Physics of sailing:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]
CRC Press
2010
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 277 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781420073768 1420073761 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Pre FACE Xiii
Physics Facts xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Depart, Depart from Solid Earth 1
1.1 Why Sailing, Why Physics, Why Both? 1
1.2 Origins 3
1.2.1 Egypt 3
1.2.2 The First Sailors 5
1.2.3 Polynesia 5
1.2.4 China 7
1.2.5 Speculations 8
1.3 Theres Much More 9
Chapter 2 Downwind—The Easy Direction 11
2.1 Speed 11
2.2 Forces 13
2.2.1 Quadratic Approximation 13
2.2.2 Newtons Impact Theory 14
2.2.3 Refinements 17
2.3 Boatspeed 19
2.3.1 Apparent Wind Speed, V 19
2.3.2 Downwind Speed Ratio, SQ 20
2.3.3 Calculating the Downwind Speed Ratio 20
2.3.3.1 Archimedes Principle 22
2.4 Wind Shadow 23
2.5 Acceleration 27
VII
V IKI
CONTENTS
2.6 Examples 28
2.6.1 Force and Power 28
2.6.2 Real Boat Speeds 32
2.6.3 A Check 33
2.6.4 Better Speed Calculations 34
2.6.5 Acceleration 35
2.7 The Speed Limit 36
Charter 3 Upwind—The Hard Direction 39
3.1 Overview 39
3.1.1 Lift and Drag 39
3.1.2 Wind Direction 40
3.1.3 Forces 42
3.2 Iceboats 43
3.2.1 Iceboat Forces 44
3.2.2 Iceboat Speed Diagram 45
3.2.3 Derivation of Iceboat Speed Diagram 47
3.2.4 Iceboat Speed Diagram Interpretation 48
3.2.5 Ice Friction 50
3.3 Sailboat Speeds 50
3.3.1 Step 1: Lift and Drag Phenomenology 52
3.3.2 Step 2: Centerboard Lift and Drag 53
3.3.3 Where Is the Theory? 56
3.3.4 Step 3: Pushing the Sailboat 58
3.3.5 Step 4: Wind Lift and Drag 60
3.3.6 Step 5: Wind and Water Forces Combined 62
3.3.6.1 Scaled Units 62
3.3.6.2 Comparing Graphs 63
3.3.6.3 Broad Reach 64
3.3.6.4 Sailing Closer to Windward 66
3.3.6.5 Generalization 66
3.3.6.6 Closest to the Wind 67
3.3.7 Step 6: Sailboat Speed Diagram 68
3.3.7.1 Basic Example: A Standard
Sailboat 69
3.3.7.2 Comparison of Speeds 71
3.3.7.3 Comparisons of Lift-to-Drag
Ratios 73
3.4 Why Is Sailing Upwind So Complicated? 73
Charter 4 Tipping, Torques, and Trouble 77
4.1 Roll, Pitch, and Yaw 77
4.2 Torques 77
4.2.1 Winch: A Simple Example 78
4.2.2 More General Torques 79
4.3 Centers of Mass, Buoyancy, and Effort 79
CONTENTS
IX
Charter 5
4.3.1 Center of Mass 79
4.3.2 Center of Buoyancy 80
4.3.3 Center of Effort 80
4.4 Catamaran 81
4.4.1 Catamaran Roll and Capsize 81
4.4.2 Catamaran Pitch 84
4.5 Iceboat 86
4.6 Monohull 86
4.7 Staying Upright 89
4.7.1 Limiting the Saifs Torque 89
4.7.2 Increasing the Restoring Torque 90
4.8 Steering and Helm 95
4.9 Dynamics 98
4.9.1 Moment of Inertia 97
4.9.2 Resonance 99
4.9.3 Instability 100
4.10 Upright Mast 101
4.11 Personal Torques 102
See How the Mainsail. Sets 103
5.1 Spinnaker 104
5.1.1 Caussian Curvature 105
5.1.2 Spinnaker Shape Changes 107
5.1.3 Make Your Own Sail 107
5.1.4 Stress 108
5.2 Mainsail and Jib 110
5.2.1 Tight Leech 113
5.2.2 Tight Foot 113
5.2.3 Perfect Blend 113
5.2.4 Sail Shape Equations 120
5.2.5 Sail Characterization 122
5.2.5.1 Twist 123
5.2.5.2 Camber Ratio 123
5.2.5.3 Maximum Draft Position 123
5.2.6 Applying the Forces 124
5.2.6.1 Sail Shape 124
5.2.6.2 Sail Position 126
5.3 Real Sails 127
5.3.1 Pressure Variation 127
5.3.2 Stretching, Bending, and Other
Complications 128
5.3.2.1 Stretching 128
5.3.2.2 Gaussian Curvature 130
5.3.2.3 Bending Masts 131
5.3.2.4 LuffTension 133
5.4 What Really Counts 134
X
CONTENTS
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Fluid Dynamics 137
6.1 Navier- -Stokes Equation 137
6.2 Viscosity 139
6.2.1 Viscosity and Pressure, Lift and Drag 140
6.2.2 Viscosity Defined 140
6.2.2.1 The Centerboard Problem:
First Attempt 142
6.2.3 Viscosity Physics 143
6.2.4 Viscosity, Energy, and Dissipation 144
6.3 Reynolds Number 146
6.3.1 Reynolds Number Defined 147
6.3.1.1 The Centerboard Problem:
Second Attempt 149
6.4 Boundary Layers 150
6.4.1 Laminar Boundary Layer 150
6.4.1.1 The Centerboard Problem: Third
Attempt 152
6.4.2 Turbulence Basics 154
6.4.3 Turbulent Boundary Layer 156
6.4.4 Boundary Layer Separation 157
6.4.4.1 The Centerboard Problem:
Final Attempt 159
6.4.4.2 Problems Harder than the
Centerboard Problem 159
6.5 Euler Equation 159
6.5.1 d Alembert s Paradox 160
6.5.2 Bernoulli’s Equation 161
6.5.3 Circulation 162
6.5.4 Kutta---Joukowski Theorem 163
6.5.5 Lift’s Many Explanations 163
6.5.6 Two Dimensions 165
6.6 Why Are Fluids So Complicated? 167
Surfaces 169
7.1 An Example 169
7.2 Inadequate Theory 173
7.3 Curiosities 174
7.3.1 Golf Balls 176
7.3.2 Swimming Speeds 177
7.3.3 Shark Imitations 178
7.4 When Is It Smooth Enough? 179
Waves and Wakes 181
8.1 Wave Shape 181
8.2 Water Motion 183
8.3 Gravity V^aves 185
8.3.1 Wave Frequency 185
8.3.2 Wave Speed 186
CONTENTS
XI
8.4 Capillary Waves 188
8.5 Damping 188
8.6 Wind and Waves 189
8.6.1 Flat Water 190
8.6.2 Fetch 191
8.6.3 Wind and Wave Energies 193
8.7 Wave Packets and Group Velocity 194
8.8 An Example 195
8.9 Wakes 197
8.9.1 Properties 198
8.9.1.1 Center Wake 198
8.9.1.2 Side Wakes 199
8.9.2 Wake Energy and Hull Speed 201
8.9.2.1 Two Wakes Merge to One 201
8.9.2.2 Sailing Uphill 202
8.9.2.3 Scaling Model 202
8.9.3 Wake Properties Derived 205
8.10 The Importance of Waves 207
Chapter 0 Wind 209
9.1 Two Examples 209
9.2 Turbulence 211
9.2.1 Details of the Gusty Breeze 211
9.2.2 Turbulence Theory 215
9.3 Wind up High 218
9.3.1 Results 218
9.3.2 Theory 220
9.4 Weather 222
9.4.1 Predictions and Guesses 222
9.4.2 High-Pressure Systems 222
9.4.3 Low-Pressure and Complications 225
9.4.4 Geography 227
9.5 Apologies 228
Chapter 10 Strategy 229
10.1 Directions 229
10.1.1 Ideal Sailing Direction 230
10.1.2 Preferred Direction 231
10.1.3 Relation between the Ideal Sailing Direction
and the Preferred Direction 231
10.2 Constant Preferred Direction 233
10.2.1 Condition for a Constant
Preferred Direction 233
10.2.2 Finish Line 234
10.2.3 Upwind in a Constant Wind 234
10.2.4 Downwind in a Constant Wind 235
10.2.5 Upwind in a Changing Wind 237
XII
CONTENTS
10.2.6 Downwind in a Changing Wind 238
10.3 Variable Preferred Direction 238
10.3.1 Rings 238
10.3.2 Sailboat Ring Growth 240
10.3.3 Wind Speed Varies with Position 241
10.3.4 Wind Direction Varies with Position 243
10.4 Current 243
10.5 Least-Time Path 245
10.6 Light Analogy 247
10.7 Mathematical Approach 248
10.8 Predicting the Wind 250
10.8.1 Water s Color 251
10.8.2 Light Reflection and Polarization 251
10.8.3 Scanning the Horizon for Wind 256
10.8.4 Which Direction Is the Wind Blowing? 258
10.8.5 Which Way Was the Wind Blowing? 259
10.9 Real Sailing 261
Chapter 1 1 Finally 263
Sailing Glossary 265
Index 269
Physics
}
Breaking down the complicated concepts of speed, acceleration, torque, fluid
mechanics, and surface physics, Physics of Sailing provides a lively, easily
accessible introduction to the basic science underlying the sport of sailing. It
illustrates the many ways physics can be used to understand the principles of
sailboat propulsion and how a scientific understanding of the boat, wind, and water
can lead to more skillful sailing.
After a brief but insightful tour of the history of sailing, the book explores the physics j
involved in making faster sailing crafts for both upwind and downwind sailing,
including Newton’s impact theory of fluid resistance and lift and drag phenomena.
It compares possible sail shapes, presents measurements of hull smoothness, and
describes wind turbulence, the nature of water waves, and the structure of wakes.
Using the physics of optics, the author also explains the connection between water’s
appearance and the wind. Along with a glossary of sailing terms, he includes many
examples throughout to illustrate the concepts in practice.
Features
• Discusses the difficulties of upwind sailing due to the lift and drag from the
wind and water
• Compares the advantages of different sail and hull shapes and surfaces
• Covers the equations of fluid dynamics, including Navier-Stokes and Euler
equations
• Examines the dimensional analysis of turbulence and the structure of wakes
• Explores how the spectrum, reflection, and polarization of light lead sailors to
“see” wind on the water
• Offers an ideal sailing strategy through an analogy of Fermat’s least-time
principle of optics
Avoiding unnecessary formalisms, this book skillfully applies the principles of fluid
mechanics to sailboat technology and the art of sailing. It should help you become
a more knowledgeable sailor.
CRC Press
Taylor Francis Group
an informa business
www.crcpress.com
6000 Broken Sound Parkway. NW
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
270 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10016
2 Park Square, Milton Park
Abingdon, Oxoo 0X14 4RN, UK
737bl
|
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| dewey-full | 623.8813 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 623 - Military and nautical engineering |
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| discipline | Physik Sport Sportwissenschaft Verkehr / Transport |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV025602579 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:37:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781420073768 1420073761 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Kimball, John 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)1027282989 aut Physics of sailing John Kimball Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2010 XVII, 277 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Segeln (DE-588)4054230-0 gnd rswk-swf Physikalischer Effekt (DE-588)4139064-7 gnd rswk-swf Segeln (DE-588)4054230-0 s Physikalischer Effekt (DE-588)4139064-7 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020197865&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020197865&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054230-0 (DE-588)4139064-7 |
| title | Physics of sailing |
| title_auth | Physics of sailing |
| title_exact_search | Physics of sailing |
| title_full | Physics of sailing John Kimball |
| title_fullStr | Physics of sailing John Kimball |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physics of sailing John Kimball |
| title_short | Physics of sailing |
| title_sort | physics of sailing |
| topic | Segeln (DE-588)4054230-0 gnd Physikalischer Effekt (DE-588)4139064-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Segeln Physikalischer Effekt |
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