Cell biology of extracellular matrix:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u. a.]
Plenum Press
1991
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| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 468 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0306439514 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cell biology of extracellular matrix |c ed. by Elizabeth D. Hay |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Cell Biology of
Extracellular Matrix
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Elizabeth D Hay
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
PLENUMPRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
ix
Contents
Introductory Remarks
Elizabeth D Hay
PART I WHAT IS EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX?
Chapter 1
Collagen
T F Linsenmayer
1 Introduction
2 The Collagen Molecule
2 1 Triple-Helical Domain(s)
2 2 Posttranslational Modifications
3 Procollagen
4 Immunology of Collagens
4 1 Antibody Production
5 Collagen Types
5 1 Nomenclature and Classes
5 2 The Fibrillar Collagens: Types I, II, III, V, and XI
5 3 The Fibril-Associated Collagens: Types IX and XII
5 4 The Network-Forming Collagen: Type IV
5 5 Beaded Filaments: Type VI
5 6 The Short-Chain Collagens: Types VIII and X
5 7 The Long-Chain Collagen: Type VII
6 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 2
Proteoglycans: Structure and Function
Thomas N Wight, Dick K Heinegard, and Vincent C Hascall
1 Introduction
2 Proteoglycan Components
2 1 Core Proteins
X Contents
2 2 Glycosaminoglycans 46
2 3 Linkage Structures/Oligosaccharides 51
3 Distribution, Structure, and Function 54
3 1 Extracellular: Hyaluronic Acid 54
3 2 Extracellular: Large Interstitial Proteoglycans 57
3 3 Extracellular: Small Interstitial Proteoglycans 59
3 4 Extracellular: Basement Membrane Proteoglycans 63
3 5 Cell Surface Proteoglycans 66
3 6 Intracellular: Storage Granule Proteoglycans 69
4 Concluding Remarks 71
References 71
Chapter 3
The Elastic Fiber
Robert P Mecham and John E Heuser
1 Introduction 79
2 Elastic Fibers 80
2 1 Tissue Organization 80
2 2 Elastic Fiber Composition 80
3 Why Is Elastin Elastic? 86
4 Tropoelastin Structure 87
5 Tropoelastin Biosynthesis and Secretion 90
6 Elastic Fiber Assembly 91
7 Elastin Receptors 97
8 The Elastin Gene 103
9 Degradation and Turnover of Elastin 104
10 Concluding Remarks 105
References 106
Chapter 4
Fibronectin and Other Cell Interactive Glycoproteins
Kenneth M Yamada
1 Introduction Ill
2 Fibronectin 112
2 1 Introduction 112
2 2 Gene and Protein Structure of Fibronectin 114
2 3 Organization of Functional Domains 117
2 4 Matrix-Assembly Regions 122
2 5 Other Molecular and Functional Associations
of Fibronectin 123
3 Laminin 124
3 1 Introduction 124
Contents Xi
3 2 Cell Adhesion Sites in Laminin and Their Receptors 124
3 3 Heparin-Binding Domains 126
3 4 Interactions with Collagen and Entactin 127
3 5 Growth Factor Domain 127
4 Vitronectin 127
4 1 Introduction 127
4 2 Structure and Location 128
4 3 Cell Attachment Domain 128
4 4 Heparin-Binding and Other Binding Activities 129
5 Thrombospondin 130
5 1 Introduction 130
5 2 Structure and Location 130
5 3 Cell-Binding Sites 131
5 4 Heparin-, Calcium-, and Fibronectin-Binding Domains 132
6 Tenascin 132
6 1 Introduction 132
6 2 Structure and Location 133
6 3 Cell Interactions 134
6 4 Interactions with Other Extracellular Molecules 135
7 Entactin (Nidogen) 135
7 1 Introduction 135
7 2 Structure 136
7 3 Functional Sites 136
8 Other Cell Interactive Molecules 136
9 Concluding Remarks 137
References 139
PART II HOW DO CELLS PRODUCE THE MATRIX?
Chapter 5
Proteoglycans: Metabolism and Pathology
Vincent C Hascall, Dick K Heinegard, and Thomas N Wight
1 Introduction 149
2 Biosynthesis 150
2 1 Core Proteins 150
2 2 Oligosaccharides 150
2 3 Glycosaminoglycans 155
3 Catabolism 160
3 1 Extracellular Matrix Proteoglycans 160
3 2 Cell Surface Proteoglycans 162
4 Pathology 163
4 1 Hyaluronic Acid 163
4 2 Extracellular: Large Interstitial Proteoglycans 165
4 3 Extracellular: Small Interstitial Proteoglycans 167
xii Contents
4 4 Extracellular: Basement Membrane Proteoglycans 169
4 5 Mucopolysaccharidoses 169
5 Concluding Remarks 171
References 172
Chapter 6
Collagen Biosynthesis
Bjorn Reino Olsen
1 Introduction 177
2 Structure of Fibrillar Procollagens 178
3 Collagen Gene Structure and Regulation of mRNA Levels 183
3 1 Fibrillar Collagen Genes 184
3 2 Transcriptional Regulation of Fibrillar Collagen Genes 185
3 3 Nonfibrillar Collagen Genes 190
3 4 Transcriptional Regulation of Nonfibrillar Collagen Genes 193
4 Cotranslational and Posttranslational Modification
of Intracellular Procollagen 195
4 1 Hydroxylation of Prolyl and Lysyl Residues 196
4 2 Disulfide-Bond Formation and Triple-Helix Formation 199
4 3 Glycosylation of Hydroxylysyl and Asparaginyl Residues
in Collagens 200
5 Intracellular Transport of Procollagen 201
5 1 The Role of the Golgi Complex in Procollagen Processing
and Packaging 203
5 2 The Packaging of Procollagen Aggregated
in Secretory Granules 203
6 Proteolytic Processing of Procollagens 205
6 1 Procollagen Proteinases 205
6 2 Defects in Collagen Biosynthesis 207
7 Concluding Remarks 211
References 212
Chapter 7
Matrix Assembly
David E Birk, Frederick H Silver, and Robert L Trelstad
1 Introduction 221
1 1 From Collagen Molecules to Matrix Architecture:
Hierarchies of Order 223
1 2 Type I Collagen: A Prototype for Fibril Assembly 223
2 Structural Elements: Monomers, Multimers, Fibrils, Tissues 224
2 1 Monomer Structure: Amino Acids, Carbohydrates,
Extension Peptides 224
Contents xiii
2 2 Multimers 225
2 3 Fibrils 228
2 4 Tissues 231
3 Morphogenesis via Cell-Mediated Assembly 232
3 1 Intracellular Compartments 232
3 2 Vectorial Discharge 233
3 3 Extracellular Compartments 233
4 Morphogenesis via Postdepositional Fusions, Rearrangements,
and Remodeling 239
4 1 Collagen Fibril Segments: Fusions and Rearrangements 239
4 2 Collagen Fibril Diameter Distributions 242
4 3 Collagen Fibril Ends and Lengths 243
5 Macroscopic Properties of Type I Collagen-Rich Tissues 244
5 1 Basic Biomechanics 244
5 2 Viscoelastic Properties / 246
5 3 Reconstituted Matrices 247
6 Morphogenesis: A Synthesis 247
References 249
Chapter 8
Extracellular Matrix Degradation
Caroline M Alexander and Zena Werb
1 Introduction 255
2 Enzymes and Inhibitors Involved in Matrix Degradation 256
2 1 Metalloproteinases and Inhibitors 256
2 2 Serine Proteinases and Inhibitors 261
2 3 Intracellular Enzymes 262
3 Control of the Process of Matrix Degradation 264
3 1 Transcriptional Regulation 264
3 2 Activation of Latent Proenzymes 266
3 3 Inhibitors 269
3 4 Specificity of Attenuated Enzymes 269
4 Localization of Reactions 270
4 1 Cell-Associated Proteolysis 270
4 2 Plasminogen Activator and Plasmin Cell Surface Receptors 271
4 3 Matrix-Bound Enzymes and Inhibitors 273
5 Physiological Processes of Degradation and Remodeling
of Extracellular Matrix 274
5 1 Bone Deposition and Remodeling 275
5 2 Mammary Gland Involution 279
5 3 Uterine Involution 280
5 4 Ovulation and Fertilization 280
5 5 Preimplantation Development 281
xiv Contents
5 6 Postimplantation Development 281
5 7 Tadpole Tail 282
6 Lysis of Basement Membranes 283
6 1 Endothelium: The Process of Angiogenesis 283
6 2 Neutrophils: The Process of Extravasation 284
6 3 Macrophages: The Response to Injury 284
6 4 Trophoblast: The Mammalian Implantation Process 285
7 Cell-Cell Interaction: The Net Remodeling Process 285
7 1 Cell Interaction-Dependent Collagenase Induction 287
7 2 Separation of UPA and UPA Receptor Expression 287
7 3 Modulation of Endothelial Cell Migration
by Accessory Cells 287
7 4 Communication between Neural Cell Types by Means of
Proteinase Mediators 288
7 5 Tumorigenicity Resulting from a Shift in the
Proteinase/Inhibitor Equilibrium 288
7 6 Dependence of Vasculogenesis on the Balance of Proteinases
and Inhibitors 288
7 7 Effect of the Collagenase-TIMP Equilibrium on Salivary
Gland Morphogenesis 289
8 The Pathological Invasive Phenotype 290
8 1 Tumorigenic Cell Types: Metastasis and Invasion 290
8 2 The Invasion of Parasites 291
9 Disease States Associated with an Imbalance of Lytic Enzymes
and Inhibitors 291
9 1 Rheumatoid Arthritis 292
9 2 Emphysema 292
10 Future Directions 293
References 294
PART III WHAT DOES MATRIX DO FOR CELLS?
Chapter 9
Proteoglycans and Hyaluronan in Morphogenesis and Differentiation
Bryan P Toole
1 Introduction 305
2 Mechanisms of Hyaluronan- and Proteoglycan-Cell Interaction 305
2 1 Hyaluronan-Binding Proteins: The Hyaladherins 305
2 2 Hyaluronan-Dependent Pericellular Coats 308
2 3 Cell Surface Binding Proteins for Proteoglycans 309
3 Influence of Proteoglycans and Hyaluronan on Cell Behavior 311
3 1 Cell-Cell Adhesion 311
3 2 Cell-Matrix Adhesion 313
3 3 Cell Movement 316
3 4 Cell Proliferation 318
Contents XV
4 Function of Proteoglycans and Hyaluronan in Development 323
4 1 Epithelial Branching and Differentiation 323
4 2 Neural Development 325
4 3 Limb Development 327
References 334
Chapter 10
Integrins as Receptors for Extracellular Matrix
Erkki Ruoslahti
1 Introduction 343
2 Structural Features of Integrins 343
3 Integrin Diversity 345
4 Three Modes of Integrin-Mediated Adhesion 345
4 1 Adhesion of Cells to Extracellular Matrix 345
4 2 Cell-Cell Adhesion 346
4 3 Cell Aggregation through Soluble Adhesion Proteins 347
5 The RGD Cell Attachment Site 347
6 Regulation of Integrin Activity and Specificity 348
7 Receptors for Extracellular Matrix Proteins 349
7 1 Receptors for Fibronectin 349
7 2 Receptors for Laminin 351
7 3 Receptors for Collagen 353
7 4 Receptors for Vitronectin 353
8 The Role of Integrins in Matrix Assembly 354
9 Integrins in Cancer 357
10 Future Prospects 358
References 359
Chapter 11
The Glomerular Basement Membrane: A Selective Macromolecular Filter
Marilyn Gist Farquhar
1 Introduction 365
1 1 What Are Basement Membranes and Where Are
They Found? 365
1 2 What Is the Structure and Function of the Kidney
Glomerulus? 366
2 Organization of the GBM and Mesangial Matrix 372
3 Glomerular Development 375
4 Composition of the GBM 377
4 1 Background Information 377
4 2 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans 378
4 3 Type IV Collagen 383
4 4 Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans 385
xvi Contents
4 5 Laminin 387
4 6 Fibronectin 388
4 7 Entactin/Nidogen 390
4 8 Other Components 391
4 9 Cell Surface Receptors for Basement Membrane Components
in Glomeruli 392
5 What Do We Know about the Function of the GBM as a Filter? 393
5 1 Clearance Studies Demonstrate Glomerular Size and Charge
Selectivity 393
5 2 Use of Electron-Dense Tracers 394
5 3 Nature and Location of Anionic Sites in Glomeruli 395
5 4 Role of HSPG in GBM Permeability to Macromolecules 399
6 What Do We Know about the Biosynthesis and Assembly of GBM
and Mesangial Matrix Components? 402
6 1 Which Glomerular Cells Make GBM Components? 402
6 2 Synthesis of GBM Components 403
6 3 Basement Membrane Components Self-Assemble
into Basement Membranelike Sheets 403
6 4 How Is Diversity in Basement Membrane Structure
and Function Generated? 404
7 Pathology of GBM and Mesangial Matrix 408
8 Concluding Remarks 411
References 412
Chapter 12
Collagen and Other Matrix Glycoproteins in Embryogenesis
Elizabeth D Hay
1 Introduction 419
2 Distribution and General Functions in the Early Embryo 420
2 1 Collagen 420
2 2 Fibronectin 424
2 3 Laminin 425
2 4 Tenascin 426
3 Cell Polarity and Tissue Phenotype 427
3 1 Epithelium 427
3 2 Mesenchyme 429
3 3 Muscle and Nerve 429
4 Tissue Interactions in the Embryo 430
4 1 Epithelial-Epithelial Interactions 430
4 2 Mesenchymal-Epithelial Interactions 433
4 3 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions 435
5 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions 437
5 1 The Mechanism of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition 437
5 2 Examples of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformations
in the Embryo 439
Contents XVii
5 3 Activation of the Mesenchymal Program by Definitive
Epithelia in 3D Gels 441
6 Mechanism of Mesenchymal Cell Migration 445
6 1 General Rules for Mesenchymal Cell Migration 445
6 2 The Fixed Cortex Theory of Mesenchymal Cell Motility 447
7 Interaction of the Actin Cytoskeleton with ECM 449
8 ECM and Gene Transcription 452
9 Summary and Concluding Remarks 453
References 456
Index 463
|
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| title_full | Cell biology of extracellular matrix ed. by Elizabeth D. Hay |
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