty between brothers-in-law; duty of peace-making
between maternal clan and wife's clan; analogies between wau-laua
relationship and that of brothers-in-law; laua presents valuables to
wau.
3. Other Details of Wau's Behaviour 82
The ceremonial in which wau rubs his buttocks on laua's leg is not
describable in terms of either aspect of the wau's position; com-
bination of identifications would label wau as "wife" of laua;
suggestion that the ceremonial is an expression of this relationship;
supporting evidence for this; problem of elaboration of culture;
details of behaviour which might be described in terms of weak
identification between wau and laua's father; exaggeration of wau's
behaviour; the relationship between wau and laua summarised in
a diagram.
Chap. VII. THE SOCIOLOGY OF NAVEN 86-107
The Integration of Iatmul Communities 86
Assumption that by naven the kinship link between wau and laua
is strengthened; the importance of statistics in Sociology; the type
of statistical information required; an outline of the marriage system
of the Iatmul, showing that in this society there is no mechanism
for the repetition of marriages in succeeding generations; iai
marriage; marriage with father's sister's daughter; exchange of
women; logical relationships between these discordant types of
marriage; irregular marriages; the importance of affinal links in the
integration of Iatmul society; the behaviour which accompanies
these links; two types of extended affinal relationship; lanoa natnpa
and laua nyanggu; laua nyanggu defined by past marriages; "women
hither, women thither"; stressing laua relationship equivalent to a
stressing of old affinal links; size of community limited by internal
cohesion; fission follows patrilineal linkages and breaks the affinal
links; the weakness of the latter therefore sets limit to the size of
community.
Peripheral and Centripetal Systems 97
Analogous methods of integrating societies; the social function of
codified law and established authority; absence of such mechanisms
among the Iatmul; system of sanctions among the Iatmul; the
vengeance sanction; quarrels are always between peripheral groups,
never between higher and lower authority; four cases illustrating
this; a thief killed; a woman caught spying on secret flutes; a junior
ceremonial house defiled; a quarrel about suspected adultery.
Contents xv
Chap. VII. The Sociology of Naven (cont.)
Contrasting types of Fission 106
Fission of Iatmul communities with peripheral orientation leads to
formation of new communities with the same cultural norms as the
parent; fission of European systems with centripetal organisation
leads to formation of daughter groups with divergent norms.
Chap. VIII. PROBLEMS AND METHODS OF
APPROACH 108-122
Problems 108
Structural and Sociological analysis has answered' a number of
questions about naven; other questions remain; exaggeration of
wau's behaviour; problem of the size of villages; problems of
motivation; watt's hypothetical desire for allegiance; answers based
upon hypothetical "human nature"; difficulties in attributing
affective motive.
Zeitgeist and Configuration in
The historian's approach to culture; Zeitgeist and cultural change;
Configuration and the adoption of foreign traits of culture; cultural
emphases, due to standardisation of individuals; standardisation
either by selection or training.
Psychological Theories and Ethology 114
Criticism of answers which invoke universal human nature; existence
of opposite tendencies in human nature; need for a criterion which
shall justify us in invoking one tendency rather than another; concept
of standardisation provides this criterion; we must verify that the
sentiments invoked are actually fostered in the culture; circular
argument; its justification; definition of ethos (p. 118); ethos and
typology; possibility that future comparative work will provide
verification of ethological hypotheses.
Examples of Ethos in English Culture 119
Chap. IX. THE ETHOS OF IATMUL CULTURE:
THE MEN 123-141
The Ceremonial House 123
The ceremonial house compared with a church; behaviour in the
ceremonial house; self-consciousness; debates; pride in totemic
ancestors; stealing of names and ancestors; ritual staged for women.
xvi Contents
Chap. IX. The Ethos of Iatmul Culture etc. (cont.)
Initiation 129
Irresponsible bullying; scarification; hazing of novices; competition
between the moieties; novices as "wives" of the initiators; etho-
logical processes in initiation; "cutting off their own noses to spite
the other fellow's face "; a woman sees a whistle in Mindimbit, and
the secrets are therefore shown to the small boys; small boy killed
in Palimbai for insulting wagan, and the wagon are therefore shown
to women.
Headhunting 137
A captive speared; feuds; personal pride and village prosperity;
inability to revenge causes ngglambi; enemy corpse ritually killed;
heads and phallic standing stones; the vanquished give the names
of the dead.
Chap.X. THE ETHOS OF IATMUL CULTURE:
THE WOMEN 142-151
The dwelling house; fishing; markets; assertive women; taking the
initiative in love; women in headhunting; seeking vengeance;
women's courage commemorated; woman's authority in the house;
double emphasis in women's ethos; the same double emphasis in
ceremonial; jolly dances for women only; innocent obscenities;
women proud in public procession; mild transvesticism.
Chap. XL ATTITUDES TOWARDS DEATH 152-159
A death at night; the women weep; a man is embarrassed; the
burial; the death of a great fighter; the men debate; they set up a
figure of the dead with symbols of his achievements; death provides
a contest for competitive boasting; later mortuary ceremonies;
mintshanggu; "quiet singing"; women's dirges stimulate the men
to caricature; pride in the presence of certain death.
Chap. XII. THE PREFERRED TYPES 160-170
Ethological contrast and Kretschmer's typology; the violent man
and the man of discretion; a "cranky" informant; types contrasted
in mythology; long noses; typology and phallic symbolism; Mali-
kindjin, a character sketch; ambivalent feelings about him; skinny
sorcerers; native personality and culture contact; Tshimbat, a
maladjusted individual; his pig killed.
Contents xvii
Chap. XIII. ETHOLOGICAL CONTRAST, COMPETI-
TION AND SCHISMOGENESIS 171-197
Heredity and Environment 171
Biological differences between the sexes; difficulty of accounting for
etiological contrast in these terms; the possibility that genetic
variation has provided clues for cultural emphasis.
Conditioning factors which maintain Sex Contrast 173
Possibility that male ethos is inculcated in training of youths;
imitation of seniors; headhunting; first kill; such factors maintain
the status quo.
Schismogenesis 175
The status quo as a dynamic equilibrium; schismogenesis defined;
tendencies towards progressive change in behaviour patterns in
relationships; complementary and symmetrical schismogenesis.
Schismogenesis in Iatmul Culture 177
Women as an audience; reaction of the men to women's dirging;
complementary schismogenesis in initiation; the boasting of the
laua; symmetrical schismogenesis in initiation.
Schismogenesis in Other Contexts 178
(1) In marriage; (2) in progressive psychological maladjustment;
schismogenesis within the personality; the importance of cultural
emphases; (3) in culture contacts; (4) in politics.
The Progress of Schismogenesis 187
Schismogenic behaviour at first satisfactory; subsequent distortion
of personalities; mutual hostility; mutual envy; distaste for com-
plementary ethos; schismogenesis expected to follow exponential
curve; two factors which may hasten schismogenesis.
The Control of Schismogenesis 190
The nature of dynamic equilibrium; factors which preserve the
status quo; upper limits of tolerance; over-emphasis of ethos;
processes of change opposed to schismogenesis; (1) complementary
patterns in a symmetrical relationship and symmetrical patterns in
a complementary relationship; (2) schismogenesis based upon one
pair of complementary patterns may be restrained by patterns of a
different complementary pair; (3) sudden change in the patterns of
a symmetrical schismogenesis; (4) schismogenesis between two
groups may be checked by schismogenic relationship with an outside
group; (5) balanced hierarchies, etc.; (6) conscious control of
schismogenesis; complicated Iatmul mechanisms; (7) mutual de-
pendance between conflicting groups; (8) progressive changes in
behaviour resulting in convergence.
xviii Contents
Chap. XIV. THE EXPRESSION OF ETHOS IN NA VEN
198-217
Sex Ethos and Naven 198
Many of the details of naven now appear as ethologically normal;
exaggerated behaviour of wau; mother lying naked; women showing
pride in public ceremonial; problems of transvesticism; the fashion-
able horsewoman; a theory of Iatmul transvesticism.
Kinship Motivation and Naven 203
Wau (p. 203); his behaviour interpretable in structural terms; the
incompleteness of such interpretation; factitious emotion; two
degrees of falsity in the emotions attributed to the classificatory wau;
myths which indicate some hostility between wau and laua; analysis
of this hostility in terms of wau's structural position as defined by
identifications; hostility connected with wau's position as "brother-
in-law "; effects of this on his relationship with laua; the wau
symbolically claiming the achievements of his laua.
tawontu (p. 210); differences and analogies between his position
and that of wau; his overt expression of hostility.
nyai', nyamun and tshuambo (p. 210); sociological, economic, struc-
tural and emotional factors which prevent the father from taking an
active part in naven; analogous factors in the position of brothers.
Contrast between the motivation of the men and that of the women
(p. 213).
nyame (p. 215); a straightforward expression of negative self-
feeling ; nakedness in various contexts?mourning, supplication and
rejoicing.
iau (p. 215); her identification with the father would provide
structural basis for two opposed behaviour patterns; she adopts
swaggering role.
tshaishi (p. 216); analogies with iau; levirate.
nyanggai (p. 216); her quarrel with tshaishi.
mbora (p. 217); her identification with transvestite wau results in
ambiguity; snatching the feather ornament from iau, symbolically
claiming the achievement.
Chap. XV. THE EIDOS OF IATMUL CULTURE
218-256
The Problem of Iatmul Complexity 218
The nature of cultural structure; the role of the scientist; eidos
defined (p. 220); standardisation of intellectual activity; selection or
training; spells to improve memory.
Intellectual Activation in Iatmul Culture 221
Memory; erudition in debate; rote memory probably unimportant;
secret mythology handled as a series of details rather than as nar-
rative; visual and kinaesthetic imagery; naven as an expression of
eidos.
Contents xix
Chap. XV. The Eidos of Iatmul Culture (cont.)
The Pervasive Nature of Eidos 226
Activation of memory not confined to special individuals; masters
of ceremony moulding the culture; the naming system not an
isolated context; the whole culture reflected in the system; initiation
the only exception.
Iatmul Paradoxes 229
Day and Night; the new Sun and the old Sun; ripples and waves;
photographic development as a clan secret; the Antipodes; lunar
eclipse; confusion of sociological and affective truth with cognitive
reality; discrimination and identification of aspects of personality;
wagan; borassus palm is a fish; the same paradoxes in kinship;
patriliny versus matriliny; the same paradoxes in naven.
Other Patterns of Iatmul Thought 235
Pluralism; monism; direct and diagonal dualism; types of dualism
and schismogenesis (fn. 2, p. 237); " artificial" brothers and brothers-
in-law; kaishi; other types of dualism; confusion between direct and
diagonal; dualisms and age differences; difference in sex equivalent
to difference in age; staggered series; generations; initiatory grades;
brothers; flutes; Castor and Pollux and comparative methods;
Iatmul and Australian kinship compared.
Scientific and Native Ways of Thought 250
Sociological thinking among the Iatmul; structural thinking; etho-
logical thinking; economic thinking; thinking in terms of character
formation; diachronic and synchronic thinking.
Other Types of Psychological Standardisation 255
Apollonian and Dionysian; tempo; perseveration.
Chap. XVI. EPILOGUE 1936 257-279
Narrative of the writer's analysis of methods; lack of orientation in
field work; "Patterns of Culture"; adding ethos to naven; trans-
vesticism ; the fallacy of misplaced concreteness; structure not a part
but an aspect of culture; tendency to confuse aspects; the isolation
of sociology; the separation of ethos from eidos; configuration;
schismogenesis; practical order of methods of approach; various
views of schismogenesis; the equivalence between the two types
of dualism and the two types of schismogenesis; the inculcation of
eidos; "affective" and "cognitive" aspects of personality defined
in terms of stimulus-response events; various methods of approach
introduce various distortions into the picture of schismogenesis;
evaluation of methods and the importance of separating them.
Chaf. XVII. EPILOGUE 1958 280-303
Index Glossary of Technical and Native Words 307-312 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bateson, Gregory 1904-1980 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)118653474 |
| author_facet | Bateson, Gregory 1904-1980 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bateson, Gregory 1904-1980 |
| author_variant | g b gb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV026223794 |
| classification_rvk | LB 39692 MS 9750 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)248268693 (DE-599)BVBBV026223794 |
| dewey-full | 572.8991 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 572 - Biochemistry |
| dewey-raw | 572.8991 |
| dewey-search | 572.8991 |
| dewey-sort | 3572.8991 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Soziologie Sozial-/Kulturanthropologie / Empirische Kulturwissenschaft |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Papua-Neuguinea (DE-588)4044569-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Papua-Neuguinea |
| id | DE-604.BV026223794 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:37:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021806540 |
| oclc_num | 248268693 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-188 |
| physical | XIX, 312 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 1958 |
| publishDateSearch | 1958 |
| publishDateSort | 1958 |
| publisher | Stanford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bateson, Gregory 1904-1980 Verfasser (DE-588)118653474 aut Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view by Gregory Bateson 2. ed. Stanford, Calif. Stanford Univ. Press 1958 XIX, 312 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Iatmul (DE-588)4026420-8 gnd rswk-swf Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd rswk-swf Papua-Neuguinea (DE-588)4044569-0 gnd rswk-swf Papua-Neuguinea (DE-588)4044569-0 g Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 s DE-188 Iatmul (DE-588)4026420-8 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021806540&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bateson, Gregory 1904-1980 Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view Iatmul (DE-588)4026420-8 gnd Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026420-8 (DE-588)4133903-4 (DE-588)4044569-0 |
| title | Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view |
| title_auth | Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view |
| title_exact_search | Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view |
| title_full | Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view by Gregory Bateson |
| title_fullStr | Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view by Gregory Bateson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view by Gregory Bateson |
| title_short | Naven |
| title_sort | naven a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a new guinea tribe drawn from three points of view |
| title_sub | a survey of the problems suggested by a composite picture of the culture of a New Guinea tribe drawn from three points of view |
| topic | Iatmul (DE-588)4026420-8 gnd Kulturanthropologie (DE-588)4133903-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Iatmul Kulturanthropologie Papua-Neuguinea |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021806540&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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