An introduction to environmental biophysics:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Springer
1998
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 286 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0387949372 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to environmental biophysics |c Gaylon S. Campbell ; John M. Norman |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: An introduction to environmental biophysics
Autor: Campbell, Gaylon S.
Jahr: 1998
Contents
Preface to the Second Edition v
Preface to the First Edition ix
List of Symbols xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Microenvironments 3
1.2 Energy Exchange 3
1.3 Mass and Momentum Transport 4
1.4 Conservation of Energy and Mass 4
1.5 Continuity in the Biosphere 5
1.6 Models, Heterogeneity, and Scale 7
1.7 Applications 9
1.8 Units 9
References 13
Problems 13
Chapter 2 Temperature 15
2.1 Typical Behavior of Atmospheric and Soil Temperature 15
2.2 Random Temperature Variation 18
2.3 Modeling Vertical Variation in Air Temperature 20
2.4 Modeling Temporal Variation in Air Temperature 23
2.5 Soil Temperature Changes with Depth and Time 23
2.6 Temperature and Biological Development 26
2.7 Thermal Time 28
2.8 Calculating Thermal Time from Weather Data 30
2.9 Temperature Extremes and the Computation of Thermal
Time 32
2.10 Normalization of Thermal Time 3 2
2.11 Thermal Time in Relation To Other Environmental
Variables 33
References 34
Problems 35
Contents
Chapter 3 Water Vapor and Other Gases 37
3.1 Specifying Gas Concentration 38
3.2 Water Vapor: Saturation Conditions 40
3.3 Condition of Partial Saturation 4^
3 4 Spatial and Temporal Variation of Atmospheric Water
Vapor 47
3.5 Estimating the Vapor Concentration in Air 49
References 50
Problems ^
Chapter 4 Liquid Water in Organisms and their Environment 53
4.1 Water Potential and Water Content 53
4.2 Water Potentials in Organisms and their Surroundings 58
4.3 Relation of Liquid- to Gas-Phase Water 58
References *?j
Problems 61
Chapter 5 Wind 63
5.1 Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence M
5.2 Wind as a Vector f
5.3 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed 66
5.4 Finding the Zero Plane Displacement and the
Roughness Length °
5.5 Wind Within Crop Canopies 72
References ]z
Problems 75
Chapter 6 Heat and Mass Transport
6.1 Molar Fluxes 78
6.2 Integration of the Transport Equations
6.3 Resistances and Conductances
6.4 Resistors and Conductors in Series
6.5 Resistors in Parallel 81
6.6 Calculation of Fluxes 81
Problems 85
Chapter 7 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer 87
7.1 Conductances for Molecular Diffusion 87
7.2 Molecular Diffusivities 88
7.3 Diffusive Conductance of the Integument ^0
7.4 Turbulent Transport 93
7.5 Fetch and Buoyancy 96
7.6 Conductance of the Atmospheric Surface Layer 97
7.7 Conductances for Heat and Mass Transfer in
Laminar Forced Convection 99
7.8 Cylinders, Spheres and Animal Shapes *02
7.9 Conductances in Free Convection 1 ^
Contents xiii
7.10 Combined Forced and Free Convection 105
7.11 Conductance Ratios 105
7.12 Determining the Characteristic Dimension of an Object 106
7.13 Free Stream Turbulence 108
Summary of Formulae for Conductance 108
References 110
Problems 110
Chapter 8 Heat Flow in the Soil 113
8.1 Heat Flow and Storage in Soil 113
8.2 Thermal Properties of Soils: Volumetric Heat Capacity 117
8.3 Thermal Properties of Soils: Thermal Conductivity 119
8.4 Thermal Diffusivity and Admittance of Soils 123
8.5 Heat Transfer from Animals to a Substrate 126
References 128
Problems 128
Chapter 9 Water Flow in Soil 129
9.1 The Hydraulic Conductivity 129
9.2 Infiltration of Water into Soil 131
9.3 Redistribution of Water in Soil 133
9.4 Evaporation from the Soil Surface 136
9.5 Transpiration and Plant Water Uptake 139
9.6 The Water Balance 144
References 144
Problems 144
Chapter 10 Radiation Basics 147
10.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 148
10.2 Blackbody Radiation 149
10.3 Definitions 149
10.4 The Cosine Law 156
10.5 Attenuation of Radiation 157
10.6 Spectral Distribution of Blackbody Radiation 159
10.7 Spectral Distribution of Solar and Thermal Radiation 160
10.8 Radiant Emittance 162
References 165
Problems 165
Chapter 11 Radiation Fluxes in Natural Environments 167
11.1 Sun Angles and Daylength 168
11.2 Estimating Direct and Diffuse Short-wave Irradiance 171
11.3 Solar Radiation under Clouds 173
11.4 Radiation Balance 175
11.5 Absorptivities for Thermal and Solar Radiation 176
Contents
11.6 View Factors 178
References 183
Problems 184
Chapter 12 Animals and their Environment 1*5
12.1 The Energy Budget Concept J 85
12.2 Metabolism 189
12.3 Latent Heat Exchange 19°
12.4 Conduction of Heat in Animal Coats and Tissue 194
12.5 Qualitative Analysis of Animal Thermal response 197
12.6 Operative Temperature 198
12.7 Applications of the Energy Budget Equation 200
12.8 The Transient State 20*
12.9 Complexities of Animal Energetics 202
12.10 Animals and Water 204
205
References
Problems 206
Chapter 13 Humans and their Environment Lvy
13.1 Area, Metabolic Rate, and Evaporation Ly
13.2 Survival in Cold Environments 211
13.3 Wind Chill and Standard Operative Temperature 213
13.4 Survival in Hot Environments
13.5 The Humid Operative Temperature 21
13.6 Comfort 220
References 222
Problems 222
Chapter 14 Plants and Plant Communities 223
14.1 Leaf Temperature 224
14.2 Aerodynamic Temperature of Plant Canopies 229
14.3 Radiometric Temperature of Plant Canopies 230
14.4 Transpiration and the Leaf Energy Budget 23 *
14.5 Canopy Transpiration 233
14.6 Photosynthesis 235
14.7 Simple Assimilation Models 23^
14.8 Biochemical Models for Assimilation 239
14.9 Control of Stomatal Conductance 241
14.10 Optimum Leaf Form 244
References 245
Problems 246
Chapter IS The Light Environment of Plant Canopies 247
15.1 Leaf Area Index and Light Transmission Through
Canopies 247
15.2 Detailed Models of Light Interception by Canopies 250
15.3 Transmission of Diffuse Radiation 254
Contents XV
15.4 Light Scattering in Canopies 255
15.5 Reflection of Light by Plant Canopies 255
15.6 Transmission of Radiation by Sparse Canopies—
Soil Reflectance Effects 257
15.7 Daily Integration 258
15.8 Calculating the Flux Density of Radiation on
Leaves in a Canopy 258
15.9 Calculating Canopy Assimilation from Leaf
Assimilation 259
15.10 Remote Sensing of Canopy Cover and IPAR 264
15.11 Remote Sensing and Canopy Temperature 271
15.12 Canopy Reflectivity (Emissivity) versus Leaf
Reflectivity (Emissivity) 273
15.13 Heterogeneous Canopies 273
15.14 Indirect Sensing of Canopy Architecture 275
References 276
Problems 277
Appendix 279
Index 283
|
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| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
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| spelling | Campbell, Gaylon S. 1940- Verfasser (DE-588)1072009781 aut An introduction to environmental biophysics Gaylon S. Campbell ; John M. Norman 2. ed. New York [u.a.] Springer 1998 XXI, 286 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biophysik (DE-588)4006891-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Biophysik (DE-588)4006891-2 s DE-604 Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 s Norman, John M. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019124535&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Campbell, Gaylon S. 1940- Norman, John M. An introduction to environmental biophysics Biophysik (DE-588)4006891-2 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006891-2 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4061616-2 |
| title | An introduction to environmental biophysics |
| title_auth | An introduction to environmental biophysics |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to environmental biophysics |
| title_full | An introduction to environmental biophysics Gaylon S. Campbell ; John M. Norman |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to environmental biophysics Gaylon S. Campbell ; John M. Norman |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to environmental biophysics Gaylon S. Campbell ; John M. Norman |
| title_short | An introduction to environmental biophysics |
| title_sort | an introduction to environmental biophysics |
| topic | Biophysik (DE-588)4006891-2 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Umwelt (DE-588)4061616-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biophysik Ökologie Umwelt |
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