Holdings: Methods for business research

Methods for business research:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Kervin, John B. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	New York, NY HarperCollins 1992
Subjects:	Forschungsmethode Betriebswirtschaftslehre Operations Research
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XVIII, 749 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0060436360 0065006909

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adam_text	Contents Preface xiii PART ONE Business Research and Research Problems 1 CHAPTER I What Is Business Research? 2 BUSINESS RESEARCH AND THE MANAGEMENT FUNCTION 3 What Kinds of Organizations Use It? 3 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Business Research at Montgomery Metals 4 What Functional Areas Use It? 4 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Business Research Today 5 When Do Managers Use It? 6 BUSINESS RESEARCH IN CONTEXT 8 Basic and Applied Research 9 Policy and Organization Research 1 2 General and Specific Organization Research 13 Making Use of General Organization Research 1 7 THE METHODS OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 18 The Scientific Method 19 Methodological Differences 20 Stages in Business Research Projects 2 1 THE PURPOSES OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 23 Descriptive Research 23 Prediction Research 24 Evaluation Research 26 Explanatory Research 26 The Research Purpose Sequence 27 WHAT MAKES GOOD BUSINESS RESEARCH? 28 Research Validity 28 Relevance 29 Cost-Benefit Ratio 29 RESEARCH SKILLS: Utility Analysis and the Research Decision 32 The Manager and the Researcher 33 ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS RESEARCH 35 Research Content 35 - Researchers Power 35 Scrutiny of Research Plans 36 Invisibility 36 IDENTIFYING THREATS TO ETHICAL RESEARCH 37 Harm to Participants: Informed Consent 37 RESEARCH ETHICS: Questions to Detect Ethical Problems 38 Harm to Others: Accepted Risk 39 Violation of Accepted Research Practice 40 Violation of Community Standards 4 1 What Can You Do? 4 1 The Lighter Side of Research 42 Summary 42 * Where Are We Now? 43 Discussion Issues and Assignments 43 Further Reading 44 CHAPTER 2 Translating Business Problems to Research Problems 46 OBJECTIVE: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM 47 Why Translate the Business Problem? 47 *The Lighter Side of Research, Summary, Where Are We Now?, Discussion Issues and Assignments, and Further Reading appear at the end of every chapter Ш IV Contents FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Productivity Problem at Montgomery Metals 48 Translation Difficulties 50 Role of the Research Problem 51 The Translation Process 52 STEP ONE: INVESTIGATE THE BUSINESS PROBLEM 52 Investigation Procedures 53 RESEARCH ISSUES: Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research 54 RESEARCH SKILLS: Conducting an Effective Literature Review 57 What to Look For 60 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part One: The Turnover Problem 6 1 Investigation Techniques 62 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Two: Investigating the Problem 63 STEP TWO: DETERMINE THE GENERAL RESEARCH PURPOSE 64 Descriptive Research 64 Prediction Research 6-4 Evaluation Research 65 Explanatory Research 65 STEP THREE: SPECIFY THE VARIABLES 66 Key Variable 66 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Three: An Explanatory Research Project 67 Primary Variables 69 Finding the Primary Variables 69 How Many Variables? 70 STEP FOUR: IDENTIFY RESEARCH BOUNDARIES 71 Boundaries and General Research Purpose 7 1 Types of Boundaries 72 STEP FIVE: STATE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 73 Types of Research Questions 73 The Role of Intuition 74 OBSTACLES TO A RELEVANT RESEARCH PROBLEM 76 Political and Personal Factors 76 Distorted Perceptions 76 RESEARCH ETHICS: The Ethics of Problem Definition 77 Uncertain and Inappropriate Standards 77 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Four: Interviews at the Ajax Plant 78 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Five: A Research Problem Draft 79 Assumed Causes 80 PART TWO Research Design 83 CHAPTER 3 Unit of Analysis and Basic Designs 84 ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN 85 Case Selection Decisions 85 THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS 86 Unit of Analysis Options 87 Levels of Analysis 89 CHOOSING THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS 89 Relevance 9 1 Consistency 92 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Six: Choosing the Unit of Analysis 93 Number of Cases or Observations 93 Advanced Topic: Research at the Wrong Level: Aggregate Data 94 THE THREE BASIC DESIGNS 95 True Experimental Designs 95 Manipulated Independent Variable(s) 96 Quasi-Experimental Designs 97 Nonexperimental Designs 99 CRITERIA FOR CAUSAL INFERENCE 99 Covariation 1 00 Time Order 102 No Extraneous Variables 1 02 Plausible Explanation 104 BASIC DESIGNS AND CAUSAL INFERENCE 104 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Causal Inference and Alternative Explanations 105 True Experimental Designs 105 Quasi-Experimental Designs 107 Nonexperimental Designs 108 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part One: Options for an Advertising Pilot Project 1 09 CHOOSING A BASIC DESIGN 1 10 General Research Purpose 11 I Manipulable Independent Variable 111 Existing Comparison Group 1 12 Possibility of Random Assignment 11 2 Contents V CHAPTER 4 Specific Research Designs 116 DIFFERENCES AMONG SPECIFIC DESIGNS 1 17 Number of Groups 117 Nature of Groups I 18 Measurement Time Points I 1 9 SPECIFIC DESIGNS AND RESEARCH VALIDITY I 19 Threats to Research Power I 19 Factorial and Blocked Designs 1 2 1 Threats to Internal Validity 122 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Threats to Internal Validity 123 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Two: Confounding Variables 1 25 Threats to External Validity 1 3 1 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Threats to External Validity 132 TRUE EXPERIMENT DESIGNS 1 35 Symbols Used in the Specific Design Diagrams 135 Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design 1 36 Posttest-Only Control Group Design 1 37 Factorial and Blocked Designs 1 37 QUASI-EXPERIMENT DESIGNS 138 Pretest-Posttest Comparison Group Design 138 Comparison Group with Multiple Pretests 139 Comparison Group with Posttest Only 1 39 Pretest-Posttest with No Comparison Group 1 40 Interrupted Time Series 141 Interrupted Time Series with a Comparison Group 142 NONEXPERIMENT DESIGNS 142 Single Sample Cross-Sectional Design 142 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Three: The Research Design 1 43 Truncated Samples 143 Comparison Sample Cross-Sectional Design 145 The Cohort Design 146 The Trend Design 1 46 The Panel Design 147 The Time-Series Design 1 47 RESEARCH ISSUES: Panel Versus Trend Designs 1 48 Cross-Sectional versus Time-Series Designs 1 50 The Retrospective Panel Design 150 RESEARCH ETHICS: Choosing a Specific Design 1 5 1 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Seven: George and Roberta s Specific Design 1 52 CHOOSING THE RIGHT RESEARCH DESIGN 152 CHAPTER 5 Variables and Data Sources 156 TYPES OF VARIABLES 157 Key or Primary Dependent Variables 1 58 Key or Primary Independent Variables 1 58 Control Variables 1 59 Extraneous Variables 1 62 Intervening Variables 1 63 Interacting Variables 1 66 Finding Variables 170 DESIGN-RELATED VARIABLES 1 72 Group Identifiers 172 Repeated Measure Variables 1 73 Advanced Topic: Lagged and Leading Variables 1 74 Retrospective Variables 1 75 Structural Variables 1 75 Contextual Variables 1 76 DROPPING PROBLEM VARIABLES 176 Variables with Insufficient Variation 1 77 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Eight: Choosing Variables 1 78 Variables with Inadequate Data 1 79 DATA SOURCES 1 79 Individual Self-Reports 1 79 Inside Informants 180 RESEARCH SKILLS: Choosing Organization Informants 181 Outside Observers 1 8 1 Researcher Observation 1 82 RESEARCH SKILLS: Observing 183 Available Data 183 RESEARCH SKILLS: Using Available Data Sources 1 84 CHOOSING DATA SOURCES AND VARIABLES 185 Selecting a Data Source 185 RESEARCH ETHICS: Data Sources 186 Selecting Variables 1 87 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Four: An Additional Data Source 1 88 RESEARCH SKILLS: Defining Variables 189 Unmeasured Variables 189 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Nine: George and Roberta s Research Model 190 Ví Contents CHAPTER 6 An Introduction to Sampling 195 THE SAMPLING PROCESS 196 Target Population 197 Sampling Frame 199 RESEARCH SKILLS: Sampling Frame Procedures 200 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Sampling Frame Lists 201 Initial Sample 202 Achieved Sample 202 Enumerations 202 PROBABILITY SAMPLES 203 Simple Random Samples 203 Systematic Samples 204 RESEARCH SKILLS: Random Sampling Procedures 205 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Five: A Systematic Sample 207 Stratified Samples 208 Cluster and Multistage Samples 2 1 2 RESEARCH ISSUES: Nonproportional Stratifying on a Dependent Variable 2 1 3 NONPROBABILITY SAMPLES 2 1 6 Convenience Samples 218 Self-Selection Samples 218 Snowball Samples 2 1 9 Judgment Samples 220 Quota Samples 220 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Ten: George and Roberta Plan a Sample 22 1 RESEARCH ETHICS: Quota Samples 222 CHAPTER 7 Selecting a Sample Design 225 226 WHAT MAKES A GOOD SAMPLE? Sampling Costs 226 Accuracy 227 Sampling Error 227 SELECTION BIAS 228 The Sampling Frame 229 RESEARCH SKILLS: Compensating for Duplicate Cases 23 1 The Initial Sample 23 1 Selection Bias in Systematic Samples 232 SAMPLE OR ENUMERATE? 233 Accuracy 233 Costs 233 Measurement Effects 234 SELECTING THE RIGHT SAMPLE TYPE 234 Accuracy 234 Costs 238 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Six: Stratifying the Sample 240 CHOOSING THE RIGHT SAMPLE SIZE 240 Accuracy 24 1 Population Size and Sample Size 243 RESEARCH ISSUES: Comparison of Sample Size and Sampling Fraction Effects 244 The Cost of Additional Cases 245 Rough Guidelines for Sample Size 245 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Finite Population Correction 246 Advanced Topic: Exact Estimates of Sample Size 246 RESEARCH SKILLS: Reducing Sample Size When Sampling Fraction Is Large 247 RESEARCH SKILLS: Estimating Sample Size 248 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Eleven: Selecting Sample Size 250 PART THREE Measurement and Data Gathering 255 CHAPTER 8 Measurement I: General Issues 256 THE NATURE OF MEASUREMENT 257 Concepts, Variables, and Measures 258 Evaluating Measures 259 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Terminology: The Different Types of Validity 260 MEASUREMENT VALIDITY 260 Types of Measurement Validity 26 1 Assessing Measurement Validity 262 Theoretical Validity 262 Empirical Validity 263 MEASUREMENT ERROR 267 Contents Vil Measurement Bias and Unreliability 267 Effects of Measurement Error 268 Assessing Measurement Bias 27 1 Assessing Reliability 271 SOURCES OF MEASUREMENT ERROR 274 Data Source Errors 275 Measurement Situation Errors 276 Researcher Errors 277 Errors Due to Measure Form and Content 279 RESEARCH ISSUES: Rounding Errors 281 LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT 281 RESEARCH ETHICS: Controlling Measurement Error 282 Nominal Measures 283 Category Ordinal 284 Ranked Ordinal 284 RESEARCH SKILLS: Choosing Categories for Category Measures 285 Interval Measures 287 Ratio Measures 287 Dichotomies 288 Category and Quantitative Measures 289 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Seven: Improving Level of Measurement 290 COST OF MEASUREMENT 290 RESEARCH SKILLS: Measuring Distance with an Opisometer 291 MULTIPLE-ITEM SCALES AND INDEXES 291 Advantages of Multiple-Item Measures 292 Choosing and Combining Items 293 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Twelve: A Scale Construction Disagreement 294 MEASUREMENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 295 New or Existing Measures? 295 Standardized Measures 295 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Some Sources for Existing Measures 296 Pretesting 296 RESEARCH SKILLS: Multiple Pretesting 297 RESEARCH SKILLS: Writing Questions 304 Guidelines for Question Wording 304 RESPONSE FORMATS 311 Closed and Open Formats 311 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Response Cards 3 1 2 Response Scales 314 Choice Scales 3 1 5 Categorizing Scales 3 1 5 Rating Scales 3 1 7 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Commonly Used Category Labels for Intensity and Frequency Scales 319 RESEARCH SKILLS: Developing a Likért Scale 320 RESEARCH SKILLS: Creating Semantic Differential Profiles 322 Ranking Scales 323 Response Scale Issues 325 QUESTION ORDER 327 General Sequence 327 Order Effects 328 RESEARCH SKILLS: Writing Skip Instructions 329 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Eight: Order Effects 330 INSTRUMENT FORMAT 33 1 Questionnaire Formats 33 1 Interview Formats 332 REDUCING MEASUREMENT ERROR 333 Memory and Knowledge Problems 333 Response Set 335 Respondent States 337 SPECIAL PROBLEMS 338 Threatening and Embarrassing Questions 338 RESEARCH ETHICS: Threatening and Embarrassing Questions 339 Consumer Surveys 339 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Thirteen: A Sensitive Question 340 Telephone Interviews 341 CHAPTER 9 Measurement II: Questionnaires and Interviews 301 QUESTION WORDING 302 Factual and Attitude Questions 303 CHAPTER 10 Methodologies I: Introduction and Available Data Studies 345 SURVEYS, FIELD EXPERIMENTS, AND AVAILABLE DATA STUDIES 346 Characteristic Design Decisions 347 Vlil Contents Typical Research Errors 348 Research Purposes and Other Differences 350 AVAILABLE DATA STUDIES 352 Available Data and Research Purpose 353 Types of Available Data 354 Raw, Compiled, and Research Data 355 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Directories, Guides, Catalogs, and References for Published and On-Line Available Data 356 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Secondary Analysis 357 Advanced Topic: Unusual Sources of Available Data 358 ASSESSING AVAILABLE DATA 359 Unmeasured Variables 359 RESEARCH SKILLS: Investigating Available Data 360 Measurement Validity 36 1 RESEARCH SKILLS: Testing Available Data for Measurement Validity 363 Reliability 363 Measurement Bias 365 Coverage and Unusable Cases 367 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Fourteen: Going Through the Files 368 Cost-Benefit Ratio 369 ACQUIRING AVAILABLE DATA 370 Access 370 Measures 370 Forms and Procedures 370 RESEARCH SKILLS: Getting Access to Available Data 371 Sampling Available Data 372 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN AVAILABLE DATA STUDIES 373 Pretesting Available Data 373 RESEARCH ETHICS: Confidentiality and Available Data 374 Ethical Issues 375 CHAPTER 11 Methodologies II: Pilot Projects, Evaluation Studies, and Field Experiments 378 CHOOSING EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS 381 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Terminology: Groups in Field Experiments 382 Treatment and Control Groups in True Experiments 383 Comparison Groups for Quasi-Experiments 383 RESEARCH SKILLS: Randomly Assigning Cases to Conditions 384 Intact Groups 384 RESEARCH SKILLS: Match-and-Assign Procedures for Intact Groups 386 Problems in Group Selection 387 RESEARCH ISSUES: Volunteers and Research Validity 388 MANIPULATION AND CONTROL PROCEDURES 389 Manipulating the Treatment 389 Experimental Control 391 Standardization 392 Manipulation Problems 395 MEASUREMENT IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS 396 Pretest Measures 396 Posttest Measures 397 Manipulation Checks 397 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Nine: Multiple Data Sources 399 RESEARCHER OBSERVATION 399 Problems and Advantages 400 Observation Options 401 ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS 403 Experimenter Bias 403 Contamination 403 Sensitizaron 404 RESEARCH SKILLS: Administering Placebo Treatments 405 Mortality 406 Demand Characteristics and the Hawthorne Effect 407 Pretesting the Procedures and Measures 408 Organization Politics 409 Ethical Issues 410 RESEARCH ETHICS: Withheld Treatments 4 11 CHAPTER 12 Methodologies III: Surveys 417 TYPES OF SURVEYS 418 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Research on Survey Research 419 Contents IX Mailed Questionnaire Surveys 421 Personal Interviews 422 Telephone Surveys 423 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Random Digit Dialing for Telephone Surveys 427 CONDUCTING QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEYS 428 Distribution and Collection Procedures 428 The Cover Letter 429 Increasing Response Rates 430 CONDUCTING INTERVIEW SURVEYS 434 Contact Procedures 434 Introducing the Survey 435 Conducting the Interview 437 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Ten: Interview Rehearsals 438 RESEARCH SKILLS: Interviewing with a Tape Recorder 440 SURVEY ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 441 Precoding 44 1 Pretesting Surveys 441 RESEARCH SKILLS: Precoding Closed-Ended Questions 442 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Fifteen: Pretesting 443 Nonresponse Bias 444 Confidentiality and Respondent Identification 446 RESEARCH SKILLS: Estimating Nonresponse Bias 447 Surveying Organizational Informants 449 RESEARCH ETHICS: Three Ethical Issues in Surveys 450 Ethical Issues 452 PART FOUR Data Analysis and Reporting 455 CHAPTER 13 Data Preparation 456 DATA ADMINISTRATION 458 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Selecting Statistical Software 459 Screening 460 ID Numbers 460 Logbook Entry 461 Initial Check 461 THE CODEBOOK 462 Codebook Contents 462 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Sixteen: The Codebook 464 Variable Acronym 464 Column Numbers 465 Codes 467 RESEARCH SKILLS: Coding Open-Ended Questions 468 Missing Value Codes 470 Codebook Problems 470 RESEARCH SKILLS: Coding Multiple-Response Questions 471 EDITING AND CODING 471 RESEARCH SKILLS: Coding Repeated Measures 472 Editing 472 RESEARCH SKILLS: Editing Ambiguous Data 474 Coding 474 DATA ENTRY 476 Entry Options with Microcomputers 476 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Coding Procedures: Raw Data to Computer 477 Data Entry with Mainframe Computers 478 Importing Data from Other Computer Files 480 Verifying 480 RESEARCH SKILLS: Manual Data Verification 481 DATA CLEANING 481 Preparing for Computer Runs 482 Illegitimate Codes 483 Illogical Codes 484 CHAPTER 14 Preliminary Data Analysis 489 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS 490 WEIGHTING AND SAMPLE CHECKS 490 RESEARCH ETHICS: Preliminary Analysis Checks 49 1 Weighting Nonproportional Stratified Samples 49 1 Sample Check 492 DISTRIBUTION CHECKS 494 Examining Distributions 494 Sufficient Variation 496 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Common Frequency Distributions Found in Business Research 497 χ Contents Distribution Shape 499 Outliers 502 RESEARCH SKILLS: Transforming Variables 503 MEASUREMENT CHECKS 505 Measurement Validity 505 Reliability 506 RESEARCH SKILLS: Factor Analysis 507 Missing Data and Item Nonresponse Bias 508 RESEARCH SKILLS: Chronbach s Alpha 509 COMPUTING NEW VARIABLES 5 11 Recodes 5 11 RESEARCH SKILLS: Assessing Item Nonresponse Bias 5 1 2 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Eleven: Constructing New Variables 5 1 3 Composite Variables 514 Scale and Index Construction 515 Gain Scores 516 RESEARCH SKILLS: Combining Scale or Index Items 5 1 7 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES 5 1 8 Types of Time Series 5 1 8 Trend and Seasonality Problems 5 1 9 Autocorrelation 52 1 RESEARCH SKILLS: Differencing a Time Series 522 Homogeneity of Variance 524 Outliers and Nonlinearity 525 Lagged and Leading Variables 526 Type I and Type II Errors Critical Region 538 537 CHAPTER 15 Descriptive and Univariate Analysis 530 DESCRIBING THE SAMPLE AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE 53 1 Central Tendency 53 1 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Statistics Texts 532 RESEARCH SKILLS: Calculating Weighted Averages 533 Variability 533 BREAKDOWNS 534 POPULATION ESTIMATES 535 HYPOTHESIS TESTING 536 Research and Null Hypotheses 537 CHAPTER 16 Relationships and Group Differences: Bivariate Analysis 543 BASICS OF BIVARIATE ANALYSIS 544 The Research Questions 545 BIVARIATE ASSOCIATION 545 Visualize the Relationship 546 Two Interpretations for Measures of Association 546 RESEARCH SKILLS: Reading Scatterplots 549 MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION FOR CATEGORY VARIABLES 549 Cross-Tabulations 549 Percentaging Tables 550 RESEARCH SKILLS: Percentaging a Cross-Tabulation 55 1 Other Measures of Association for Cross-Tabs 55 1 MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION FOR RANKED ORDINAL VARIABLES 553 MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION FOR QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES 554 Association Between Two Quantitative Variables 554 Association Between Quantitative and Category Variables 554 MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Twelve: Correlation or Regression? 555 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 556 The Logic of Significance Tests 556 RESEARCH SKILLS: Selecting a Significance Level 557 Degrees of Freedom 557 RESEARCH ISSUES: Significance Tests and Enumerations 558 Significance and Sample Size 559 The Alpha Problem: Multiple Tests 559 Significance or Association? 560 COMMON SIGNIFICANCE TESTS 561 Significance Test Properties 56 1 Summary of Significance Tests 563 BIVARIATE CHECKS 563 Ordinality and Linearity 563 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: The Major Significance Tests 564 Contents Xl Joint Outliers 568 Advanced Topic: Homogeneity of Variance 569 CHAPTER 17 Relationships and Group Differences: Multivariate Analysis 572 TYPES OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 573 RESEARCH ETHICS: The Ethics of Multivariate Analysis 574 The Logic of Multivariate Analysis 574 FORECASTING AND SELECTION MODELS 577 Model Building Techniques 577 Measures of Joint Effect 579 RESEARCH SKILLS: Using Multiple Regression 580 Selecting the Best Model 58 1 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Variations of Regression Analysis 582 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF UNIQUE EFFECTS 584 From Bivariate to Multivariate 584 Unique Effects and Bivariate Association 585 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Seventeen: Unique Effect Measures 586 RESEARCH SKILLS: Using Analysis of Variance 587 RESEARCH SKILLS: Using Discriminant Analysis 588 Relative Effects 590 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Other Problems in Multivariate Analysis for Effect Size 59 1 Joint Effects 591 Interacting Variables in Multivariate Analysis 592 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR REPEATED-MEASURE DESIGNS 594 Pretest-Posttest Designs 594 Panel Designs 596 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS FOR TIME SERIES 598 Concomitant Time Series 598 Interrupted Time Series 599 Pooled Time Series 601 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF INTERDEPENDENCE 602 SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSIS 602 Unexpected Direction 602 RESEARCH SKILLS: Using Cluster Analysis 603 Weak or No Relationship 604 OTHER ANALYSIS ISSUES AND PROBLEMS 608 Multicollinearity 608 Small Samples 608 RESEARCH ISSUES: Treating Category Ordinal Variables as Quantitative 609 Sparse Categories in an Important Variables 609 Scales and Indices as Dependent Variables 610 Appendix to Chapter 17: Causal Modeling 614 CHAPTER 18 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Reporting 621 REPORT DECISIONS 622 The Audience 623 Importance of the Problem 624 Your Purpose 624 CONTENT: THE SECTIONS OF A RESEARCH REPORT 625 Content Decisions 626 Front Matter 627 Summary 628 Conclusions and Recommendations 629 Introduction, Background, Objectives 630 Literature Survey 630 Methodology and Procedure 630 The Sample 631 Policy or Program 632 Findings and Conclusions 632 End Matter 633 Appendices 633 Writing Schedule 633 ORGANIZATION AND STYLE 634 Format: The Order of Parts 634 RESEARCH SKILLS: Scheduling the Report Writing 635 Writing Style 636 RESEARCH SKILLS: Writing Style 637 RESEARCH SKILLS: Presenting Numbers in Reports 638 Presentation 639 WRITING UP THE FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 640 Organizing the Section 640 Organization Within Subsections 642 Xli Contents MOVING SOUND: A Continuing Case Part Thirteen: Research Report Excerpt 644 What to Include 645 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Using Graphics in Research Reports 646 Tables and Graphics 647 FOCUS ON RESEARCH: Parts of a Table 650 Statistical Procedures 650 RESEARCH ETHICS: Misuse of Graphics 652 DRAFTING RECOMMENDATIONS 653 RESEARCH ETHICS: Recommendations 654 Types of Recommendations 655 Recommendation Problems 655 CAMPBELL SWITCH: A Continuing Case Part Eighteen: Research Report Excerpt 656 Generating Creative Recommendations 657 Relevant and Feasible Recommendations 657 Involving Management 658 REPORT VARIATIONS AND PROBLEMS 659 Progress and Interim Reports 659 Oral Reports 660 No Results 661 Bearing Bad Tidings 662 Interference 662 APPENDIX A An Introduction to Sampling Theory and Inferential Statistics 667 A SAMPLE EXAMPLE Population 667 Sample 668 Sampling Error 668 Sampling Distribution 668 Standard Error 670 Estimating the Standard Error 67 1 Precision, Confidence Intervals, and Probabilities 672 Sample Size Effects 673 Stratified Samples 675 Finite Population Correction 676 APPENDIX В Statistical Tables 678 RANDOM NUMBERS 679 AREA UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE 684 DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENT S t 686 APPENDIX С Suggested Questions and Response Categories for Demographic and Other Variables 688 AGE 688 MARITAL STATUS 688 GENDER 688 REGION 689 EDUCATION 689 TRAINING 690 EMPLOYMENT STATUS 691 INDUSTRY 692 OCCUPATION 692 UNION MEMBERSHIP 693 INCOME 694 TRANSPORTATION 695 APPENDIX D Examples: Cover Letter, Questionnaire, and Data-Gathering Form 696 APPENDIX E Planning and Running a Research Project 712 WHO DOES THE RESEARCH? 712 RESEARCH PLANNING 714 Matrix Method of Planning and Costing 714 Work Schedule 7 1 7 THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL 717 PROJECT ADMINISTRATION 7 1 9 Recruiting and Training Personnel 7 1 9 Monitoring the Data Collection 72 1 Glossary 723 Bibliography 736 Index 742
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author	Kervin, John B.
author_facet	Kervin, John B.
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discipline	Wirtschaftswissenschaften
format	Book
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id	DE-604.BV026107132
illustrated	Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-09T23:05:14Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0060436360 0065006909
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-021699538
oclc_num	844014422
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-188 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG
owner_facet	DE-188 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG
physical	XVIII, 749 S. graph. Darst.
publishDate	1992
publishDateSearch	1992
publishDateSort	1992
publisher	HarperCollins
record_format	marc
spelling	Kervin, John B. Verfasser aut Methods for business research John B. Kervin New York, NY HarperCollins 1992 XVIII, 749 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 gnd rswk-swf Operations Research (DE-588)4043586-6 gnd rswk-swf Operations Research (DE-588)4043586-6 s DE-188 Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021699538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Kervin, John B. Methods for business research Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 gnd Operations Research (DE-588)4043586-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4069402-1 (DE-588)4043586-6
title	Methods for business research
title_auth	Methods for business research
title_exact_search	Methods for business research
title_full	Methods for business research John B. Kervin
title_fullStr	Methods for business research John B. Kervin
title_full_unstemmed	Methods for business research John B. Kervin
title_short	Methods for business research
title_sort	methods for business research
topic	Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Betriebswirtschaftslehre (DE-588)4069402-1 gnd Operations Research (DE-588)4043586-6 gnd
topic_facet	Forschungsmethode Betriebswirtschaftslehre Operations Research
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=021699538&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT kervinjohnb methodsforbusinessresearch

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