Photosynthesis: 2 Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
1979
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| Schriftenreihe: | Encyclopedia of plant physiology
6 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 578 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540092889 0387092889 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Photosynthesis |n 2 |p Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes |c ed. by M. Gibbs ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 1979 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 578 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
I. Introduction
M. GIBBS and E. Latzko (With 1 Figure)
II. CO2 Assimilation
II A. The Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle
1. The Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle and Its Regulation
J.A. Bassham (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 9
B. The Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle.................... 12
I. The Cyclic Path of Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Reduction........ 12
II. Individual Reactions of the RPP Cycle.................. 12
III. Stoichiometry and Energetics...................... 14
C. Utilization of the Products of the RPP Cycle.................. 15
I. Starch Synthesis............................ 15
II. Triose Phosphate Export........................ 16
III. Glycolate Formation.......................... 17
D. Mapping the RPP Cycle........................... 17
I. Early History............................. 17
II. First Products of CO2 Fixation..................... 18
III. Sugar Phosphates........................... 18
IV. Studies of Light-Dark and High-Low CO2 Transients........... 19
V. Discovery of Enzymes of the RPP Cycle................. 20
E. Metabolic Regulation of the RPP Cycle.................... 21
I. In Vivo Kinetic Steady-State Studies with Labeled Substrates........ 21
II. Light-Dark Regulation......................... 21
III. Regulation of the RPP Cycle During Photosynthesis............ 27
F. Concluding Remarks............................ 28
References.................................. 28
2. The Isolation of Intact Leaf Cells, Protoplasts and Chloroplasts
R.G. Jensen
A. Introduction................................ 31
B. Isolation of Plant Leaf Cells and Protoplasts.................. 32
1. Mechanical Methods.......................... 32
II. Enzymic Methods........................... 32
III. Cell and Protoplast Isolation from C3 and C4 Grasses........... 33
C. Isolation of Intact Chloroplasts........................ 35
I. Plant Material and Media....................... 35
II. Isolation Methods........................... 36
III. Chloroplast Isolation from Other Plants................. 38
References.................................. 39
VI Contents
3. Studies with the Reconstituted Chloroplast System
R.McC. Lilley and D.A. Walker (With 1 Figure)
A. Reconstituted Chloroplast Systems...................... 41
I. Introduction............................. 41
II. Definition.............................. 42
III. Methods of Preparation........................ 43
IV. Activities Achieved.......................... 43
V. Advantages and Drawbacks....................... 44
B. Factors Affecting the Activity of Partial Reaction Sequences in Reconstituted Chloro-
plast Systems................................ 44
I. The Light Reactions.......................... 44
II. The Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to Triose Phosphate........ 46
III. The Conversion of Triose Phosphate to Pentose Phosphate......... 48
IV. The Conversion of Ribulose-5-Phosphate to Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate ... 49
V. The Fixation of Carbon Dioxide.................... 49
VI. Autocatalysis............................. 50
C. Reconstituted Chloroplast Systems and the Regulation of Photosynthesis..... 51
I. The Role of Magnesium, pH and Reductants............... 51
II. The Role of the ATP/ADP Ratio.................... 52
References.................................. 52
4. Autotrophic Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Prokaryotic Microorganisms
E. Ohmann (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 54
B. Principles of Autotrophic Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Prokaryotic Cells .... 55
C. The Pathway of Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Green Sulfur Bacteria...... 56
D. The Pathway of Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Purple Bacteria......... 58
E. The Pathway of Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Blue-Green Algae........ 59
F. The Pathway of Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Chemolithotrophic Bacteria .... 60
G. Regulatory Aspects of Carbon Dioxide Assimilation in Prokaryotic Microorganisms. 61
References.................................. 65
5. Light-Enhanced Dark CO, Fixation
S. Miyachi (With 5 Figures)
A. Light-Enhanced Dark CO2 Fixation in C3 Plants................ 68
I. Introduction............................. 68
II. Capacity for Light-Enhanced Dark CO2 Fixation............. 68
III. Products............................... 69
IV. RuBP. NADPH. and ATP Levels.................... 70
V. Fate of PGA............................. 72
VI. Higher Plants............................. 73
B. Light-Enhanced Dark CO2 Fixation in C4 Plants................ 73
References.................................. 75
II B. The C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Pathways
6. The C4 Pathway and Its Regulation
T.B. Ray and C.C. Black (With 4 Figures)
A. Discovery of C4 Photosynthesis........................ 77
B. Kranz Leaf Anatomy............................ 78
I. Variations in Leaf Anatomy...................... 79
Contents VII
C. Environmental Regulation of C4 Photosynthesis................ 81
I. Light Intensity............................ 82
II. CO2 Concentration.......................... 82
III. O2 Concentration........................... 83
IV. Temperature............................. 83
V. Water................................ 83
VI. Salinity............................... 84
VII. Nitrogen Supply............................ 84
D. Biochemical Schemes for the C4 Pathway................... 84
E. Regulation via Enzymatic and Metabolic Compartmentation into Leaf Cell Types. . 86
F. Efficiency of C4 Leaf Photosynthesis..................... 89
I. CO2 Pools.............................. 89
II. CO2 Trapping............................ 89
III. CO2 Fixation by Bundle Sheath Cells.................. 90
G. C3-C4 Intermediate Plants.......................... 92
H. Criteria for the Presence of C4 Photosynthesis................. 95
I. Conclusions in the Regulation of C4 Photosynthesis in Leaves.......... 97
References.................................. 98
7. C4 Metabolism in Isolated Cells and Protoplasts
G.E. Edwards and S.C. Huber (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 102
B. Three Groups of C4 Plants.......................... 102
C. Localization of Enzymes of C4 Metabolism in C4 Plants............. 102
I. Intercellular Localization........................ 102
II. Intracellular Localization........................ 103
D. Criteria for Intactness of Cellular Preparations................. 104
I. Mesophyll Preparations........................ 104
II. Bundle Sheath Preparations....................... 104
E. Variations in C4 Metabolism......................... 106
I. Mesophyll Cells of C4 Plants...................... 106
II. Bundle Sheath Cells of C4 Plants.................... 107
F. Energetics in C4 Metabolism......................... 108
G. Future Studies on C4 Metabolism with Cells and Protoplasts........... 109
I. Transport Studies........................... 109
II. Screening for Inhibitors of C4 Photosynthesis............... 110
References.................................. Ill
8. The Flow of Carbon in Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
M. Kluge (With 4 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 113
B. Basic Phenomena of CAM.......................... 113
C. The Metabolic Sequences of CAM...................... 114
I. The Flow of Carbon During the Night.................. 115
II. The Flow of Carbon During the Day.................. 118
D. Regulation of Carbon Flow in CAM..................... 122
E. Conclusions................................ 123
References.................................. 124
9. CAM: Rhythms of Enzyme Capacity and Activity as Adaptive Mechanisms
O. Queiroz (With 9 Figures)
A. Introduction................................126
B. Endogenous Versus Nonendogenous Rhythms: A Necessary Distinction......126
VIII Contents
C. Enzyme Capacity and Enzyme Activity: Two Distinct Levels of Control...... 127
D. Rhythms Connected with CAM....................... 128
I. Components of the Malate Rhythm................... 128
II. CO2 Uptake and CO2 Output...................... 128
III. PEP Carboxylase........................... 129
IV. Malate Dehydrogenase......................... 132
V. Malic Enzyme (NADP)........................ 132
VI. Aspartate Aminotransferase....................... 133
VII. Enzymes of the Glycolytic Pathway................... 133
VIII. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle........................ 133
E. Working Hypothesis and Models....................... 133
I. Seasonal Adaptation.......................... 133
II. Timing CAM............................. 135
References.................................. 137
10. S13C as an Indicator of Carboxylation Reactions
J.H. Troughton
A. Introduction................................ 140
B. Carbon Isotope Fractionation and Its Measurement............... 140
C. Variation in 513C Values Between Plants.................... 141
I. Discrimination Caused by the Photosynthetic Pathway........... 141
II. Variation in 513C Values Between Plant Varieties and Species........ 141
III. Variation in 513C Values Within a Plant................. 142
IV. Fractionation Associated with Carboxylation Enzymes........... 142
V. Compartmental Organisation and Isotope Fractionation.......... 143
VI. Respiration.............................. 144
D. Environmental Effects on the 613C Value of Plants............... 144
I. Temperature............................. 144
II. Carbon Dioxide Concentration..................... 144
III. Oxygen Concentration Effects on Discrimination............. 145
IV. Light Level.............................. 145
V. Availability of Water......................... 145
VI. Salinity and Carbon Isotope Fractionation................ 146
E. Implications of Variation in )13C Values Among Plant Species.......... 146
I. Natural Products........................... 146
II. Paleoecology............................. 146
III. Physiology - Plant, Animal, and Human................. 147
F. Conclusions................................ 147
References.................................. 147
II C. Factors Influencing CO2 Assimilation
11. Interactions Between Photosynthesis and Respiration in Higher Plants
D. Graham and E.A. Chapman (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 150
I. The Relevance of Photosynthetic and Respiratory Interactions....... 150
B. Physiological Observations.......................... 151
I. Plants with C3-Type Photosynthesis................... 151
II. Plants with C4-Type Photosynthesis................... 153
C. Biochemical Observations.......................... 153
I. Plants with C3-Type Photosynthesis................... 153
II. Plants with C4-Type Photosynthesis................... 159
D. General Conclusions............................ 160
References.................................. 160
Contents IX
12. The Interaction of Respiration and Photosynthesis in Microaigae
E.H. Evans and N.G. Carr (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 163
B. The Kok Effect............................... 163
C. Electron Transport Mechanisms for the Kok Effect............... 164
I. General Considerations........................ 164
II. Prokaryotes.............................. 166
III. Eukaryotes.............................. 167
D. The Interaction of Oxygen with the Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain. ... 167
E. Metabolically Mediated Control of Oxygen Uptake............... 169
F. Synopsis.................................. 171
References.................................. 171
13. Effect of Light Quality on Carbon Metabolism
N.P. VOSKRESENSKAYA
A. Introduction................................ 174
B. Principal Effects of Blue and Red Light on Carbon Metabolism......... 174
C. Specific Features of Blue Light Action on Carbon Metabolism.......... 175
I. In the Absence of Photosynthesis.................... 175
II. In the Presence of Photosynthesis.................... 176
D. Direct Regulation of Certain Enzymes by Blue Light in Vitro and Its Possible Realization
in Vivo.................................. 176
E. Long-Term Effects of Light Quality on Biosyntheses and Chloroplast Organization . 177
F. Conclusion................................. 179
References.................................. 179
14. Photoassimilation of Organic Compounds
W. WlESSNER
A. Introduction................................ 181
B. Definitions................................. 181
C. Pathways and Products of Photometabolism.................. 182
D. Photoassimilation of Acetate......................... 183
E. Photoassimilation of Glucose......................... 186
References.................................. 187
IS. Biochemical Basis of Ecological Adaptation
A. Shomer-Ilan, S. Beer and Y. Waisel
A. Introduction................................ 190
B. Biochemical Variations in C3 Plants...................... 191
C Biochemical Adaptation of CAM and C4 Plants................ 192
I. Adaptive Value of C4 Metabolism.................... 194
D. Induced Variations in Carbon Fixation Pathways................ 196
I. Effects of Age, CO2-Concentration. and Nitrogen Nutrition......... 196
II. Effect of NaCl............................ 197
E. Concluding Remark............................. 199
References.................................. 199
X Contents
II D. Regulation and Properties of Enzymes of Photosynthetic
Carbon Metabolism
16. Light-Dependent Changes of Stromal H+ and Mg2+ Concentrations Controlling CO2 Fixation
H.W. Heldt (With 1 Figure)
A. Background................................ 202
B. Measurement of the pH in the Stroma and the Thylakoid Space of Intact Spinach
Chloroplasts................................ 202
C. pH Dependence of CO2-Fixation....................... 203
D. Measurement of the Stromal Mg2 + Concentration in Intact Spinach Chloroplasts . . 204
E. Mg2+ Dependence of CO2 Fixation...................... 205
F. Concluding Remarks............................ 206
References.................................. 206
17. Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase
T. Akazawa (With 6 Figures)
A. Fraction-1-Protein and RuBP Carboxylase................... 208
B. Molecular Structure of RuBP Carboxylase................... 210
C. Reaction Mechanism and Regulation..................... 214
D. RuBP Oxygenase.............................. 219
E. Biosynthesis of RuBP Carboxylase...................... 222
References.................................. 225
18. Carbonic Anhydrase
R.P. Poincelot
A. Introduction................................ 230
B. Characterization.............................. 230
I. Histochemical and Other Detection................... 230
II. Occurrence.............................. 230
III. Location............................... 231
IV. Levels of Activity........................... 231
V. Isolation and Purification........................ 232
VI. Enzymic Parameters.......................... 232
C. Function................................. 236
I. Chloroplast Envelope Membrane Permease................ 236
II. Carbonic Anhydrase - RuBP Carboxylase Complex............ 236
III. Proton Source, Buffering Capacity and Ionic Flux Regulation........ 237
References.................................. 237
19. Enzymes of the Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle
E. Latzko and G.J. Kelly (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 239
B. Characteristics of Regulatory Enzymes.................... 239
C. Activities and Location of Calvin Cycle Enzymes................ 240
D. Glycerate-3-P Kinase............................ 241
E. Glyceraldehyde-3-P Dehydrogenase...................... 241
F. Triose-P Isomerase and Aldolase....................... 245
G. Fructosebisphosphatase and Sedoheptulosebisphosphatase............ 246
H. Transketolase. Pentose-P Epimerase, and Pentose-P Isomerase.......... 247
I. Ribulose-5-P Kinase............................ 247
J. Concluding Remarks............................ 248
References.................................. 249
Contents XI
20. Enzymes of C4 Metabolism
J. Coombs (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 251
B. Isolation of Enzymes from Tissues of Q Plants................. 252
C. Carboxylation - PEP Carboxylase...................... 252
I. General Characteristics......................... 252
II. Physical Properties and Kinetics..................... 253
III. Regulation, Activation and Inhibition.................. 254
D. Formation of C4 Acids by Reduction and Transamination............ 255
I. Reduction.............................. 255
II. Transamination............................ 257
E. Decarboxylation.............................. 258
I. NADP-Malic Enzyme (E.C.I.1.1.40)................... 258
II. NAD-Malic Enzyme (E.C.I. 1.1.39)................... 258
III. PEPCarboxykinase(E.C.4.1.1.49).................... 259
F. Substrate Regeneration........................... 259
I. PyruvatePi Dikinase (E.C.2.7.9.1).................... 260
II. Alanine Aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.2).................. 260
G. Summary................................. 261
References.................................. 261
21. Enzymes of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
P. Dittrich
A. Introduction................................ 263
B. Enzymes of Starch Metabolism........................ 263
C. Glycolytic Enzymes............................. 264
D. Gluconeogenic Enzymes........................... 265
E. Carboxylating Enzymes........................... 265
I. The Formation of Malate....................... 265
II. The Photosynthetic Fixation of CO2................... 267
F. Decarboxylating Enzymes.......................... 267
I. The Decarboxylation of Malate..................... 267
II. The Decarboxylation of Oxaloacetate.................. 268
G. Respiratory Enzymes............................ -69
H. Conclusion................................. 269
References.................................. 270
22. Interaction Between Photochemistry and Activity of Enzymes
L.E. Anderson (With 4 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 271
B. Light-Mediated Modulation......................... 271
I. Occurrence.............................. 271
II. Metabolic Significance......................... 271
III. Mechanism.............................. 272
IV. Special Cases............................. 2?8
C. Dark Modulation.............................. 278
D. Thylakoid-Generated Effectors........................ 279
I.pH................................. 279
II. Mg2+................................ 279
III. Energy Charge............................ 279
E. Conclusion................................. 280
References.................................. 280
XII Contents
II E. Metabolism of Primary Products of Photosynthesis
23. Metabolism of Starch in Leaves
J. Preiss and C. Levi (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 282
B. Starch Biosynthesis............................. 282
I. Reactions Involved in Starch Biosynthesis................ 282
II. The Predominant Pathway of Starch Synthesis.............. 283
III. Regulation of Starch Biosynthesis.................... 285
IV. Properties of the ADPglucose: 1,4-a-D-glucan 4-a Glucosyltransferase .... 293
V. a-l,4-Glucan: a-l,4-Glucan 6-Glycosyl Transferase (Branching or Q Enzyme) . 296
VI. Remaining Problems in Starch Synthesis................. 298
C. Starch Degradation............................. 299
I. Reactions Involved in Starch Degradation................ 299
II. Degradation of Intact Granules in Vitro................. 304
III. Starch Degradation in Vivo: Germinating Seeds.............. 304
IV. Starch Degradation in Vivo: Leaves................... 304
References.................................. 308
24. The Enzymology of Sucrose Synthesis in Leaves
C.P. Whittingham, A.J. Keys, and I.F. Bird
A. Introduction................................ 313
B. Physiological Relationships of Sucrose in Leaves................ 314
C. Enzymology................................ 315
I. Sucrose Phosphate Synthetase E.C.2.4.1.14 and Sucrose Synthetase E.C.2.4.1.13 315
II. Sucrose Phosphatase (E.C.3.1.3.24)................... 317
III. UDPglucose Pyrophosphorylase (E.C.2.7.7.9)............... 317
IV. Sucrose Phosphorylase (E.C.2.4.1.7)................... 318
V. Invertase(E.C.3.2.1.26)......................... 318
VI. Enzyme Control Mechanisms...................... 318
D. Intracellular and Intercellular Site of Sucrose Synthesis in Leaves......... 320
I. Chloroplast or Cytoplasm?....................... 320
II. Intercellular Localization of Sucrose Synthesis in C4 Plants......... 321
III. Intercellular Distribution Between Cells Containing Chlorophyll and Vascular
Tissue................................ 322
References.................................. 323
II F. Glycolic Acid and Photorespiration
25. Glycolate Synthesis
E. Beck
A. Introduction: Glycolate Formation. Photorespiration and the Warburg Effect . . . 327
B. Environmental Factors Affecting Glycolate Synthesis.............. 327
C. Mechanisms of Glycolate Formation..................... 328
I. Reductive Glycolate Formation..................... 328
II. Oxidative Glycolate Synthesis...................... 329
D. Photosynthetic Glycolate Formation in Vivo; Which Reaction Predominates? . . . 332
I. Glycolate Synthesis by C3 Plants.................... 332
II. Glycolate Formation by C4 Plants.................... 335
E. Conclusion: The Inhibition of Glycolate Formation by Some Common Metabolites
- an Open Question............................. 335
References.................................. 335
Contents XIII
26. Glycolate Metabolism by Higher Plants and Algae
N.E. Tolbert (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 338
B. Glycolate Biosynthesis............................ 340
I. Properties of Ribulose-P2 Carboxylase/Oxygenase for Phosphoglycolate Biosyn-
thesis .............................. . 340
II. Phosphoglycolate Phosphatase and Phosphoglycerate Phosphatase...... 340
C. Glycolate Pathway............................. 342
I. Pathways in Peroxisomes........................ 342
II. Mitochondrial Interconversion of Glycine and Serine............ 343
D. O2 and CO2 Exchange and Energy Balance.................. 344
I. Sites of O2 Uptake and CO2 Release in the Glycolate Pathway....... 344
II. O2 Uptake During Photosynthesis.................... 345
III. Energy Balance............................ 346
E. Leaf Peroxisomal Membrane and Transport.................. 346
F. Glycerate and Sucrose from Glycolate..................... 347
G. The Glycolate Pathway in Algae....................... 348
I. Introduction............................. 348
II. Glycolate Excretion.......................... 348
III. Glycolate Dehydrogenase........................ 349
IV. Glycerate-Serine Pathway in Algae.................... 351
References.................................. 351
27. Photorespiration: Studies with Whole Tissues
I- Zelitch (With 2 Figures)
A. Discovery of Photorespiration........................ 353
B. Assays of Photorespiration in Leaves..................... 354
I. Post-Illumination CO2 Outburst..................... 354
II. Inhibition of Net CO2 Assimilation by Oxygen.............. 354
III. CO2 and 14CO2 Efflux in CO2-Free Air................. 356
IV. Short-Time Uptake of 14CO2 and 12CO2................. 357
V. The Magnitude of Photorespiration in Leaves............... 358
C. Photorespiration in Algae and Submerged Aquatic Plants............ 358
D. Photorespiration in Callus, Isolated Plant Cells, and Protoplasts......... 359
E. The Control of Photorespiration....................... 361
I. The Energetics and Possible Origins of Photorespiration.......... 361
II. Biochemical Inhibition of Glycolate Oxidation.............. 362
III. Biochemical Inhibition of Glycolate Synthesis............... 363
IV. The Metabolic Regulation of Photorespiration.............. 364
References.................................. 365
28. Photorespiration: Comparison Between C3 and C4 Plants
D.T. Canvin (With 12 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 368
B. Terminology and Perception......................... 368
C. Measurement of Photorespiration....................... 370
D. Characteristics of Photorespiration in C3 Plants................. 371
I. Rates of Photorespiration....................... 372
II. The Post-Illumination Burst...................... 373
III. Compensation Point.......................... 373
IV. Effect of CO2 Concentration...................... 374
V. Effect of O2............................. 374
VI. Effect of Temperature......................... 375
XIV Contents
VII. Interaction of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Temperature......... 375
VIII. Effect of Light Intensity........................ 376
IX. The Glycolate Pathway......................... 376
E. Photorespiration in C4 Plants........................ 378
I. Photorespiration as CO2 Evolution...................378
II. Photorespiration as Oxygen Uptake...................382
III. Photorespiration in C4 Plants - Indirect Evidence............. 385
IV. Evidence Against Photorespiration in C4 Plants.............. 388
F. Concluding Remarks............................ 390
References.................................. 391
III. Ferredoxin-Linked Reactions
1.Transhydrogenase
P. BOGER (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction and Definitions.........................399
B. Soluble Flavoproteins with Transhydrogenase Activity..............400
I. Bacterial Enzymes...........................400
II. Ferredoxin-NAD(P)+ Reductases....................401
C. Membrane-Bound (Paniculate) Transhydrogenases...............405
I. Mitochondrial and Bacterial Transhydrogenases; General Aspects......405
II. Transhydrogenase of Photosynthetic Bacteria...............406
References..................................407
2. Oxygen Activation and Superoxide Dismutase in Chloroplasts
E.F. Elstner (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................410
B. Principles of Oxygen Activation.......................410
C. Superoxide Anion and Superoxide Dismutase..................410
I. Dismutation of the Superoxide Anion (O2 ); Superoxide Dismutase in Plants 410
II. Superoxide Dismutase in Chloroplasts..................411
III. Monovalent Oxygen Reduction in Chloroplasts..............412
D. Determination of the Products of Oxygen Reduction..............412
E. Possible Functions of Reduced Oxygen Species in Chloroplasts..........413
I. Desaturation of Fatty Acids......................413
II. Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds.................413
III. Photorespiration........................... 413
IV. Ethylene Formation.......................... 414
F. Conclusions................................ 414
References.................................. 414
3. Ferredoxin-Linked Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Photosynthetic Bacteria
B.B. Bixhanan (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................416
B. Ferredoxin-Linked Carboxylation Reactions..................417
I. Synthesis of Pyruvate......................... 417
II. Synthesis of a-Ketoglutarate...................... 418
III. Synthesis of a-Ketobutyrate....................... 418
IV. Synthesis of Phenyipyruvate...................... 418
V. Synthesis of o -Ketoisovalerate...................... 419
VI. Synthesis of Formate......................... 419
C. The Reductive Carboxylic Acid Cycle..................... 420
D. Concluding Remarks............................ 422
References.................................. 423
Contents XV
4. Reduction of Nitrate and Nitrite
B. Vennesland and M.G. Guerrero
A. Introduction................................ 425
B. Reduction of Nitrate to Nitrite........................ 426
I. Assimilatory Nitrate Reductase of Eukaryotes............... 426
II. Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction in Prokaryotes.............. 430
C. Reduction of Nitrite to Ammonia...................... 431
I. Nitrite Reductase of Photosynthetic Cells................. 431
II. Nitrite Reductase of Nonphotosynthetic Cells............... 433
D. Control of Nitrate Reduction......................... 433
I. Synthesis and Degradation of Enzymes.................. 433
II. Utilization of Nitrate......................... 435
III. Reversible Inactivation of Nitrate Reductase............... 435
IV. Localization of Enzymes and Effect of Light and Carbohydrate on Nitrate
Utilization.............................. 437
V. Conclusions............................. 439
References.................................. 439
5. Photosynthetic Ammonia Assimilation
P.J. Lea and B.J. Miflin (With 3 Figures)
A. Introduction................................ 445
B. Photosynthetic Ammonia Assimilation in Intact Organisms............ 446
C. Localization of Enzymes Involved in Ammonia Assimilation........... 447
I. Glutamate Dehydrogenase....................... 447
II. Glutamine Synthetase......................... 448
III. Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT)..................... 449
D. Photosynthetic Ammonia Assimilation in Isolated Intact Chloroplasts....... 450
E. Photorespiratory Ammonia Evolution and Reassimilation............ 453
F. Conclusions................................ 454
References.................................. 455
6. N2 Fixation and Photosynthesis in Microorganisms
VV.D.P. Stewart (With l Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 457
B. Distribution of Nitrogenase Among Photosynthetic Prokaryotes......... 457
C. Oxygen Sensitivity and Protection of Algal Nitrogenase............. 458
D. Requirements for an Active Nitrogenase.................... 460
E. The Provision of Reductant and ATP in Photosynthetic Prokaryotes....... 461
I. Electron Donation........................... 461
II. The Production of ATP........................ 462
F. The Nitrogen-Fixing System of Heterocysts of Anabaena cylindrica........ 463
G. Nitrogenase and Its Possible Regulation by Glutamine Synthetase......... 467
References.................................. 468
7. Symbiotic N2 Fixation and Its Relationship to Photosynthetic Carbon
Fixation in Higher Plants
B. Qlebedealx (With 2 Figures)
A. Introduction................................4?2
B. Relationship of N2 Fixation to Carbon Assimilation..............472
I. Nitrogenase..............................472
II. ATP and Reductant..........................474
XVI Contents
III. Ammonia Assimilation.........................475
IV. Photosynthate as the Limiting Factor..................476
V. Translocation and Partitioning of Nitrogen and Carbon Assimilates.....477
References............ ......................479
8. Photosynthetic Assimilation of Sulfur Compounds
A. Schmidt (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 481
B. Observations with Whole Organisms..................... 481
C. Observations with Isolated Organelles..................... 482
D. Cell-Free Systems.....T........................ 483
I. Sulfate Activation and Degradation of Active Sulfate........... 483
II. Transfer of Sulfate from Sulfonucleotides for Further Reduction....... 485
III. Reduction to the Level of Sulfide.................... 487
IV. Biosynthesis of Cysteine........................ 489
E. Regulation of Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Photosynthetic Organisms..... 491
References........ ............. ............. 493
9. Hydrogen Metabolism
A. Bf.n-Amotz (With 1 Figure)
A. Introduction................................ 497
B. Hydrogenase................................ 498
1. Occurrence of Hydrogenase in Photosynthetic Cells............ 498
II. Adaptation and Deadaptation...................... 498
III. Cell-Free Preparations of Hydrogenase.................. 499
C. Evolution of H,.............................. 500
I. Dark Evolution of H,......................... 500
II. H, Photoevolution ......................... 500
III. H2 Evolution by Blue-Green Algae................... 502
D. Consumption of H2............................. 502
I. Dark Absorption of H,........................ 502
II. Photoreduction............................ 503
References.................................. 504
Author Index................................ 507
Subject Index................................ 569
|
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| genre_facet | Enzyklopädie |
| id | DE-604.BV025613902 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:15:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540092889 0387092889 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-019218234 |
| oclc_num | 159844643 |
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| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-384 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-824 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29T |
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| physical | XIX, 578 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1979 |
| publishDateSearch | 1979 |
| publishDateSort | 1979 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| series2 | Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| spelling | Photosynthesis 2 Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes ed. by M. Gibbs ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 1979 XIX, 578 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Encyclopedia of plant physiology N.S., 6 Encyclopedia of plant physiology ... (DE-588)4014986-9 Enzyklopädie gnd-content Gibbs, Martin edt Trebst, Achim 1929-2017 Sonstige (DE-588)105225797 oth Gibbs, Martin Sonstige oth Akazawa, Takashi Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV000482449 2 Encyclopedia of plant physiology 6 (DE-604)BV000001458 6 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019218234&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Photosynthesis Encyclopedia of plant physiology |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014986-9 |
| title | Photosynthesis |
| title_auth | Photosynthesis |
| title_exact_search | Photosynthesis |
| title_full | Photosynthesis 2 Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes ed. by M. Gibbs ... |
| title_fullStr | Photosynthesis 2 Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes ed. by M. Gibbs ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photosynthesis 2 Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes ed. by M. Gibbs ... |
| title_short | Photosynthesis |
| title_sort | photosynthesis photosynthetic carbon metabolism and related processes |
| topic_facet | Enzyklopädie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019218234&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000482449 (DE-604)BV000001458 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT gibbsmartin photosynthesis2 AT trebstachim photosynthesis2 AT akazawatakashi photosynthesis2 |