International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity: boundaries and territorial claims
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
The Hague <<[u.a.]>>
Kluwer Law Internat.
1997
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 370 S. |
| ISBN: | 9041104127 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity |b boundaries and territorial claims |c S. Akweenda |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE PROTECTION OF
NAMIBIA S TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY: BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL CLAIMS
BY
S. AKWEENDA
KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL THE HAGUE / LONDON / BOSTON
IMAGE 2
VN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD V
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY ISSUES RESPECTING THE BOUNDARY REGIME AND TERRITORIAL
INTEGRITY OF NAMIBIA 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN LEGAL ASPECTS 4
2.1 BOUNDARY AND FRONTIER 4
2.2 DELIMITATION AND DEMARCATION 5
2.3 BOUNDARY DISPUTE AND TERRITORIAL CLAIM 5
2.4 TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF NAMIBIA: MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE U.N. 6
3. THE CONCEPT OF SPHERE OF INFLUENCE 8
4. NOTIFICATION REGARDING ACQUISITION OF TERRITORIES 12 4.1 DEFINITION
AND LEGAL EFFECT OF NOTICE 12
4.2 NOTIFICATION UNDER BERLIN ACT, 1885 13
4.3 NOTIFICATIONS RELATING TO GERMAN S.W.A. 17
5. THE CREATION OF GERMAN S.W.A. AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOUNDARIES 17
5.1 SYMBOL IC ANNEXATION OF COAST BY PORTUGAL 17
5.2 TITLE TO ANGRA PEQUENA AND ADJACENT TERRITORY 19 5.3 HINTERLAND
DOCTRINE AND THE BOUNDARIES OF GERMAN S.W.A. PROTECTORATE 21
5.4 MEASURES ADOPTED TO EXTEND THE LIMITS OF GERMAN S.W.A. PROTECTORATE
23
6. OCCUPATION OF GERMAN S.W.A. AND DECLARATION OF A PROTECTORATE 26 6.1
GENERAL CONSIDERATION 26
6.2 ADMINISTRATION OF GERMAN S.W.A. PROTECTORATE 28 6.3 OCCUPATION,
INVASION AND CONQUEST 29
6.3.1 OCCUPATION AND INVASION 29
6.3.2 CONQUEST 30
6.4 CAPACITY TO SETTLE BOUNDARY: UNION AND BRITAIN 33
IMAGE 3
VI11
MODIFICATION OF BOUNDARIES OF MANDATED TERRITORIES 35
7.1 SPECIAL ISSUES CONCERNING NAMIBIA 35
7.2 MODIFICATION AND SETTLEMENT OF BOUNDARIES 37
7.2.1 TERMS OF MANDATE AGREEMENTS 37
7.2.2 CONSIDERATION OF STATE PRACTICE 38
(A) BELGIUM AND BRITISH MANDATED TERRITORIES IN EAST AFRICA 38
(B) THE TANGANYIKA-MOZAMBIQUE BOUNDARY 39 7.3 SOVEREIGNTY IN CASES OF
MANDATED TERRITORIES 40
CHAPTER II
STATE SUCCESSION, UTIPOSSIDETIS AND THE BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA 42
1. STATE SUCCESSION AND BOUNDARY REGIME 42
2. UTI POSSIDETIS 47
2.1 ORIGIN AND SCOPE OF UTI POSSIDETIS 47
2.2 THE OAU AND THE BOUNDARIES OF AFRICAN STATES 49 2.2.1 THE CHARTER OF
THE OAU 49
2.2.2 THE RESOLUTION ON BOUNDARY DISPUTES, 1964 50
CHAPTER III
THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF NAMIBIA: ORANGE RIVER 54 1. INTRODUCTION 54
2. THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW REGULATING RIVER BOUNDARIES 55
2.1 DELIMITATION AND TITLE TO RIVERS 55
2.2 DELIMITATION OF MOUTHS OF RIVERS 58
2.3 DEFINITION OF NAVIGABLE RIVERS 59
2.4 ISLANDS IN RIVERS 60
2.5 BRIDGES OVER RIVER BOUNDARIES 60
2.6 ACCRETION AND RIVER BOUNDARIES 61
2.7 UTILISATION OF THE WATERS OF INTERNATIONAL RIVERS 62 3. THE ORANGE
RIVER QUESTION: DELIMITATION 66
3.1 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, COMMUNITIES AND IRRIGATION 66 3.2 DIVERSION
OF THE ORANGE RIVER 70
4. DELIMITATION OF THE ORANGE RIVER 72
4.1 NORTH-WESTERN BOUNDARY OF CAPE COLONY 72
IMAGE 4
IX
4.2 ANGLO-GERMAN AGREEMENT OF 1 JULY 1890 74
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 74
4.2.2 DELIMITATION IN EAST AFRICA 75
4.2.3 DELIMITATION IN WEST AFRICA 76
4.2.4 CERTAIN ANGLO-GERMAN COMMITMENTS 77
4.2.5 CESSION OF ZANZIBAR AND HELIGOLAND (HELGOLAND) 78 4.2.6
DELIMITATION IN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA: ORANGE RIVER 78 (A) GENERAL
CONSIDERATION 78
(B) CONFLICT OF INTERESTS BETWEEN BRITAIN AND GERMANY78 (I) FERRY AT
RAHMAN S DRIFT 79
(II) CONSTRUCTION OF MILITARY ROAD ALONG THE ORANGE 81
(III)BORING FOR WATER ALONG THE ORANGE 82 (IV) SHIPPING OF CONSIGNMENT
ACROSS THE ORANGE 82 (C) CLAIMS OF THE GERMAN GOVERNMENT 83
(D) CLAIMS OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT 84
(I) ORIGINAL CLAIM 84
(II) OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEYS-GENERAL 85 (III)OFFER OF THALWEG 86
(E) CLAIMS OF THE UNION AND REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA88 (F) ARTICLE
111(1) OF THE ANGLO-GERMAN AGREEMENT 90 (I) TRACING THE INTENTION OF THE
PARTIES 90 (II) APPLICATION OF RENUNCIATION 97
(III)CASE LAW ON MOUTHS OF RIVERS 98
(IV)CASE LAW RESPECTING BANKS OF RIVERS 99 5. APPLICATION OF ESTOPPEL
AND ACQUIESCENCE TO THE ORANGE RIVER 103 5.1 SUBSTANCE OF ESTOPPEL AND
ACQUIESCENCE 103
5.2 ESTOPPEL AND THE CONDUCT OF BRITISH AUTHORITIES 104 5.2.1
PROCLAMATION OF 17 DECEMBER 1847 104
5.2.2 DECLARATION OF THE BRITISH FOREIGN SECRETARY 105 5.2.3
INSTRUCTIONS OF STATE SECRETARY FOR COLONIES 106 5.3 REACTION OF GERMANY
TO THE BRITISH ACTS 107
5.4 APPLICATION OF ACQUIESCENCE 109
6. NEMO DEBET ESSE JUDEX AND THE ORANGE QUESTION 111 6.1 THE T.G.N.U. IN
NAMIBIA 111
6.2 APPLICATION OF NEMO DEBET ESSE JUDEX 113
7. THE CLAIM OF NAMIBIA 115
8. SETTLEMENT OF ORANGE RIVER DISPUTE 115
IMAGE 5
CHAPTER IV
THE EASTERN BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA 116 1. INTRODUCTION 116
2. MAPS IN BOUNDARY QUESTIONS 117
2.1 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS 117
2.2 FUNCTION OF MAPS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 118
2.3 LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF A DISCLAIMER ON A MAP 124 2.4 CONCLUSIONS ON
MAPS 125
3. EVOLUTION OF THE BOUNDARY QUESTION 128
3.1 INTRODUCTION 128
3.2 THE BRITISH ORDER-IN-COUNCIL OF 1885 130
3.3 THE ANGLO-GERMAN AGREEMENT OF 1 JULY 1890 131 4. THE SOUTHERN
BOUNDARY OF CAPRIVI STRIP 131
4.1 THE LINE BETWEEN 21 E AND THE CHOBE 131
4.1.1 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 131
4.1.2 THE GERMAN CLAIM 132
4.1.3 THE BRITISH CLAIM 133
(A) OPINIONS OF AUTHORITIES IN BECHUANALAND 133 (B) SOLUTION OF HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR SOUTH AFRICA 135 (C) LORD CREWE S SOLUTION REGARDING
CAPRIVI STRIP 136 4.1.4 SETTLEMENT OF THE BOUNDARY: BECHUANALAND AND THE
UNION 137
4.1.5 CLAIM OF BOTSWANA 141
4.1.6 MAP EVIDENCE 143
4.1.7 INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 111(2) 144
4.2 THE LINE CONSTITUTED BY THE CHOBE RIVER 152
4.2.1 OUTLINE OF THE DISPUTE 152
4.2.2 CLAIM RESPECTING RENUNCIATION OF MAIN CHANNEL 153 4.2.3
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 111(2) 154
5. THE UNITED NATIONS MAP OF NAMIBIA 159
5.1 BACKGROUND AND SCOPE 159
5.2 LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE 159
6. THE CLAIM OF NAMIBIA 160
7. SETTLEMENT OF THE DISPUTE BY BOTSWANA AND NAMIBIA 161 8. BOUNDARIES
CONSTITUTED BY DEGREES 163
9. DEMARCATION OF THE BOUNDARIES 165
IMAGE 6
XI
CHAPTER V
THE NORTH-EASTERN BOUNDARY OF NAMIBIA: THE ZAMBEZI RIVER 168
1. INTRODUCTION 168
2. DEPENDENT TERRITORIES: CAPACITY TO CONCLUDE TREATIES 169 2.1
INDEPENDENT AND SELF-GOVERNING 169
2.2 COLONIAL CLAUSES IN TREATIES 170
2.3 CAPACITY OF DEPENDENT TERRITORIES TO CONCLUDE TREATIES 171 3.
CONSIDERATION OF EXCHANGE OF NOTES 173
3.1 THE TERM TREATY 173
3.2 INFORMAL INSTRUMENTS 175
3.3 EXCHANGE OF NOTES 178
4. DELIMITATION OF THE ZAMBEZI RIVER 182
4.1 INTRODUCTORY 182
4.1.1 THE GERMAN CLAIM 182
4.1.2 THE UNION CLAIM 183
4.1.3 THE BRITISH CLAIM 183
4.2 EXCHANGE OF NOTES DEFINING THE ALIGNMENT 184 4.2.1 GENERAL
CONSIDERATION 184
4.2.2 APPLICATION OF CERTAIN LEGAL PRINCIPLES 186 (A) PROVISIONS
RELEVANT FOR MANDATED TERRITORIES 186 (B) THE STATUTE OF WESTMINSTER 187
(C) THE STATUS OF THE UNION ACT, 1934 188
(D) THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CONSTITUTION AC/,1961 189
(E) NEMO DEBET ESSE JUDEX 190
(F) LACK OF PROTEST BY THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 190 4.3 EXCHANGE OF NOTES
CONFERRING LOCAL RIGHTS 193 4.3.1 SEVERANCE OF TREATY PROVISIONS 193
4.3.2 RESERVATION CLAUSE 196
CHAPTER VI
QUADRIPOINT THEORY 201
IMAGE 7
XLL
CHAPTER VII
THE NORTHERN BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA 204 1. INTRODUCTION 2 4
2. NEUTRAL ZONE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 205
2.1 TERMINOLOGIES: NEUTRAL AND NEUTRALIZATION 205 2.2 T HE NATURE OF
A NEUTRAL ZONE 206
2.3 NEUTRAL ZONE DISTINGUISHED FROM CONDOMINIUM 208 2.4 NEUTRAL
ZONE DISTINGUISHED FROM DEMILITARISED ZONE 211 3. DELIMITATION OF
TERRITORY BETWEEN THE MOUTH OF KUNENE AND ZAMBEZI RIVERS 212
3.1 ATTEMPT BY PORTUGAL AND BRITAIN TO ESTABLISH SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
212
3.2 THE GERMAN-PORTUGUESE DECLARATION OF 30 DECEMBER 1886 213
3.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION 213
3.2.2 PROVISIONS REGARDING THE KUNENE-OKAVANGO LINE 215 3.2.3 WHETHER
THE DECLARATION IS VOID OR VOIDABLE DUE TO MISTAKE 218
3.2.4 THE BRITISH PROTEST REGARDING THE DECLARATION 218 4.
ANGLO-PORTUGUESE MODUS VIVENDI OF 1915 REGARDING THE NEUTRAL ZONE 219
4.1 MODI VIVENDI IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 219
4.2 PROVISIONS OF MODUS VIVENDI 221
5. RUACANA AGREEMENT OF 5 JULY 1920 225
6. DETERMINATION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 227
7. DELIMITATION OF THE NEUTRAL ZONE 228
7.1 INTRODUCTION 228
7.2 DELIMITATION TREATY OF 22 JUNE 1926 230
8. CUSTOMARY RIGHTS IN DELIMITATION TREATIES 231
8.1 ISSUE OF LOCAL CUSTOMARY RIGHTS 231
8.2 CUSTOMARY RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 232
9. THE ALIGNMENT CONSTITUTED BY OKAVANGO RIVER TO ZAMBEZI RIVER 236
9.1 PROVISIONS RESPECTING THE OKAVANGO RIVER 236
9.2 THE ANDARA-KATIMA RAPIDS LINE 237
9.2.1 AMBIGUITY RESPECTING ANDARA 237
9.2.2 SETTLEMENT BY CAPRIVI ZIPFEL BOUNDARY COMMISSION 238 (A) TERMINAL
POINT AT KATIMA RAPIDS 238
(B) THE BOUNDARY AT ANDARA 240
(I) CLAIM OF THE UNION 240
IMAGE 8
X1U
(II) CLAIM OF NORTHERN RHODESIA AND
BECHUANALAND 241
(III)CLAIM OF PORTUGAL 241
(C) DELIMITATION OF DIKUYU ISLAND 241
(D) DEMARCATION OF THE ANDARA-KATIMA LINE 242 (E) PROVISIONAL BEACONS
AT DISPUTED TRIUNE POINT 243 (F) PORTUGUESE-NORTHERN RHODESIA-UNION
AGREEMENT243 9.2.3 LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND ANDARA-KATIMA LINE 244 10.
CONSIDERATION OF THE TRIUNE POINT 244
10.1 ANGLO-PORTUGUESE AGREEMENT OF 11 JUNE 1891 244 10.2 THE BAROTSE
BOUNDARY AWARD OF 1905 245
10.3 ANGLO-PORTUGUESE AGREEMENT OF 1954 246
10.4 LEAGUE OF NATIONS, U.N. AND THE TRIUNE POINT 247
CHAPTER VIII
LEGAL ISSUES OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE TO THE PENGUIN ISLANDS AND WALVIS BAY
248
1. INTRODUCTION 248
2. MODES OF ACQUISITION OF TITLE TO TERRITORIES 248
2.1 THE CONCEPT OF TITLE 248
2.2 PRESCRIPTION 249
2.3 OCCUPATION 250
2.4 LOSS OF TITLE 253
3. LEGAL EFFECT OF RESOLUTIONS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND SECURITY
COUNCIL 254
3.1 THE NATURE OF RESOLUTIONS 254
3.2 LEGAL FORCE OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS 256 3.3 LEGAL FORCE OF
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS 259
CHAPTER IX
THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE PENGUIN ISLANDS 263 1. INTRODUCTION 263
2. EVOLUTION OF THE ANNEXATION 264
2.1 GUANO DEPOSIT AS A CAUSE OF ANNEXATION 264
2.2 PROCLAMATIONS OF JONES, 1861, AND FORSYTH, 1866 266 2.3 TITLE TO
PENGUIN ISLANDS BY 1886 267
2.4 CLAIM OF PORTUGAL 268
2.5 BRITISH LETTERS PATENT OF 27 FEBRUARY 1867 269
IMAGE 9
XIV
2.6 LEASES AND LICENCES 272
2.7 ANNEXATION OFLCHABOE AND PENGUIN ISLANDS ACT, 1873 273 2.8 ICHABOE
AND PENGUIN ISLANDS ANNEXATION ACT, 1874 274 3. GERMAN CLAIM 275
4. ANGRA PEQUENA AND WEST COAST CLAIMS COMMISSION 276 5. THE
ANGLO-GERMAN PROTOCOL, 15 JULY 1886 278
5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION 278
5.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTICLE 4 OF THE PROTOCOL 280
5.2.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION 280
5.2.2 LEASE OF PENGUIN ISLANDS, 1897 282
6. THE CLAIM OF SOUTH AFRICA 285
6.1 GENERAL 285
6.2 CONSIDERATION OF MAP EVIDENCE 288
CHAPTER X
THE LEGAL STATUS OF WALVIS BAY AND FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE PENGUIN
ISLANDS 291 1. INTRODUCTION 291
2. EVOLUTION OF THE ANNEXATION 295
2.1 CUSTOMS HOUSE AT WALVIS BAY 295
2.2 OFFER TO PROTECT WALVIS BAY FOR THE CHIEF 296
2.3 CAPTAIN DYER S MISSION TO ANNEX WALVIS BAY 300 2.4 BRITISH LETTERS
PATENT OF 14 DECEMBER 1978 303
2.5 SPECIAL ISSUES 304
3. DISPUTE CONCERNING SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF WALVIS BAY 305 4. CLAIM OF
SOUTH AFRICA 309
5. CLAIM OF S.W.A.P.O. RESPECTING WALVIS BAY AND PENGUIN ISLANDS 313
5.1 INTRODUCTORY NOTES 313
5.2 CONSIDERATION OF S.W.A.P.O. S CLAIM 314
5.3 S.W.A.P.O. S PROTEST AGAINST ANNEXATION IN 1977 316 6. THE U.N. AND
THE LEGAL STATUS OF WALVIS BAY AND THE PENGUIN ISLANDS 317
6.1 MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 317 6.2 MEASURES ADOPTED BY
THE SECURITY COUNCIL 321
7. BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS REFERRED TO LEAGUE OF NATIONS
AND U.N. 326
7.1 PROVISIONS OF THE COVENANT 326
7.2 THE PRACTICE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 327
7.2.1 MOSUL BOUNDARY (IRAQ-TURKEY) 327
IMAGE 10
XV
7.2.2 HUNGARY-AUSTRIAN BOUNDARY 328
7.2.3 UPPER-SILESIA (POLISH-GERMAN) BOUNDARY 328 7.2.4 FURTHER DISPUTES
SETTLED AND CONCLUSIONS 329 7.3 IMPLIED POWER OF THE U.N. 329
7.4 THE PRACTICE OF THE U.N. 330
7.4.1 BOUNDARIES OF LIBYA AND SOMALILAND 330
7.4.2 PARTITION OF PALESTINE AND CREATION OF ISRAEL 331 8.
SELF-DETERMINATION AND TITLE TO PENGUIN ISLANDS AND WALVIS BAY 332
9. ACQUIESCENCE, ADMISSION, ESTOPPEL AND TITLE TO WALVIS BAY 335 9.1
APPLICATION OF MARTIAL LAW TO WALVIS BAY, 1915 335 9.2 DISTRICT
ADMINISTRATION OF WALVIS BAY, 1915 335
9.3 ARRANGEMENT REGARDING DETAINEES AND PRISONERS 336 9.4 SOUTH WEST
AFRICA AFFAIRS ACT, 1922 336
9.5 MEMORANDUM OF 13 OCTOBER 1923 337
9.6 RESIDENTS OF WALVIS BAY 338
9.7 FURTHER ACTS AND UNILATERAL DECLARATIONS 339
9.8 APPLICATION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES 341
10. SETTLEMENT OF THE WALVIS BAY AND PENGUIN ISLANDS DISPUTE: JOINT
ADMINISTRATION 342
CHAPTER XI
THE MARITIME BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA 346
ABBREVIATIONS 349
TABLE OF CASES 354
INDEX 363
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| spelling | Akweenda, S. Verfasser aut International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims S. Akweenda The Hague <<[u.a.]>> Kluwer Law Internat. 1997 XV, 370 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zugl.: London, Univ., Diss., 1989 (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021771086&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Akweenda, S. International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims |
| title_auth | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims |
| title_exact_search | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims |
| title_full | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims S. Akweenda |
| title_fullStr | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims S. Akweenda |
| title_full_unstemmed | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity boundaries and territorial claims S. Akweenda |
| title_short | International law and the protection of Namibia's integrity |
| title_sort | international law and the protection of namibia s integrity boundaries and territorial claims |
| title_sub | boundaries and territorial claims |
| topic_facet | Hochschulschrift |
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