The biological chemistry of the elements: the inorganic chemistry of life
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| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u. a.]
Clarendon Press
2001
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 575 S. |
| ISBN: | 0198508484 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The biological chemistry of the elements |b the inorganic chemistry of life |c J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva and R. J. P. Williams |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u. a.] |b Clarendon Press |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a IX, 575 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Bioanorganische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4126727-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Williams, Robert J. P. |d 1926- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)140677216 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019182867&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141401098682368 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: The biological chemistry of the elements
Autor: Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da
Jahr: 2001
Contents
General introduction l
PART 1 The chemical and physical
factors controlling the elements of life
1 The chemical elements in biology 7
1.1 The element content of living systems 7
1.1.1 The biological elements 7
1.1.2 Chemical speciation: limitations of life chemistry
and physics 10
1.2 An aside: some biological chemistry of
hydrogen 11
1.3 The economical use of resources: abundance and
availability 12
1.4 Biological environment and element availability 15
1.4.1 pH and redox potential considerations 15
1.4.2 Element concentrations in aerobic environments
and in some organisms 17
1.4.3 Solubility products 21
1.5 Sulphide chemistry in water (anaerobes) 22
1.6 A note on homeostasis 24
1.7 Survival and evolution 26
1.8 Conclusion 26
1 The principles of the uptake and
chemical speciation of the elements in
biology 29
2.1 Introduction to chemical speciation 30
2.1.1 General aspects of uptake and rejection 30
2.2 The separations that biology can achieve 33
2.3 The selective uptake of metal ions 34
2.4 Effective stability constants 3 S
2.5 Element uptake at equilibrium: the selectivity of
the uptake 39
2.5.1 Selection by charge type 42
2.5.2 Selection by ion size 43
2.5.3 Combination of radius and charge effect 46
2.5.4 Selection by liganding atom 46
2.5.5 Selection by preferential coordination geometry 4H
2.5.6 Selection by spin-pairing stabilization 49
2.5.7 Selection by binding in clusters 51
2.6 Hydrolysis: hydroxides and oxenes 51
2.7 Selective control of oxidation states of metals 53
2.8 Selection by control of concentration of M
and L 54
2.8.1 Availability and predicted cytoplasmic ion
concentrations 56
2.9 Selection by transfer coefficients from water to
proteins (or membranes) 5X
2.9.1 Soft and hard acids, solvents, and extraction 61)
2.10 Selection at surfaces and in precipitates 60
2.11 The selectivity of channels 61
2.12 Kinetic effects and control 62
2.12.1 The distribution coefficient D for ML, 62
2.12.2 Kinetics of transport 63
2.12.3 Insertion in pre-formed holes or chelating rings 63
2.12.4 Energy coupling to the selective movement of M
(gates and pumps) 65
2.12.5 A summary of the kinetics of uptake of metal
ions 65
2.13 Rejection of metal ions 66
2.14 General aspects of the uptake of essential non-
metals 66
2.15 Mechanisms of selection of anions based on
thermodynamic properties 68
2.15.1 Selection by charge and size; the hydration of
anions and their binding to proteins 6K
2.15.2 Selection of anions by differences in binding affinity
for different types of cationic centres 70
2.15.3 Kinetic binding traps for anions, with or without
accompanying redox reactions 71
2.16 Redox incorporation of anions 72
2.17 Coenzymes 74
xii I CONTENTS
2.18 Precipitates in compartments: cation and anion
cooperativity 4
2.19 The application of equilibria arid equilibrium
exchange to carriers, buffers, pumps, enzymes and
gene regulation
. .I M Carriers ~f
Ion buffers and stores 77
7 . Pumps ?x
-M9.4 Enzymes, structural proteins and transcription
factors 78
2.20 Genetic regulation-an introduction to control of
ligand (protein) concentration 79
2.21 Concluding remarks: element handling in biological
systems 80
3 Physical separations of elements:
compartments and zones in biology «3
3.1 General aspects 84
3.2 The nature of compartments 85
3.3 The chemical solutions and physical states of
compartments .s d
3.4 The role and nature of membranes 89
3.5 Different types of membrane W
l Internal and external particles and their relationship
to membranes 90
Lateral membrane organization and in-membrane
flow 92
.?. Transmembrane organization and flow 94
í.b.4 Flow of vesicles in cells fft
3.6 Special solution conditions in vesicles 98
3.7 Cooperativity of separations and localizations ¡00
3.8 Summary of metal ion positioning 100
3.9 Symbiosis and multicellular systems 101
3.10 Spatial distribution of bulk non-metals 101
3.11 The spatial transfer of H, C, N, S: mobile and fixed
coenzymes 103
V! H (and O) transport 103
Phosphate transport 104
V. .3 Carbon transport 104
.¦! Nitrogen transport 105
¦Uo Sulphur transport 105
3.12 Summary of non-metal transport 105
3.13 Evolution of compartments and organization:
summary Km
4 Kinetic considerations of chemical
reactions, catalysis, and control t ox
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 Chemical transformations I tin
4.3 The nature of acid-base reactions: hydrolysis and
condensation IDV
4.4 The hydrolysis of proteins, RNA, DNA, and other
polymers 113
4.5 The nature of ion flow 1 1 4
4.5.1 Signals and controls 114
4.5.2 Ion migration rates: electrolytics 115
4.5.3 Exchange 117
4.6 On/off reactions: control systems 117
4.7 Electron-transfer reactions: electronics i 18
4.8 Redox potentials of complexes 122
4.9 Atom transfer reactions 123
4.10 Group transfer 125
4.11 The nature of transition-metal centres in
catalysis 125
4.12 Free radical reactions 127
4.13 Sizes of atoms, stereochemistry, and reaction
paths 128
4.13.1 Selective binding to protein (DNA) sites in
pathways 128
4.14 The creation of local small spaces: mechanical
devices for transfer reactions 130
4.14.1 Rates of conformational changes 131
4.15 Networks: kinetic circuits 132
4.15.1 Control over networks of reactions 132
4.16 Summary 133
5 Energy in biological systems and hydrogen
biochemistry 135
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Biological systems and light 136
5.3 Oxidative energy: mitochondria 139
5.4 Proton migration coupled to redox reactions 141
5.5 The coupling of gradients to ATP formation 142
5.6 Anaerobes in the dark 144
5.7 Compartments, energy, and metabolism 147
5.8 Organization and tension 148
5.9 Motion of organisms 148
5.10 Local storage of elements and energy 148
5.11 Primitive sources of energy 150
5.VL1 Sulphur compounds as energy transfer agents 151
5.12 Energy networks and summary 151
6 The role of biological macromolecules
and polymers 154
A Proteins and nucleic acids 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Protein composition and basic structure I5f
C ONI f NTS
7 The functional value of the chemical
elements in biological systems 2m
7.1 Introduction 206
7.2 Major chemical properties of elements in aqueous
solutions 2t/.v
7.3 Biochemical functions of the chemical
elements 210
7.4 The living process 214
7.5 The chemical flow in biology 2I~
7.5. The synthesis and degradation of the polymers of
life 21~
7.5.2 Synthesis and degradation of monomers 211)
7.5.3 The uptake and loss of elements 22!
7.5.4 The flow of energy in compounds J
7.5.5 Equilibria and kinetic balance 224
7.6 The integration of activity 224
180 7.6. The biological selection of elements 224
7.6.? Self-organization and flow patterns 22?
7.7 Conclusion 226
6.3 The protein fold and the internal motions in
solution 161
6.3.1 The folding process lñ4
6.4 The amino-acid composition of specific
proteins 164
6.5 Structural proteins and mechanical devices 169
6.6 Matching of proteins and organic and inorganic
ions J 70
6.7 Enzymes 171
6.8 States of metal ions in proteins 173
6.8.1 General aspects 173
6.8.2 The copper blue centres 174
6.8.3 Metalloproteins in multiple-step reactions 175
6.8.4 Protein-protein assemblies and metal ions 177
6.8.5 Protein degradation 178
6.9 Summary of proteins: the proteome 179
6.10 Nucleic-acid composition and outline structure
6.11 Metal-ion binding to polynucleotides 182
6.11.1 Cavities and metal-ion binding in DNA 183
6.11.2 DNA sequences and mutation 184
6.11.3 Completed genomes 185
6.12 Nucleic acids and proteins 185
6.13 Controlled synthesis and degradation of
biopolymers 186
6.14 Genetic control 186
6.14.1 A note on gene expression in multicellular
organisms 189
6.14.2 Regulation: constitutive and induced protein
production using genes 190
6.14.3 Constitutive and induced genes for elements 192
6.15 Summary of genetic control and regulation at
equilibrium 194
B Polysaccharides and lipids 196
6.16 Introduction 196
6.17 Introduction to polysaccharides 196
6.18 The backbones and sidechains of
polysaccharides 197
6.19 Glycoproteins and cell surface packing 198
6.20 Interaction of polysaccharides with metal ions 199
6.21 Properties of lipids 2(H)
6.21.1 Lipids in membranes as macromolecular
assemblies 200
6.21.2 Composition and general functions of lipids 200
6-22 Ion association with lipid surfaces 201
6.22.1 The influences of selected inorganic elements 201
6-22.2 Potentials on membrane surfaces 202
6-23 Essential fatty acids 202
6.24 Summary of biopolymers 202
PART 2 The roles of individual elements
in biology
8 Sodium, potassium, and chlorine: osmotic
control, electrolytic equilibria, and
currents
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Passive diffusion 232
8.3 Gated channels 235
8.4 Channel selectivity and possible constructions 236
8.5 Active transport: pumps 23*
8.6 The nature of selective pumps 242
8.7 Building electrolytic circuits 242
SC. i The positions of pumps and channels 242
8.7.2 The ATPase pumps: some general comments 242
cC3 Exchangers 244
d.~.4 Organic anions and cations as current carriers 244
SJ.5 Currents of ions and morphogenic patterns:
growth 245
8.8 Simple salts and the conditions of
polyelectrolytes 245
S.E.I Binding to DNA 246
8.9 Enzymes requiring potassium 246
8.10 Ion genetics and networks 246
8.10.1 K+, Na~, CI circuits 24
8.10.2 The evolution of channels 248
8.11 Summary 248
xiv I CONTENTS
9 The biological chemistry of magnesium:
phosphate metabolism
9.1 Introduction 251
9.2 The spatial distribution of magnesium 251
9.3 Magnesium chemistry 252
9.4 Magnesium pumping in cells 255
9.5 Very strong binding of magnesium 257
9.6 Magnesium in walls and membranes 257
9.7 Magnesium enzymes: magnesium and
phosphates 257
9.8 Magnesium and muscle cells 262
9.8.1 Activation of tension 262
9.8.2 Magnesium muscle relaxation: calcium buffering 263
9.9 Magnesium and polynucleotides 264
9.9.1 Structures of DNA and RNA particles 264
9.9.2 Ribozymes 264
9.10 Competition with polyamines 265
9.11 Polymeric equilibria: tubulins, DNA, and the cell
cycle 268
9.12 Magnesium outside cells 268
9.12.1 Sol/gel equilibria and magnesium 269
9.13 Magnesium and lipids 269
9.14 Magnesium and chlorophyll 269
9.14.1 Chlorophyll binding in proteins 269
9.14.2 Magnesium insertion in chlorophyll: chelates 271
9.15 The use of manganese as a magnesium probe 272
9.16 Interference of other metal ions with Mg2+
biochemistry 274
9.17 Lithium and magnesium 274
9.18 Evolution and genetics of Mg2+ proteins and
networks 274
9.19 Conclusion 276
10 Calcium: controls and triggers
10.1 introduction 279
10.2 Free calcium ion levels 280
10.2.1 Calcium levels in pulsed cells 281
10.3 The calcium ion 282
103.1 Condensation equilibria 284
10.4 Protein ligands for calcium 284
10.5 Magnesium/calcium competition 286
10.6 The resting state of calcium in cells 287
10.7 Calcium triggering: calmodulins 288
10.8 The calcium trigger proteins 289
10.9 S-100 proteins 291
10.10 Other triggering modes: annexins and
C-domains 292
10.1C.1 Vesicular contents and their release:
exocytosis 292
10.10.2 Calcium, filaments, and cell shape 294
10.11 Calcium and protein phosphorylation 294
10.12 Calcium buffering and calcium transport in
cells 295
10.13 Calcium currents: movement through membranes,
channels, gates, and pumps 296
10.14 Calcium exchangers 298
10.15 Internal calcium-induced proteases: apoptosis 298
10.16 General remarks concerning control systems in
cells 298
10.17 Extracytoplasmic calcium in vesicles 300
10.17.1 Vesicular calcium 300
10.17.2 Organelle calcium 301
10.18 Extracellular calcium in circulating fluids 301
10.18.1 Calcium in digestion and blood-clotting 301
10.18.2 Calcium in cell-cell connections 304
10.19 Calcium proteins of biominerals 305
10.20 Calcium biominerals 305
10.21 Intra- and extracytoplasmic calcium balances 308
10.21.1 Multiple sites for calcium 308
10.21.2 Cell shape 308
10.21.3 Cell morphogenesis 309
10.22 The calcium network today 309
10.23 The genetic controls of calcium-binding
proteins 312
10.24 Summary of calcium biological chemistry 312
11 Zinc: Lewis acid catalysis and regulation
11.1 Introduction to Lewis acids 315
11.2 Zinc in biological space 317
11.3 Availability and concentration of free Zn2+ ions 318
11.4 Types of protein associated with zinc 319
11.4.1 Zinc enzymes 320
11.4.2 Zinc proteins other than enzymes 322
11.4.3 Proteins for zinc distribution 322
11.4.4 Zinc fingers 323
11.5 Zinc exchange rates 324
11.6 The number and selectivity of ligands to zinc 324
11.7 Zinc as a catalytic group in enzymes 325
11.7.1 Zinc as a Lewis acid 325
11.7.2 Zinc and redox reactions 328
11.7.3 The (constrained) entatic state and probes 328
11.8 Summary of zinc proteins 329
11.9 Regulatory and control roles of zinc 330
11.10 The export of zinc enzymes: digestion and peptide
messages 331
11.10.1 Zinc enzymes and peptide hormones 332
11.11 Zinc enzymes and peptide hormones 332
11.12 Other functions of zinc outside cells 333
11.12.1 Cross-linking and hardening of extracellular
matrices 333
11.12.2 Zinc in solid-state devices 333
11.13 Zinc genetics 334
11.13.1 FUR and ZUR 334
11.14 Zinc and evolution 334
11.15 Summary: is zinc today a master hormone? 335
12 Non-haem iron: redox reactions and
controls
12.1 General introduction to transition metals 341
12.2 Introduction to iron biological chemistry 344
12.3 Iron uptake 345
12.4 The non-haem i ron proteins 348
12.5 The iron/sulphur proteins 348
12.5.1 Electron-transfer chains 35J
12.5.2 Succinate dehydrogenase: particle II of
mitochondria 351
12.6 Fe/S centres active as enzymes 351
12.6.1 The peculiarities of hydrogenase 352
XIJ Location of Fe/S proteins 353
12.8 Why are there Fen Sn clusters in cells? 353
12.8.1 Genetics of Fen S„ assembly in bacteria: genetic
structure 355
12.9 The organization and selectivity of ferredoxins 355
12.9.1 Competition for Fe/S cluster sites by other
metals 356
12.10 The Fe-O-Fe cluster 357
12.11 Mononuclear non-haem/non-Fe/S iron and oxidative
enzymes 359
12.11.1 Unusual iron enzymes 362
12.12 Iron and secondary metabolism 362
12.13 Binding ligands in non-haem/non-Fe/S proteins 363
12.14 Extracellular iron as an acid catalyst 363
12.15 Summary of non-haem iron/non-Fe/S enzymes 363
12.16 Iron buffering and carriers 364
12.17 Iron controls of metabolism 365
12.18 Iron regulation: relationship to genes and
evolution 366
13 Haem iron: coupled redox reactions
13.1 Iron in porphyrins 370
13.2 Properties of isolated haem units 370
13.3 Classification of haem proteins by iron
properties 373
CONTENTS
13.4 Classification of haem proteins by secondary
structure 375
13.5 Where are haem proteins in cells? 378
13.6 Haem protein functions I: electron-transfer 37V
13.6.1 Simple electron-transfer proteins 379
13.6.2 Multihaem electron-transfer proteins 380
13.6.3 Electron-transfer/proton coupling: models 381
13.6.4 The membrane electron-transfer proteins: sidechain
proton coupling 381
13.6.5 The membrane electron-transfer proteins: sidechain
proton coupling 383
13.7 The surfaces of haem proteins 384
13.8 Haem-protein functions II: storage and
transport 385
13.8.1 Dioxygen: storage, transport, and signalling 385
13.8.2 Nitric acid and haem receptors 385
13.8.3 Cytochrome c and cyanide 386
13.9 Haem-protein functions III: oxidases and
dioxygenases 388
13.9.1 Cytochrome oxidase 389
13.9.2 Cytochrome P-450 391
13.9.3 Peroxidases and catatases 391
13.10 Substrates of haem enzymes and secondary
metabolism 392
13.10.1 Haem and higher oxidation states of nitrogen and
sulphur: reductive reactions 393
13.11 Haem in controls 394
13.12 The synthesis of haem and its genes 394
13.12.1 Genes for haem-containing proteins 395
13.12.2 Haem and the metallome 397
13.13 Summary of haem-iron functions 397
14 Manganese: dioxygen evolution and
glycosylation
14.1 Introduction 400
14.2 Manganese chemistry 400
14.2.1 Oxidation states 400
14.2.2 Structures of Mn(ll) complexes with organic
ligands 402
14.2.3 Manganese(ll) equilibria and biochemistry 402
14.2.4 The kinetics of Mn(ll) complexes 404
14.3 Monomeric Mn(ll) and Mn(IV) chemistry 405
14.3.1 Structures 405
14.3.2 Thermodynamics 405
14.3.3 Kinetics of Mn(lll) and Mn(IV) reactions 406
14.3.4 Manganese cluster chemistry 406
144 The biological chemistry of manganese 408
14.4.1 The occurrence and availability of manganese to
organisms 408
14.4.2 The uptake of manganese 408
14.4.3 Pumping of manganese gradients 408
xvi ! CONTENTS
14.4.4 The distribution of Mn in biological systems 409
14.5 The production of dioxygen 409
14.6 Manganese and peroxide metabolism 411
14.7 Manganese and hydrolytic reactions 412
14.8 Manganese precipitates 413
14.9 Manganese control systems and genetics 414
14.10 The evolution of manganese functions 415
14.11 Summary 416
15 Copper: extracytoplasmic oxidases and
matrix formation
15.1 Introduction 418
15.2 Copper and electron-transfer 419
15.3 Copper and dioxygen 420
15.3.1 Haemocyanin 420
15.3.2 A comment on copper of cytochrome oxidase 422
15.3.3 Copper and extracellular oxidases 423
15.3.4 Substrates of copper oxidases 424
15.3.5 Copper proteins and coenzyme PQQ
(pyrroloquinoline quinone) 425
15.4 Copper enzymes and nitrogen oxides 426
15.5 Superoxide dismutase 426
15.5.1 The location 426
15.5.2 The reactions of superoxide dismutases 427
15.6 The transport and homeostasis of copper 42H
15.6.1 The buffer and carrier proteins 428
15.6.2 The copper pumps 429
15.6.3 The copper carriers 430
15.6.4 Copper exchange rates 431
15.6.5 Copper genetics 431
15.7 The overall functions of copper 432
16 Nickel and cobalt: remnants of early life?
16.1 Introduction 436
16.2 The chemistry of cobalt and nickel 438
16.3 Hydrogenases 441
16.4 The reactions of vitamin B12 442
16.5 The organometallic chemistry of life 444
16.6 Hydrolytic catalysis by nickel and cobalt 444
16.6.1 Urease: nickel in vacuoles 445
b.6.2 Cobalt enzymes not using B12 446
16.7 Nickel and cobalt uptake 447
16.7.1 Genetic controls over nickel and cobalt uptake 447
16.8 Cobalt and nickel genes in £. coli 448
16.9 Conclusion 448
17 Molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, and
chromium
17.1 Introduction 450
17.2 The availabilities of molybdenum, tungsten,
vanadium, and chromium 450
17.3 The molybdenum enzymes: a first overview 451
17.4 Biological chemistry of molybdenum 453
17.4.1 Uptake of molybdate 453
17.4.2 Oxidation states and redox potentials in
enzymes 454
17.4.3 The types and rates of molybdenum reactions 454
17.4.4 Oxygen-atom transfer reactions 455
17.5 The structure and function of the molybdenum
enzymes 455
17.5.1 Nitrogenase and its reaction centre: FeMoco 456
17.5.2 Molybdenum exchange and possible control
functions 458
17.6 Molybdenum genetics 458
17.7 Molybdenum: conclusions 459
17.8 Tungsten biological chemistry 459
17.9 Vanadium chemistry and biochemistry 461
17.9.1 The chemistry of vanadium in biology 461
17.9.2 The biological forms and functions of vanadium 462
17.9.3 Vanadium and iron 465
17.10 Molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten in
evolution 466
17.11 The biological chemistry of chromium 468
18 Phosphate, silica, and chloride: acid-base
non-metals
18.1 Introduction to the non-metals 471
18.2 Phosphate chemistry 472
18.2.1 The chemistry of phosphate 472
18.3 The forms and energies of bound phosphate 473
18.3.1 The energy of pyrophosphates and the resting state
of cells 474
18.3.2 Phosphate controls 475
18.3.3 Phosphate messengers 476
18.3.4 Phosphate switches: protein phosphorylation,
dephosphorylation, and time hierarchy 478
13.3.5 Phosphates and gene transcription 479
18.3.6 Phosphate minerals 480
18.3.7 Phosphate uptake and transport 480
18.4 Summary of phosphate functions 480
18.5 Chloride channels, pumps, and exchangers 481
18.6 Anion balance: chloride, phosphate, sulphate, and
carboxylates 481
18.7 Silicon biochemistry 482
18.7.1 Occurrence and physical nature of silicon 482
18.7.2 The chemistry of silica in biology 485
18.7.3 Uptake and transport of silicon 486
18.8 Boron in biology 487
18.9 Halides and other non-metal trace
elements 487
19 Sulphur, selenium, and halogens: redox
non-metals
19.1 Introduction 4X9
19.2 Sulphur biochemistry 490
19.2.1 Oxidation states and redox reactions 490
19.2.2 Acid-base reactions 493
19.2.3 Group transfer reactions: coupling 494
19.2.4 The sulphur cycle 495
19.2.5 Cellular and genetic chemistry of sulphur 495
19.3 Summary of sulphur chemistry 496
19.4 The biochemistry of selenium 497
19.5 Evolution and selenium 499
19.6 Notes on the use of the halogens 499
19.7 The cellular content of sulphur, selenium, and
iodine (the metallome) 500
20 Integrated living systems of elements
20.1 Introduction 503
20.2 The nature of systems 505
20.2.1 Earth as a series of equilibrated states 507
20.2.2 Earth as a series of non-equilibrated domains 509
20.2.3 Geochemical and biochemical interactions 511
20.3 The detailed steps in the evolution of earth s
surface 511
20.3.1 The evolution of organized flow on earth:
patterns 513
20.3.2 The persistence of patterns 514
20.3.3 Persistence of patterns in an enclosed space 515
20.4 Macromolecules and systems 517
20.5 The beginnings of life 519
20.5.1 The basic cellular flows and element homeostasis:
the primitive metallome 519
CONTENTS . xvii
20.6 Survival, reproduction and the need for a coded
molecule 523
20.7 Evolution: introduction and morphological
changes 523
20.7.1 The development of internal morphology: evolution
of eukaryotes 523
20.7.2 The development of external morphology: evolution
of multicellular organisms up to animals 524
20.8 Evolution and the metallome 528
20.8.1 The metallome and survival strength 529
20.9 Changes of elements in prokaryotes 532
20.9.1 Anaerobic sulphate-using bacteria and
protection 534
20.10 Eukaryotes: the development of new membrane
components: new lipids 534
20.10.1 The metallome of early anaerobic eukaryotes 536
20.10.2 The aerobic single-cel! eukaryotes and their
metallome 537
20.11 Carriers 540
20.12 The metallome of extracellular and vesicular fluids
of mulicellular organisms 542
20.13 The metallome of brain extracellular fluid 543
20.14 Summary of metallome content 544
20.15 Changing non-metals in the proteome and in small
organic molecules 544
20.15.1 Changes in non-metal metabolism 547
20.16 Extracellular communication networks 54H
20.16.1 Nerves and brain 550
20.17 Survival of systems: summary of the value of the
elements 552
Index 557
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da Williams, Robert J. P. 1926- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)140677216 |
| author_facet | Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da Williams, Robert J. P. 1926- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da |
| author_variant | j j r f d s jjrfd jjrfds r j p w rjp rjpw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV025938795 |
| classification_rvk | VH 9750 WD 4750 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)248374647 (DE-599)BVBBV025938795 |
| dewey-full | 572.51 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 572 - Biochemistry |
| dewey-raw | 572.51 |
| dewey-search | 572.51 |
| dewey-sort | 3572.51 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV025938795 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:15:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0198508484 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019182867 |
| oclc_num | 248374647 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 |
| physical | IX, 575 S. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Clarendon Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da Verfasser aut The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva and R. J. P. Williams 2. ed. Oxford [u. a.] Clarendon Press 2001 IX, 575 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bioanorganische Chemie (DE-588)4126727-8 gnd rswk-swf Bioanorganische Chemie (DE-588)4126727-8 s DE-604 Williams, Robert J. P. 1926- Verfasser (DE-588)140677216 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019182867&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Silva, J. J. R. Fraústo da Williams, Robert J. P. 1926- The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life Bioanorganische Chemie (DE-588)4126727-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4126727-8 |
| title | The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life |
| title_auth | The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life |
| title_exact_search | The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life |
| title_full | The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva and R. J. P. Williams |
| title_fullStr | The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva and R. J. P. Williams |
| title_full_unstemmed | The biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life J. J. R. Fraústo da Silva and R. J. P. Williams |
| title_short | The biological chemistry of the elements |
| title_sort | the biological chemistry of the elements the inorganic chemistry of life |
| title_sub | the inorganic chemistry of life |
| topic | Bioanorganische Chemie (DE-588)4126727-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bioanorganische Chemie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019182867&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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