Practical statistics for field biology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chicester [u.a.]
Wiley
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 259 S.: graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471982962 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804141376484409344 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PRACTICAL STATISTICS FOR
FIELD BIOLOGY
Second Edition
Jim JFowler
Principal Lecturer, Department of Biological Sciences, De Montfort
University, Leicester, UK
Lou Cohen
Emeritus Professor of Education, Loughborough University of Technology,
Loughborough, UK
and
Phil Jarvis
Senior Statistician, Safety of Medicines, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals,
Macclesfield, UK
JOHN WILEY amp; SONS
Chichester • New York • Weinheim • Brisbane • Singapore • Toronto
CONTENTS
Preface xi
1 Introduction
1 1 What do we mean by statistics?
1 2 Why is statistics necessary?
1 3 Statistics in field biology
1 4 The limitations of statistics
1 5 The purpose of this text
Measurement and Sampling Concepts
2 1 Populations, samples and observations
2 2 Counting things - the sampling unit
2 3 Random sampling
2 4 Random numbers
2 5 Independence
2 6 Statistics and parameters
2 7 Descriptive and inferential statistics
2 8 Parametric and non-parametric statistics
Processing Data
3 1 Scales of measurement
3 2 The nominal scale
3 3 The ordinal scale
3 4 The interval scale
3 5 The ratio scale
3 6 Conversion of interval observations to an ordinal scale
3 7 Derived variables
3 8 The precision of observations
3 9 How precise should we be?
3 10 The frequency table
3 11 Aggregating frequency classes
3 12 Frequency distribution of count observations
3 13 Dispersion
3 14 Bivariate data
Presenting Data
4 1 Introduction
4 2 Dot plot or line plot
vi Contents
Bar graph
Histogram
Frequency polygon and frequency curve
Scattergram (scatter plot)
Circle or pie graph
5 Measuring the Average
What is an average?
The mean
The median - a resistant statistic
The mode
Relationship between the mean, median and mode
6 Measuring Variability
6 3
Variability
The range
The standard deviation
Calculating the standard deviation
Calculating the standard deviation from grouped data
Variance
An alternative formula for calculating the variance and
standard deviation
Obtaining the standard deviation, variance and the sum of
squares from a calculator
Degrees of freedom
The coefficient of variation
7 Probabilitv
The meaning of probability
Compound probabilities
Probability distribution
Models of probability distribution
The binomial probability distribution
The Poisson probability distribution
The negative binomial probability distribution
Critical probability
8 Probabilitv Distributions as Models of Dispersion
9 The
Dispersion
An Index of Dispersion
Choosing a model of dispersion
The binomial model
Poisson model
The negative binomial model
Deciding the goodness of fit
Normal Distribution
The normal curve
Some mathematical properties of the normal curve
Standardizing the normal curve
Two-tailed or one-tailed?
Contents vii
9 5 Small samples: the ^-distribution 79
9 6 Are our data normal ? 81
10 Data Transformation 83
10 1 The need for transformation 83
10 2 The logarithmic transformation 84
10 3 When there are zero counts - the arcsinh transformation 86
10 4 The square root transformation 87
10 5 The arcsine transformation 87
10 6 Back-transforming transformed numbers 88
10 7 Is data transformation really necessary? 89
11 How Good are our Estimates? 90
11 1 Sampling error 90
11 2 The distribution of a sample mean 90
11 3 The confidence interval of the mean of a large sample 92
11 4 The confidence interval of the mean of a small sample 93
11 5 The confidence interval of the mean of a sample of count
data 94
11 6 The difference between the means of two large samples 96
11 7 The difference between the means of two small samples 98
11 8 Estimating a proportion 99
11 9 Estimating a Lincoln Index 100
11 10 Estimating a diversity index 101
11 11 The distribution of a variance - chi-square distribution 102
12 The Basis of Statistical Testing 104
12 1 Introduction 104
12 2 The experimental hypothesis 104
12 3 The statistical hypothesis 105
12 4 Test statistics 106
12 5 One-tailed tests and two-tailed tests 107
12 6 Hypothesis testing and the normal curve 108
12 7 Type 1 and type 2 errors 108
12 8 Parametric and non-parametric statistics: some further
observations 109
12 9 The power of a test 110
13 Analysing Frequencies 111
13 1 The chi-square test 111
13 2 Calculating the x2 test statistic 112
13 3 A practical example of a test for homogeneous frequencies 114
13 4 The problem of independence 115
13 5 One degree of freedom - Yates correction 116
13 6 Goodness of fit tests 116
13 7 Tests for association - the contingency table 117
13 8 Ther x c contingency table 120
13 9 The G-test ~ 122
13 10 Applying the G-test to a one-way classification of
frequencies 122
viii Contents
13 11 Applying the G-test to a2x2 contingency table 124
13 12 Applying the G-test to an rxc contingency table 126
13 13 Advice on analysing frequencies 128
14 Measuring Correlations 130
14 1 The meaning of correlation 130
14 2 Investigating correlation 130
14 3 The strength and significance of a correlation 132
14 4 Covariance 133
14 5 The Product Moment Correlation Coefficient 135
14 6 The coefficient of determination r2 137
14 7 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient rs 138
14 8 Advice on measuring correlations 141
15 Regression Analysis 142
15 1 Introduction 142
15 2 Gradients and triangles 142
15 3 Dependent and independent variables 144
15 4 A perfect rectilinear relationship 145
15 5 The line of least squares 146
15 6 Simple linear regression 147
15 7 Fitting the regression line to the scattergram 150
15 8 The error of a regression line 150
15 9 Confidence limits of an individual estimate 152
15 10 The significance of the regression line 154
15 11 The difference between two regression lines 154
15 12 Dealing with curved relationships 156
15 13 Transformation of both axes 158
15 14 Regression through the origin 160
15 15 An alternative line of best fit 161
15 16 Advice on using regression analysis 163
16 Comparing Averages 165
16 1 Introduction 165
16 2 Matched and unmatched observations 165
16 3 The Mann-Whitney [/-test for unmatched samples 166
16 4 Advice on using the Mann-Whitney [/-test 167
16 5 More than two samples - the Kruskal-Wallis test 168
16 6 Advice on using the Kruskal-Wallis test 169
16 7 The Wilcoxon test for matched pairs 170
16 8 Advice on using the Wilcoxon test for matched pairs 172
16 9 Comparing means - parametric tests 172
16 10 The F-test (two-tailed) 173
16 11 The z-test for comparing the means of two large samples 174
16 12 The t-test for comparing the means of two small samples 175
16 13 The t-test for matched pairs 176
16 14 Advice on comparing means 178
17 Analysis of Variance - ANOVA 179
17 1 Why do we need ANOVA? 179
Contents ix
17 2 How ANOVA works 180
17 3 Procedure for computing one-way ANOVA 181
17 4 Procedure for computing the Tukey test 184
17 5 Two-way ANOVA 187
17 6 Procedure for computing two-way ANOVA 190
17 7 Procedure for computing the Tukey test in two-way ANOVA 194
17 8 Two-way ANOVA with single observations 195
17 9 The randomized block design 198
17 10 The Latin square 202
17 11 Analysis of variance in regression 207
17 12 Advice on using ANOVA 208
18 Multivariate Analysis 210
18 1 Introduction 210
18 2 What is information? 211
18 3 Making large problems manageable 211
18 4 Are there three groups or four? 220
18 5 Learning from experience? 225
18 6 Variations on a theme 233
18 7 Summary 233
Appendices
Appendix 1: Table of random numbers 235
Appendix 2: f-distribution 236
Appendix 3: ^-distribution 237
Appendix 4: Critical values of Spearman s Rank Correlation Coefficient 238
Appendix 5: Product moment correlation values at the 0 05 and 0 01
levels of significance 239
Appendix 6: Mann-Whitney (/-test values (two-tailed test) P=0 05 240
Appendix 7: Critical values of T in the Wilcoxon test for two matched
samples 241
Appendix 8: F-distribution, 0 05 level of significance, two-tailed test 242
Appendix 9: Critical values of Fmax 0 05 level of significance 243
Appendix 10: F-distribution 244
Appendix 11: Tukey test 248
Appendix 12: Symbols 250
Appendix 13: Matrices and vectors 251
Appendix 14: Computer packages 255
Bibliography and further reading 256
Index 257
|
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| discipline | Biologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
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| spelling | Fowler, Jim Verfasser aut Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler , Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis 2. ed. Chicester [u.a.] Wiley 1998 IX, 259 S.: graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd rswk-swf Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd rswk-swf Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4056995-0 Statistik gnd-content Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 s DE-604 Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 s 2\p DE-604 Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 s 3\p DE-604 Cohen, Lou Verfasser aut Jarvis, Phil Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019160509&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fowler, Jim Cohen, Lou Jarvis, Phil Practical statistics for field biology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4016674-0 (DE-588)4046800-8 (DE-588)4006851-1 (DE-588)4056995-0 |
| title | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_auth | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_exact_search | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_full | Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler , Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| title_fullStr | Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler , Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Practical statistics for field biology Jim Fowler , Lou Cohen and Phil Jarvis |
| title_short | Practical statistics for field biology |
| title_sort | practical statistics for field biology |
| topic | Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Feldforschung (DE-588)4016674-0 gnd Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd Biologie (DE-588)4006851-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Feldforschung Populationsbiologie Biologie Statistik |
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