Biomedical calculations: principles and practice
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester
Wiley
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 294 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470519110 9780470519103 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biomedical calculations |b principles and practice |c Richard F. Burton |
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| 300 | |a XVI, 294 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xi
This book, and how to use it xv
Parti 1
1 Unit analysis: the neglected key to confidence 3
1.1 Calculating with units 3
1.2 Ways of writing composite units 5
1.3 How unit analysis can guide thinking and help solve problems 5
1.4 When to specify substances along with units 6
1.5 The need to use appropriate and compatible units in formulae 7
1.6 Checking and deriving formulae 8
1.7 When unit analysis raises questions about formulae 10
1.8 Dimensional analysis 10
Part II 13
2 Units: length, area, volume, mass, moles and equivalents 15
2.1 The Systeme International and unit prefixes 15
2.2 Length and distance 16
2.3 Area 17
2.4 Volume 17
2.5 Mass 17
2.6 Moles 18
2.7 Equivalents 19
2.8 Conversion between units 20
Problems 22
vi CONTENTS
3 Percentages 23
3.1 When percentages mislead: human body fat and fat in milk 24
3.2 Heat loss from the body: further questionable percentages 27
Problems 28
4 Composite units I - density 29
4.1 Specific gravity 30
4.2 Specific volume 30
4.3 Two definitions of body density 31
4.4 Thinking about a formula 33
Problems 33
5 Composite units II - concentration 35
5.1 Concentrations: kilograms of water vs litres of solution 36
5.2 Simple protein-free salt solutions 37
5.3 Millimolar and millimolal concentrations in blood plasma 38
5.4 Some quite different uses for Eq. (5.1) 39
Problems 39
6 Aspects of problem solving 41
6.1 Letting unit analysis solve the problem 41
6.2 Let x be the unknown 44
Problems 49
7 Making up and diluting solutions 51
7.1 Preparing 250 mL of 150 mM NaCl from the dry salt 51
7.2 Preparing dilutions from stock solutions 53
Problems 56
8 Calculating drug doses 57
Problems 59
9 More about solutions - electroneutrality, osmotic pressure
and activity 61
9.1 The principle of electroneutrality 61
9.2 But what about membrane potentials and short-circuit currents? 64
9.3 Anion gap 64
9.4 Osmoles and osmolality 66
9.5 Osmolar gap 68
9.6 Osmosity 70
9.7 Cell contents 70
9.8 Effective osmolality, effective osmotic pressure 72
9.9 Osmotic shifts of water between cells and extracellular fluid 73
9.10 Free and bound concentrations, activities 76
CONTENTS vii
Part III 79
10 Graphs, straight lines and equations 81
10.1 Graphs: some terminology 81
10.2 Advice on drawing graphs 81
10.3 The equation of a straight line 82
10.4 Finding the equation of a line that passes through two specified points 83
10.5 Drawing a line that is defined by a specified equation 85
10.6 Finding the equation of a line from its gradient and the coordinates
of a single point on it 86
10.7 Finding the line that best fits a number of points when these lie
only roughly in a straight line 86
10.8 Proportional and inversely proportional 87
10.9 Gradients of curves 87
10.10 A note on units 87
10.11 On the different kinds of formulae and equations 88
Problems 90
11 On shapes and sizes 93
11.1 Areas and volumes of simple shapes 93
11.2 Erythrocytes, cylinders and spheres 94
11.3 The swelling of erythrocytes in hypo-osmotic solutions 96
11.4 Distortion of erythrocytes in passing along narrow blood vessels 97
11.5 An exercise in rearranging equations to eliminate an unwanted term 98
11.6 Easy and general ways to check algebraic working 100
11.7 Solving the equation by trial and error in a spreadsheet 101
11.8 Why do we not have naturally spherical erythrocytes? 101
11.9 General properties of simple geometrical shapes 102
11.10 Replacing volumes with masses in these equations 105
11.11 A digression on graphs 105
11.12 Calculating surface area from volume and height: another exercise in
re-arranging equations and eliminating unwanted terms 106
11.13 Another digression to check algebraic working 107
11.14 Generalizing the formula to include the human body 108
11.15 Surface/volume and surface/mass ratios 110
11.16 The surface area of the human body 112
11.17 Standard formulae for body surface area 113
11.18 An exercise in comparing formulae containing exponents 116
Problems 118
12 Body size, body build, fatness and muscularity:
unit analysis as an aid to discovery 121
12.1 Variations in fat-free mass with height and age 122
12.2 The Rohrer index, or height-weight index of build 125
12.3 The body mass index; estimating body fat from body mass and height 126
viii CONTENTS
12.4 Upper arm muscle: how its cross-sectional area varies with body height 131
12.5 Weightlifting - and the cross-sectional area of muscle 133
12.6 Estimating body fat from skinfold thickness measurements 136
12.7 Postscript 138
Problems 139
Part IV 141
13 Introducing time 143
13.1 Frequency 143
13.2 Speed and velocity 144
13.3 Acceleration 145
13.4 Rates of flow of substances carried in fluids 145
13.5 Thinking about a formula 146
13.6 The concept of renal clearance 151
13.7 Relating the clearance formula for renal plasma flow to the
Fick Principle 154
13.8 Creatinine clearance as a measure of GFR, and a convenient formula
for estimating it 154
Problems 156
Part V 159
14 Force, pressure, energy, work and power 161
14.1 Force and weight 161
14.2 Pressure 163
14.3 Columns of water, columns of blood 164
14.4 Osmotic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) 165
14.5 Energy and work 167
14.6 Power 169
14.7 An overview of units - from mass to pressure and power 170
Problems 171
15 Lessons from another formula 173
15.1 Poiseuille s equation and viscosity 173
15.2 Peripheral resistance 175
Problems 176
16 Heat and temperature 177
16.1 Temperature scales 177
16.2 The temperature coefficient, Qao 179
16.3 Heat capacity and specific heat 179
Problems 180
CONTENTS ix
17 Gases: dry and wet gas mixtures, partial pressures, gases
in solution 181
17.1 A reminder of units 182
17.2 Natural variations in atmospheric pressure 182
17.3 The gas laws 182
17.4 A closer look at Eq. (17.1) and the universal gas constant, with
attention to units 183
17.5 Treatment of gas mixtures - percentages 185
17.6 Treatment of gas mixtures - partial pressures, tensions 186
17.7 Water vapour pressure 186
17.8 Standard temperature and pressure, dry 187
17.9 Dissolved 02 and C02 in blood plasma and other fluids 189
Problems 189
Part VI 193
18 Introduction to logarithms 195
18.1 Definitions 196
18.2 Rules for working with logarithms 196
18.3 The usefulness of remembering Iogi02 196
18.4 Logarithmic scales on graphs 197
18.5 What about units? 201
18.6 Natural logarithms 201
Problems 202
19 Exponential time courses 203
19.1 Use of semi-logarithmic plots 205
19.2 Common complications 206
Problems 207
20 Nernst equations in physiology and biochemistry:
logarithms and R T/zF 209
20.1 More on RT/zF 210
Problems 212
21 pH - two definitions and a possible dilemma
for teachers 213
21.1 pHas-log[H+] 214
21.2 The true definition of pH: pH as a number on a
conventional scale 215
21.3 The meaning of 10-pH 216
21.4 Final comments 217
Problems 217
x CONTENTS
22 Equilibrium constants, the Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation, dose-response curves 219
22.1 Equilibrium constants 219
22.2 Concentrations or activities? 222
22.3 The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation 222
22.4 Application of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to drugs 223
22.5 The dependence of [AB] on [A] when ([B] + [AB]) is constant 224
22.6 Concentration-response curves and dose-response curves 227
Problems 229
23 Buffering and acid-base balance 231
23.1 Non-bicarbonate buffering 232
23.2 A link with dose-response curves 235
23.3 Bicarbonate buffering 236
23.4 CO2/HCO3 and non-bicarbonate buffers together 239
23.5 The whole body: diet and the titratable acidity of urine 241
23.6 Other aspects of acid-base balance 242
Problems 243
Appendix A. Basic mathematics and mathematical language 245
Appendix B. Some non-metric units 253
Appendix C. Notes 255
Appendix D. Solutions to problems 265
References 287
Index 291
|
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| id | DE-604.BV025605585 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:37:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470519110 9780470519103 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Burton, Richard F. 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)129874841 aut Biomedical calculations principles and practice Richard F. Burton Chichester Wiley 2008 XVI, 294 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Mathematik Medizin HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020200730&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Burton, Richard F. 1936- Biomedical calculations principles and practice Mathematik Medizin |
| title | Biomedical calculations principles and practice |
| title_auth | Biomedical calculations principles and practice |
| title_exact_search | Biomedical calculations principles and practice |
| title_full | Biomedical calculations principles and practice Richard F. Burton |
| title_fullStr | Biomedical calculations principles and practice Richard F. Burton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomedical calculations principles and practice Richard F. Burton |
| title_short | Biomedical calculations |
| title_sort | biomedical calculations principles and practice |
| title_sub | principles and practice |
| topic | Mathematik Medizin |
| topic_facet | Mathematik Medizin |
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