Amphibian ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford Univ. Press
2010
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| Schriftenreihe: | Techniques in ecology and conservation
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 556 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780199541195 9780199541188 |
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| adam_text | AMPHIBIAN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION A HANDBOOK OF TECHNIQUES EDITED BY C.
KENNETH DODD, JR OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 1
INTRODUCTION 1 AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY AND LIFE HISTORY MARTHA L CRUMP 1.1
INTRODUCTION 1.2 AMPHIBIAN SPECIES RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION 1.3
AMPHIBIAN LIFESTYLES AND LIFE HISTORY DIVERSITY 1.3.1 CAECILIANS 1.3.1.1
AQUATIC 1.3.1.2 COMBINATION AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL 1.3.1.3 TERRESTRIAL
AND/OR FOSSORIAL 7.3.2 SALAMANDERS 1.3.2.1 AQUATIC 1.3.2.2 COMBINATION
OF AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL 1.3.2.3 TERRESTRIAL 1.3.2.4 FOSSORIAL 1.3.2.5
ARBOREAL 1.3.3 ANURANS 1.3.3.1 AQUATIC/AQUATIC 1.3.3.2
TERRESTRIAL/AQUATIC 1.3.3.3 ARBOREAL/AQUATIC 1.3.3.4 FOSSORIAL/AQUATIC
1.3.3.5 TERRESTRIAL/NON-AQUATIC 1.3.3.6 ARBOREAL/NON-AQUATIC 1.3.3.7
FOSSORIAL/NON-AQUATIC 1.4 AMPHIBIAN DECLINES AND WHY THEY MATTER 7.4.1
ECONOMICS 1.4.2 ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION 1.4.3 ESTHETICS 1.4.4 ETHICS 1.5
REFERENCES 1 3 3 3 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 10 11 13 14 14 14 15 15 16
16 17 1 7 17 2 SETTING OBJECTIVES IN FIELD STUDIES 21 DAN COGALNICEANU
AND CLAUDE MIAUD 2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS FOR A GOOD START 21 X I CONTENTS 2.2
STEPS REQUIRED FOR A SUCCESSFUL STUDY 24 2.2.7 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
SCALES 24 2.2.2 CHOOSING THE MODEL SPECIES 25 2.2.3 PILOT/DESK STUDY 26
2.2.4 ELABORATE A CONCEPTUAL MODEL 26 2.2.5 THE SMART APPROACH 27 2.2.6
APPLYING THE SMART APPROACH TO PLAN AN AMPHIBIAN INVENTORY 28 2.2.7
EXPERIMENTAL VERSUS FIELD STUDIES 29 2.2.8 METHODS FOR SAMPLING, DATA
STORAGE, AND ANALYSIS 29 2.3 TRADE-OFFS AND PITFALLS 30 2.4 ETHICAL
ISSUES 31 2.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 32 2.6 REFERENCES 32 PART 2 LARVAE 37 3
MORPHOLOGY OF AMPHIBIAN LARVAE 39 ROY W. MCDIARMID AND RONALD ALTIG 3.1
BACKGROUND 39 3.2 LARVAL CAECILIANS 40 3.2.7 MORPHOLOGY AND ONTOGENY 40
3.2.2 COLORATION 42 3.2.3 DIVERSITY . 42 3.3 LARVAL AND LARVIFORM
SALAMANDERS 42 3.3.1 MORPHOLOGY AND ONTOGENY 42 3.3.2 COLORATION 44
3.3.3 DIVERSITY 44 3.4 ANURAN TADPOLES 45 3.4.1 MORPHOLOGY AND ONTOGENY
45 3.4.2 COLORATION 49 3.4.3 DIVERSITY 49 3.5 SUMMARY 50 3.6 REFERENCES
51 4 LARVAL SAMPLING 55 DAVID K. SKELLY AND JONATHAN L. RICHARDSON 4.1
INTRODUCTION 55 4.7.7 WHY SAMPLE LARVAE? 55 4.1.2 TARGET RESPONSES 56
4.1.3 TIMING 57 4.1.4 SAMPLING EFFORT 57 4.2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 58
4.2.7 BOX/PIPE SAMPLER 58 CONTENTS | XI 4.2.1.1 DESCRIPTION 58 4.2.1.2
APPLICATION 60 4.2.1.3 CONSIDERATIONS 60 4.2.2 DIP NET 60 4.2.2.1
DESCRIPTION 60 4.2.2.2 APPLICATION 61 4.2.2.3 CONSIDERATIONS 61 4.2.3
SEINE 61 4.2.3.1 DESCRIPTION 61 4.2.3.2 APPLICATION 62 4.2.3.3
CONSIDERATIONS 62 4.2.4 LEAF LITTERBAGS 62 4.2.4.1 DESCRIPTION 62
4.2.4.2 APPLICATION 63 4.2.4.3 CONSIDERATIONS 63 4.2.5 TRAPPING 64
4.2.5.1 DESCRIPTION 64 4.2.5.2 APPLICATION 64 4.2.5.3 CONSIDERATIONS 64
4.2.6 MARK-RECAPTURE 65 4.2.6.1 DESCRIPTION 65 4.2.6.2 APPLICATION 66
4.2.6.3 CONSIDERATIONS 66 4.3 OTHER TECHNIQUES 66 4.3.1 BOTTOM NET T 67
4.3.2 ELECTROSHOCKING 67 4.3.3 VISUAL ENCOUNTER SURVEY 67 4.4
CONCLUSIONS 67 4.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 68 4.6 REFERENCES 68 5 DIETARY
ASSESSMENTS OF LARVAL AMPHIBIANS 71 MATT R. WHILES AND RONALD ALTIG 5.1
BACKGROUND 71 5.2 LARVAL CAECILIANS AND SALAMANDERS 72 5.3 ANURAN
TADPOLES 72 5.4 ASSESSING FOOD SOURCES AND DIETS 73 5.4.7 CATEGORY I:
PREPARATORY STUDIES 73 5.4.2 CATEGORY II: GUT CONTENTS 74 5.4.3
PROCEDURES: ANURANS AND SMALL PREDATORS 74 5.4.4 PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
OF GUT CONTENTS 75 5.5 CATEGORY III: ASSIMILATORY DIET 78 5.5.7
STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS 78 5.5.2 PROCEDURES 80 5.5.3 FATTY ACID ANALYSES
81 XII | CONTENTS 5.6 SUMMARY 82 5.7 REFERENCES 83 6 AQUATIC MESOCOSMS
87 RAYMOND D. SEMLITSCH AND MICHELLE D. BOONE 6.1 INTRODUCTION 87 6.2
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 88 6.3 WHY USE MESOCOSMS? 90 6.4 TYPES OF MESOCOSM
93 6.5 SETTING UP MESOCOSMS 95 6.6 COMMON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 96 6.7
CASE STUDIES 98 6.7.7 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 98 6.7.2 EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY 99
6.7.3 ECOTOXICOLOGY 1 00 6.7.4 LAND USE AND MANAGEMENT 100 6.8
CONCLUSION 101 6.9 REFERENCES 1 02 7 WATER-QUALITY CRITERIA FOR
AMPHIBIANS 1 05 DONALD W. SPARLING 7.1 INTRODUCTION 105 7.2 DISSOLVED
OXYGEN 1 05 7.3 TEMPERATURE 1 08 7.4 PH 110 7.5 CONDUCTIVITY,
HARDNESS, AND SALINITY 1 1 2 7.6 TOTAL AND DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON 1 1
3 7.7 POLLUTANTS 1 1 4 7.7.1 FERTILIZERS AND NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS 114
7.7.2 PESTICIDES 1 1 4 7.7.3 METALS 1 1 5 7.7.4 ORGANIC POLLUTANTS AND
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS 115 7.7.5 PHARMACEUTICALS 1 1 6 7.8 SUMMARY AND
CONCLUSIONS 1 1 6 7.9 REFERENCES 1 1 7 PART 3 JUVENILES AND ADULTS 121 8
MEASURING AND MARKING POST-METAMORPHIC AMPHIBIANS 123 JOHN W. FERNER 8.1
INTRODUCTION 123 8.2 TOE-CLIPPING 1 25 CONTENTS 8.2.1 ANURANS 8.2.2
SALAMANDERS 8.2.3 ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO TOE-CLIPPING OF AMPHIBIANS 3
BRANDING 8.3.1 ANURANS 8.3.2 SALAMANDERS 4 TAGGING AND BANDING 8.4.1
ANURANS 8.4.2 SALAMANDERS 8.4.3 CAECILIANS 5 TRAILING DEVICES 6 PATTERN
MAPPING 8.6.1 ANURANS 8.6.2 SALAMANDERS 7 PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDER
(PIT) TAGS 8.7.1 ANURANS 8.7.2 SALAMANDERS 8.7.3 CAECILIANS 8 TAKING
MEASUREMENTS 9 RECOMMENDATIONS 1 0 REFERENCES | XIII 125 129 129 130 130
131 131 131 133 133 133 134 134 135 136 137 137 137 138 138 139 9 EGG
MASS AND NEST COUNTS 143 PETER W. C. PATON AND REID N. HARRIS 9.1
BACKGROUND: USING EGG MASS AND NEST COUNTS TO MONITOR POPULATIONS 1 43
9.2 OVIPOSITION STRATEGIES 1 44 9.3 EGG-MASS COUNTS 1 45 9.4 AMPHIBIAN
NESTS AND NEST COUNTS 147 9.5 CLUTCH CHARACTERISTICS 150 9.6 SPATIAL
DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS 152 9.7 BREEDING PHENOLOGY 152 9.8 NUMBER OF
SURVEYS NEEDED 153 9.9 ESTIMATING EGG-MASS DETECTION PROBABILITIES 1 54
9.10 VARIATION IN COUNTS AMONG OBSERVERS 154 9.11 MARKING EGGS 155 9.12
SITUATIONS IN WHICH NEST COUNTS ARE NOT PRACTICAL 155 9.12.1 NEST
DESTRUCTION 155 9.12.2 DESERTION OF ATTENDANT 155 9.13 HOW TO COUNT EGGS
IN A NEST 156 9.14 ESTIMATING HATCHING SUCCESS 156 9.15 ANALYSIS OF
EGG-MASS COUNT DATA 157 9.1 6 SUMMARY 1 57 9.17 REFERENCES 158 XIV I
CONTENTS I 0 DIETARY ASSESSMENTS OF ADULT AMPHIBIANS 1 67 MIRCO SOLE AND
DENNIS RODDER * 10.1 INTRODUCTION 167 10.1.1 ADULT ANURANS 167 10.1.2
ADULT CAUDATA 1 68 10.1.3 ADULT GYMNOPHIONA 169 1 0.2 METHODS TO OBTAIN
PREY ITEMS: HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1 69 10.2.1 STOMACH FLUSHING: MATERIALS
170 10.2.2 WHEN SHOULD SAMPLING BE CONDUCTED? 171 10.2.3 HOW TO PERFORM
THE FLUSH 171 1 0.3 DATA ANALYSIS 1 72 10.3.1 MEASURING PREY
AVAILABILITY AND ELECTIVITY 174 10.3.2 COMPARING TROPHIC NICHE STRUCTURE
176 10.3.3 FATTY ACID AND STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSES ^77 10.3.4 FURTHER
BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES 178 1 0.4 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 78 10.4.1
ONTOGENETIC CHANGES 179 10.4.2 SEASONAL CHANGES 179 10.5 CONCLUSIONS 1
80 1 0.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 80 1 0.7 REFERENCES 1 80 I1 MOVEMENT PATTERNS
AND RADIOTELEMETRY 1 85 DALE M. MADISON, VALORIE R. TITUS, AND VICTOR S.
LAMOUREUX 11.1 INTRODUCTION 185 1 1.2 EQUIPMENT 1 86 11.2.1 RECEIVERS
AND ANTENNAS 1 86 1 1.2.2 TRANSMITTERS 186 11.2.2.1 EXTERNAL
TRANSMITTERS 187 11.2.2.2 INTERNAL TRANSMITTERS 188 1 1.3 SURGICAL
TECHNIQUES 1 89 11.3.1 SURGERY 189 1 1.3.2 RECOVERY AND HEALING 191 1
1.4 TRACKING PROCEDURES 1 91 11.4.1 ANIMAL RELEASE 1 91 1 1.4.2 LOCATING
SIGNAL SOURCE 1 92 11.4.3 DATA COLLECTION 193 11.5 ANALYSIS OF MOVEMENT
DATA 193 1 1.6 VALIDATION OF TELEMETRY PROCEDURES 197 1 1.6.1 INTERNAL
CONDITION AND MASS 1 97 1 1.6.2 MOVEMENTS 198 1 1.6.3 REPRODUCTION 198 1
1.6.4 INJURY AND SURVIVORSHIP 199 CONTENTS | XV 1 1.7 CONCLUSIONS 199
11.8 REFERENCES 200 12 FIELD ENCLOSURES AND TERRESTRIAL CAGES 203
ELIZABETH B. HARPER, JOSEPH H.K. PECHMANN, AND JAMES W. PETRANKA 1 2.1
INTRODUCTION: AMPHIBIANS IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT 203 12.2 WHAT
ARE THE PURPOSES OF TERRESTRIAL ENCLOSURES? 204 1 2.3 DEFINING THE
RESEARCH QUESTION 205 12.3.1 QUESTIONS RELATED TO HABITAT TYPES 205 1
2.3.2 QUESTIONS WITH TREATMENTS THAT CAN BE ASSIGNED WITHIN ENCLOSURES
207 1 2.4 CONSTRUCTING ENCLOSURES 208 12.4.1 LOCATION OF ENCLOSURES 208
12.4.2 SIZE AND NUMBER OF ENCLOSURES 209 1 2.4.3 BUILDING ENCLOSURES
THAT MINIMIZE ESCAPES AND TRESPASSES 216 1 2.4.4 STANDARDIZING
CONDITIONS AMONG ENCLOSURES 2 1 8 12.5 STUDY SPECIES 218 12.5.1 CHOICE
OF SPECIES 218 12.5.2 SOURCE AND AGE OF ANIMALS 219 12.6 CENSUS
TECHNIQUES 219 12.6.1 INDIVIDUAL MARKS 219 12.6.2 METHODS OF CAPTURE 4
220 12.6.3 FREQUENCY OF CENSUSES 220 12.7 RESPONSE METRICS 221 1 2.7.1
VITAL RATES: SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AGE AT REPRODUCTIVE MATURITY, FECUNDITY
221 12.7.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES 222 1 2.7.3 BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES 222
12.8 THINKING OUTSIDE THE BOX 223 12.9 REFERENCES 223 PART 4 AMPHIBIAN
POPULATIONS 227 1 3 DRIFT FENCES, COVERBOARDS, AND OTHER TRAPS 229 JOHN
D. WILLSON AND). WHITFIELD GIBBONS 13.1 INTRODUCTION 229 1 3.2 DRIFT
FENCES, FUNNEL TRAPS, AND OTHER PASSIVE CAPTURE METHODS 229 13.2.1 WHAT
ARE PASSIVE TRAPS? 229 1 3.2.2 HOW ARE PASSIVE TRAPS CONSTRUCTED,
ALIGNED, AND MONITORED? 231 XVI I CONTENTS 1 3.2.3 WHAT CAN PASSIVE
TRAPS TELL YOU? WHAT CAN THEY NOT TELL YOU? 235 13.3 COVERBOARDS AND
OTHER TRAPS THAT REQUIRE ACTIVE CAPTURE 236 13.3.1 WHAT ARE COVERBOARDS
AND OTHER ACTIVE TRAPS? 236 1 3.3.2 HOW ARE ACTIVE TRAPS CONSTRUCTED,
ALIGNED, AND MONITORED? 237 1 3.3.3 WHAT CAN ACTIVE TRAPS TELL YOU? WHAT
CAN THEY NOT TELL YOU? 240 1 3.4 REFERENCES 241 1 4 AREA-BASED SURVEYS
247 DAVID M. MARSH AND LILLIAN M.B. HAYWOOD 14.1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT ARE
AREA-BASED SURVEYS? 247 14.1.2 WHY USE AREA-BASED SURVEYS? 247 14.2
KINDS OF AREA-BASED SURVEY 249 14.3 SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF AREA-BASED
SURVEYS 249 14.3.1 LEAF-LITTER PLOTS 249 14.3.2 NATURAL-COVER SURVEYS
FOR TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS 250 14.3.3 NOCTURNAL TRANSECTS 251 14.3.4
QUADRATS FOR STREAM AMPHIBIANS 252 14.3.5 SOIL QUADRATS FOR CAECILIANS
252 14.4 MODIFICATIONS 253 14.4.1 DISTANCE SAMPLING 253 14.4.2 ADAPTIVE
CLUSTER SAMPLING . 253 14.5 DESIGN ISSUES: CHOICE OF SAMPLING UNIT 254
14.5.1 DESIGN ISSUES: HOW MANY REPLICATES? 25 5 14.5.2 REDUCING
VARIATION AMONG REPLICATES 255 14.5.3 HOW MANY TIMES TO SURVEY EACH
REPLICATE? 256 14.6 AN EXAMPLE OF STUDY DESIGN 257 14.7 ASSUMPTIONS OF
AREA-BASED SURVEYS . 259 14.8 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 260 14.9
REFERENCES 260 1 5 RAPID ASSESSMENTS OF AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY 263 JAMES R.
VONESH, JOSEPH C. MITCHELL, KIM HOWELL, AND ANDREW). CRAWFORD 15.1
BACKGROUND: RAPID ASSESSMENT OF AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY 263 15.1.1 WHEN IS
AN RA NEEDED? 264 15.2 PLANNING AN RA 265 15.2.1 DEVELOPING OBJECTIVES
265 15.2.2 COSTS AND FUNDING 266 15.2.3 TEAM SELECTION AND TRAINING 266
15.2.4 PERMITS 267 CONTENTS | XVII 15.2.5 DATA MANAGEMENT 267 15.2.6
DEVELOPING THE SAMPLING PLAN 268 15.2.6.1 SELECTING SAMPLING SITES 268
15.2.6.2 SELECTING SAMPLING TIME 270 15.2.6.3 SELECTING SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES 270 15.2.6.3.1 VISUAL ENCOUNTER SURVEYS (VESS) 270 15.2.6.3.2
ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF VESS 272 15.2.6.4 DETERMINING WHAT DATA
TO COLLECT 273 15.2.6.5 FIELD LOGISTICS 274 15.3 IN THE FIELD 274 15.4
COMPILING DATA AND INTERPRETING RESULTS 274 1 5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS AND
REPORTING 275 15.6 SUMMARY 275 15.7 REFERENCES 276 16 AUDITORY
MONITORING OF ANURAN POPULATIONS 281 MICHAEL E. DORCAS, STEVEN). PRICE,
SUSAN C. WALLS, AND WILLIAM). BARICHIVICH 1 6.1 INTRODUCTION 16.2 MCS 1
6.2.1 HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF MCS 1 6.2.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES: WHAT
CAN MCS TELL US? 1 6.2.3 SURVEY DESIGN 16.2.4 OTHER SURVEY-DESIGN ISSUES
TO CONSIDER: THE EFFICIENCY OF MCS 16.2.5 LIMITATIONS OF MCS DATA 16.3
ARS 16.3.1 SOURCES FOR ARS 1 6.3.2 CONSTRUCTION, DEPLOYMENT, AND
RETRIEVAL OF DATA 1 6.3.3 MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 1 6.3.4
ANSWERING QUESTIONS USING ARS 1 6.3.5 LIMITATION OF ARS 1 6.4
CONCLUSIONS 1 6.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 6.6 REFERENCES 281 281 282 283 283
284 287 288 289 289 292 292 294 294 295 295 17 MEASURING HABITAT 299
KIMBERLY). BABBITT, JESSICA S. VEYSEY, AND GEORGE W. TANNER 1 7.1
INTRODUCTION 299 17.2 HABITAT SELECTION 299 17.3 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL
SCALE 300 17.4 APPROACHES FOR EXAMINING HABITAT SELECTION 300 17.5
DETERMINING AVAILABILITY 301 XVIII I CONTENTS 17.6 WHAT TO MEASURE 302
17.7 WEATHER VARIABLES 302 17.8 AQUATIC HABITAT 304 17.9 PHYSICAL
HABITAT VARIABLES 304 17.10 CHEMICAL VARIABLES 307 17.11 MEASURING
VEGETATION 309 7 7.7 7.7 TREE (OVERSTORY) MEASUREMENTS 310 7 7.7 7.2
SHRUB (MIDSTORY) MEASUREMENTS 31 2 1 7.1 1.3 GROUND (UNDERSTORY)
MEASUREMENTS 313 17.12 EDAPHIC FEATURES 314 17.13 CONCLUSION 314 1 7.14
REFERENCES 31 5 PART 5 AMPHIBIAN COMMUNITIES 319 321 321 322 323 323 324
325 327 329 329 331 334 334 19 LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY AND CIS METHODS 339
VIOREL D. POPESCU AND FAMES P. GIBBS 19.1 INTRODUCTION 339 1 9.1.1
RELEVANCE OF LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY TO AMPHIBIAN BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 339
1 9.1.2 DEFINING A LANDSCAPE FROM AN AMPHIBIAN S PERSPECTIVE 341
19.1.3 C/S 342 1 9.2 APPLICATIONS OF SPATIAL DATA FOR AMPHIBIAN
CONSERVATION 346 1 9.2.1 MULTISCALE PREDICTORS OF SPECIES OCCURRENCE AND
ABUNDANCE 346 19.2.2 LANDSCAPE THRESHOLDS 347 1 9.2.3
CONNECTIVITY/ISOLATION IN AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS 349 1 8 DIVERSITY AND
SIMILARITY C.I M M M M M M M KENNETH DODD, JR 5.1 5.2 S.3 S.4 5.5 S.6
5.7 INTRODUCTION DATA TRANSFORMATION SPECIES DIVERSITY 18.3.1 SAMPLING
CONSIDERATIONS 18.3.2 SPECIES RICHNESS 1 8.3.3 SPECIES ACCUMULATION
CURVES 1 8.3.4 HETEROGENEITY 18.3.5 EVENNESS AND DOMINANCE SIMILARITY
SOFTWARE SUMMARY REFERENCES CONTENTS | XIX 19.2.4 LANDSCAPE PERMEABILITY
351 19.2.5 LANDSCAPE GENETICS 352 19.3 SPATIAL STATISTICS 353 19.4
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS 354 19.5 REFERENCES 356 PART 6
PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY AND GENETICS 361 20 PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY: FIELD
METHODS AND PERSPECTIVE 363 HARVEY 8 . LILLYWHITE 20.1 INTRODUCTION 363
20.1.1 IMPORTANT FEATURES OF AMPHIBIANS 364 20.2 HEAT EXCHANGE, BODY
TEMPERATURE, AND THERMOREGULATION 365 20.2.1 THERMAL ACCLIMATION OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION 365 20.2.2 EARLY METHODS IN FIELD STUDIES OF
AMPHIBIAN THERMAL RELATIONS 366 20.2.3 PRECAUTIONS FOR TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENTS 367 20.2.4 TELEMETRY 3 71 20.3 WATER RELATIONS 372 20.3.1
CUTANEOUS WATER EXCHANGE: TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS 3 72 20.3.2 CUTANEOUS
WATER EXCHANGE: AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS 374 20.4 MEASURING WATER EXCHANGE 3
74 20.5 ENERGETICS * 3 75 20.6 MODELING AMPHIBIAN-ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTIONS 376 20.6.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS 376 20.6.2 PHYSICAL MODELS
377 20.7 OTHER ISSUES AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 3 79 20.8
REFERENCES 382 21 MODELS IN FIELD STUDIES OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE
387 JODIJ. L. ROWLEY AND ROSS A. ALFORD 21.1 INTRODUCTION 387 21.1.1 THE
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING THE TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ENVIRONMENTS OF
AMPHIBIANS 387 21.1.2 PHYSICAL MODELS OF AMPHIBIANS 389 21.2 FIELD
MODELS FOR INVESTIGATING TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE 390 21.2.1 MODELS WITH
ZERO RESISTANCE TO EWL 390 21.2.2 A SYSTEM OF MODELS THAT ALLOWS FOR
VARIABLE EWL 390 2 7.2.2.7 RATIONALE 390 21.2.2.2 MODEL DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION 391 XX I CONTENTS 21.2.2.3 EXAMPLE OF MODEL CONSTRUCTION
AND VALIDATION IN THE LABORATORY 392 21.2.2.4 FIELD VALIDATION OF USE OF
MODELS TO CHARACTERIZE AVAILABLE TEMPERATURES 395 21.2.2.5 THE
IMPORTANCE OF MATCHING THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF MODELS TO LIVING
ANIMALS 399 21.2.2.6 MODELS AS INDICATORS OF RELATIVE MOISTURE
AVAILABILITY OF MICROENVIRONMENTS 399 21.3 SUMMARY AND FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS 402 21.4 REFERENCES 403 22 GENETICS IN FIELD ECOLOGY AND
CONSERVATION 407 TREVOR). C. BEEBEE 22.1 BACKGROUND: THE IMPORTANCE OF
GENETICS IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 407 22.2 MOLECULAR METHODS FOR
INVESTIGATING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS 408 22.2.1 LABORATORY FACILITIES 408
22.2.2 SAMPLING 409 22.2.3 DNA EXTRACTION 409 22.2.3.1 PROTEINASE
K/PHENOL/CHLOROFORM METHOD 41 0 22.2.3.2 KIT-BASED DNA EXTRACTION 410
22.2.3.3 CHELEX METHOD 410 22.2.3.4 FTA CARDS _ 410 22.2.3.5 SUMMARY OF
DNA-EXTRACTION METHODS 410 22.2.4 QUANTIFYING DNA RECOVERIES 41 1 22.2.5
THE BASIS OF PCR ANALYSIS 411 22.2.6 CHOICE OF ANALYTICAL METHODS 412
22.2.6.1 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (MTDNA) 412 22.2.6.2 RANDOM AMPLIFICATION OF
POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) AND AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (AFLP)
ANALYSES 413 22.2.6.2.1 RAPD ANALYSIS 413 22.2.6.2.2 AFLP ANALYSIS 414
22.2.6.2.3 MICROSATELLITE ANALYSIS 414 22.3 ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DATA 417
22.3.1 CRYPTIC SPECIES OR LIFE-STAGE IDENTIFICATION 417 22.3.2 GENETIC
DIVERSITY, INBREEDING, AND BOTTLENECKS 417 22.3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF
BARRIERS TO MOVEMENT 419 22.3.4 DEFINING POPULATIONS AND POPULATION SIZE
420 22.3.5 HISTORICAL ISSUES 421 22.3.6 BEHAVIOR AND SEXUAL SELECTION
423 22.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 423 22.5 REFERENCES 425 447 CONTENTS | XXI
PART 7 MONITORING, STATUS, AND TRENDS 429 23 SELECTION OF SPECIES AND
SAMPLING AREAS: THE IMPORTANCE TO INFERENCE 431 PAUL STEPHEN CORN 23.1
INTRODUCTION 431 23.2 SAMPLING 433 23.3 STUDY SITES AND CONSEQUENCES OF
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING 435 23.4 ABUNDANCE AND INFERENCE 439 23.5
CONCLUSIONS 442 23.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 443 23.7 REFERENCES 443 24
CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE, REMOVAL SAMPLING, AND OCCUPANCY MODELS LAHSSA L.
BAILEY AND JAMES D. NICHOLS 24.1 INTRODUCTION 447 24.2 ESTIMATING
AMPHIBIAN POPULATION SIZE AND VITAL RATES 448 24.2.1 MARKING: TAG TYPE
AND SUBSEQUENT ENCOUNTER 448 24.2.2 CAPTURE-MARK-RECAPTURE 449 24.2.3
REMOVAL SAMPLING 455 24.3 ESTIMATING AMPHIBIAN OCCUPANCY AND VITAL RATES
455 24.3.1 OCCUPANCY ESTIMATION 456 24.3.2 ESTIMATION OF OCCUPANCY
VITAL RATES: EXTINCTION AND COLONIZATION 457 24.4 SUMMARY AND GENERAL
RECOMMENDATIONS 458 24.5 DISCLAIMER 459 24.6 REFERENCES 459 25
QUANTIFYING ABUNDANCE: COUNTS, DETECTION PROBABILITIES, AND ESTIMATES
465 BENEDIKT R. SCHMIDT AND)EROME PELLET 25.1 BACKGROUND: IMPERFECT
DETECTION IN AMPHIBIAN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION 465 25.2 IMPERFECT
DETECTION 466 25.2.1 COUNTS UNDERESTIMATE ABUNDANCE 467 25.2.2 PER-VISIT
AND CUMULATIVE DETECTION PROBABILITIES 468 25.2.3 TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
VARIATION IN DETECTION PROBABILITIES 469 25.3 COMPONENTS OF IMPERFECT
DETECTION 470 25.4 HOW TO DEAL WITH IMPERFECT DETECTION 471 XXII I
CONTENTS 25.4.1 ESTIMATION OF ABUNDANCE 471 25.4.2 OTHER APPROACHES TO
DEALING WITH IMPERFECT DETECTION 473 25.5 DESIGNING A SAMPLING PROTOCOL
476 25.6 SOFTWARE 476 25.7 OUTLOOK 477 25.8 REFERENCES 477 26 DISEASE
MONITORING AND BIOSECURITY 481 D. EARL GREEN, MATTHEW). GRAY, AND DEBRA
L. MILLER 26.1 INTRODUCTION 481 26.2 AMPHIBIAN DISEASES OF CONCERN 482
26.2.1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES 482 26.2.2 PARASITIC DISEASES 487 26.2.3
TOXINS 487 26.3 DISEASE MONITORING: DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS 487 26.3.1
DISEASE SURVEILLANCE 487 26.3.2 SAMPLE SIZE 490 26.3.3 SAMPLE COLLECTION
AND SHIPMENT 490 26.3.4 DIAGNOSTICS 494 26.4 BIOSECURITY: PREVENTING
DISEASE TRANSMISSION 497 26.4.1 HUMAN AND ANIMAL SAFETY 497 26.4.2
WASHING AND DISINFECTING EQUIPMENT 498 26.4.3 MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS AND
DISEASE MANAGEMENT * 499 26.5 CONCLUSIONS 500 26.6 REFERENCES 501 27
CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT 507 C. KENNETH DODD, )R 27.1 INTRODUCTION
27A A STATUTORY PROTECTION 27.1.2 PROTECTING HABITATS 27.2 MANAGING
AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS 27.3 WETLAND BREEDING SITES 27.3.1 WETLAND
INTEGRITY AND HYDROPERIOD 27.3.2 WETLAND CREATION AND RESTORATION 27.3.3
CORE HABITAT AND BUFFER ZONES 27.3.4 VEGETATION STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION,
AND CANOPY COVER 27.3.5 WATER QUALITY 27.4 TERRESTRIAL HABITATS 27.4.1
CONTIGUOUS HABITATS AND EDGE EFFECTS 27.4.2 SILVICULTURE 507 508 508 509
510 510 512 514 516 516 517 517 517 CONTENTS | XXIII 27.4.3 RESTORING
DEGRADED LANDS 518 27.5 MIGRATORY AND DISPERSAL ROUTES 519 27.5.1
CORRIDORS BETWEEN HABITAT FRAGMENTS 519 27.5.2 CROSSING TRANSPORTATION
CORRIDORS 519 27.6 INTENSIVE MANIPULATION OF INDIVIDUALS 521 27.6.1
CAPTIVE BREEDING 5 2 1 27.6.2 RELOCATION, REPATRIATION, TRANSLOCATION
(RRT) 521 27.6.3 DISEASE AND BIOSECURITY 522 27.7 CONCLUSION 523 27.8
REFERENCES 523 INDEX 529
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:37:19Z |
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| isbn | 9780199541195 9780199541188 |
| language | English |
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| series2 | Techniques in ecology and conservation |
| spelling | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques ed. by C. Kenneth Dodd Oxford Oxford Univ. Press 2010 XXII, 556 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Techniques in ecology and conservation Lurche (DE-588)4036689-3 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Lurche (DE-588)4036689-3 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Dodd, C. Kenneth edt HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020198600&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques Lurche (DE-588)4036689-3 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4036689-3 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_auth | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_exact_search | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_full | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques ed. by C. Kenneth Dodd |
| title_fullStr | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques ed. by C. Kenneth Dodd |
| title_full_unstemmed | Amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques ed. by C. Kenneth Dodd |
| title_short | Amphibian ecology and conservation |
| title_sort | amphibian ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_sub | a handbook of techniques |
| topic | Lurche (DE-588)4036689-3 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lurche Ökologie Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020198600&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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