Verfügbarkeit: Cognitive psychology and its implications

Cognitive psychology and its implications:

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1. Verfasser:	Anderson, John R. 1947- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY Worth-Publ. 2010
Ausgabe:	7. ed.
Schlagworte:	Kognitive Psychologie Einführung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Literaturverz. S. 430 - 452
Beschreibung:	XX, 469 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781429219488 1429219483

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Brief Contents Preface ............................................................................................... XVII CHAPTER 1 The Science of Cognition ...............................................1 CHAPTER 2 Perception ....................................................................32 CHAPTER 3 Attention and Performance .........................................63 CHAPTER 4 Mental Imagery ............................................................92 CHAPTER 5 Representation of Knowledge ....................................115 CHAPTER 6 Human Memory: Encoding and Storage ....................146 CHAPTER 7 Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval ...................176 CHAPTER 8 Problem Solving ........................................................209 CHAPTER 9 Expertise ...................................................................242 CHAPTER 10 Reasoning .................................................................272 CHAPTER 11 Judgment and Decision Making ...............................298 CHAPTERS Language Structure ...................................................322 CHAPTER 13 Language Comprehension .........................................358 CHAPTER 14 Individual Differences in Cognition ............................390 Glossary ............................................................................................422 References ..........................................................................................430 Name Index ........................................................................................453 Subject Index .......................................................................................461 Contents Preface ........................................................................................ XVII CHAPTER 1 The Science of Cognition ................................................ ι Motivations ......................................................................................1 Intellectual Curiosity ........................................................................1 Implications for Other Fields .................................................................3 Practical Applications .......................................................................3 The History of Cognitive Psychology .......................................................4 Early History .................................................................................4 Implications: What does cognitive psychology tell us about how to study effectively? .........5 Psychology in Germany: Focus on Introspective Observation ...........................6 Psychology in America: Focus on Behavior ................................................7 The Cognitive Revolution: AI, Information Theory, and Linguistics ....................9 Information-Processing Analyses .........................................................10 Cognitive Neuroscience ....................................................................12 Information Processing.· The Communicative Neurons ..................................12 The Neuron .................................................................................13 Neural Representation of Information ...................................................15 Organization of the Brain ....................................................................17 Localization of Function ...................................................................20 Topographic Organization .................................................................22 Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience .......................................................24 Using fMRI to Study Equation Solving ...................................................27 CHAPTER 2 Perception ....................................................................32 Visual Information Processing ...............................................................32 Visual Perception in the Brain .............................................................32 Early Visual Information Processing ......................................................34 Information Coding in Visual Cells .......................................................37 Perceiving Depth and Surfaces ............................................................39 Object Perception ..........................................................................40 Visual Pattern Recognition ..................................................................42 Template-Matching Models ...............................................................42 Implications: Separating humans from BOTS ................................................44 Feature Analysis ............................................................................45 Object Recognition .........................................................................47 Face Recognition ...........................................................................50 Χ Ι Contents Speech Recognition ..........................................................................51 Feature Analysis of Speech .................................................................52 Categorical Perception .......................................................................53 Context and Pattern Recognition ..........................................................56 Massaro s FLMP Model for Combination of Context and Feature Information .......58 Other Examples of Context and Recognition ............................................58 Conclusions ....................................................................................61 CHAPTER 3 Attention and Performance ........................................... бз Serial Bottlenecks ............................................................................63 Auditory Attention ............................................................................65 The Filter Theory ...........................................................................66 The Attenuation Theory and the Late-Selection Theory ................................67 Visual Attention ...............................................................................69 The Neural Basis of Visual Attention .....................................................71 Visual Search ...............................................................................73 The Binding Problem ......................................................................74 Neglect of the Visual Field .................................................................76 Object-Based Attention ....................................................................79 Central Attention.- Selecting Lines of Thought to Pursue ..............................81 Implications: Why is cellphone use and driving a dangerous combination? .................85 Automaticity: Expertise Through Practice ...............................................85 The Stroop Effect ...........................................................................86 Prefrontal Sites of Executive Control .....................................................88 Conclusions ....................................................................................90 CHAPTER 4 Mental Imagery .............................................................92 Verbal Imagery versus Visual Imagery .....................................................93 Visual Imagery .................................................................................95 Image Scanning .............................................................................98 Visual Comparison of Magnitudes ........................................................99 Are Visual Images Like Visual Perception? ..............................................101 Visual Imagery and Brain Areas ..........................................................102 Imagery Involves Both Spatial and Visual Components ................................105 Cognitive Maps ...........................................................................106 Egocentric and Allocentric Representations of Space ..................................107 Map Distortions ...........................................................................110 Translating Words to Images .............................................................112 Conclusions: Visual Perception and Visual Imagery ....................................113 CHAPTER 5 Representation of Knowledge ......................................115 Knowledge and Regions of the Brain ....................................................116 Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events .....................................116 Memory for Verbal Information .........................................................116 Memory for Visual Information .........................................................118 Contents I XI Retention of Detail versus Meaning .....................................................120 Implications of Good Memory for Meaning ............................................121 Implications: Mnemonic techniques for remembering vocabulary items ....................122 Prepositional Representations .............................................................123 Propositional Networks ..................................................................125 Amodal versus Perceptual Symbol Systems .............................................127 Embodied Cognition .........................................................................129 Conceptual Knowledge .....................................................................131 Semantic Networks .......................................................................132 Schemas....................................................................................134 Psychological Reality of Schemas........................................................135 Degree of Category Membership ........................................................136 Event Concepts ............................................................................138 Abstraction versus Exemplar Theories ..................................................140 Natural Categories in the Brain ..........................................................142 Conclusions ...................................................................................144 CHAPTER 6 Human Memory: Encoding and Storage ........................ ш Memory and the Brain ......................................................................147 Sensory Memory Holds Information Briefly .............................................148 Visual Sensory Memory ..................................................................148 Auditory Sensory Memory ...............................................................149 A Theory of Short-Term Memory .........................................................150 Working Memory Holds the Information Needed to Perform a Task ...............152 Baddeley s Theory of Working Memory .................................................152 The Frontal Cortex and Primate Working Memory ....................................154 Activation and on Long-Term Memory ...................................................156 An Example of Activation Calculations .................................................156 Spreading Activation ......................................................................159 Practice and Memory Strength ............................................................161 The Power Law of Learning ..............................................................161 Neural Correlates of the Power Law .....................................................163 Factors Influencing Memory ................................................................166 Elaborative Processing ....................................................................166 Techniques for Studying Textual Material ...............................................167 Meaningful versus Nonmeaningful Elaborations .......................................169 Implications: How does the method of loci help us organize recall? .........................170 Incidental versus Intentional Learning ..................................................171 Flashbulb Memories .....................................................................172 Conclusions ...................................................................................174 CHAPTER 7 Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval ......................176 Are Memories Really Forgotten? ..........................................................176 The Retention Function .....................................................................178 XII I Contents How Interference Affects Memory ........................................................181 The Fan Effect: Networks of Facts .......................................................182 The Interfering Effect of Preexisting Memories .........................................184 The Controversy over Interference and Decay ..........................................185 Redundancy Protects Against Interference ..............................................186 Retrieval and Inference .....................................................................187 Plausible Retrieval ........................................................................188 The Interaction of Elaboration and Inferential Reconstruction .........................................................................190 Implications: How have advertisers used knowledge of cognitive psychology ? .....................................................................192 Eyewitness Testimony and the False-Memory Controversy ............................192 False Memories and the Brain ............................................................194 Associative Structure and Retrieval ......................................................196 The Effects of Encoding Context ........................................................196 The Encoding-Specificity Principle ......................................................199 The Hippocampal Formation and Amnesia ..............................................200 Implicit versus Explicit Memory ...........................................................202 Implicit versus Explicit Memory in Normal Participants ..............................203 Procedural Memory ......................................................................205 Conclusions: The Many Varieties of Memory in the Brain ............................207 CHAPTER 8 Problem Solving ..........................................................209 The Nature of Problem Solving ...........................................................210 A Comparative Perspective on Problem Solving ........................................210 The Problem-Solving Process: Problem Space and Search .............................212 Problem-Solving Operators ................................................................215 Acquisition of Operators .................................................................215 Analogy and Imitation ....................................................................218 Analogy and Imitation from an Evolutionary and Brain Perspective ..............................................................................220 Operator Selection ..........................................................................221 The Difference-Reduction Method ......................................................222 Means-Ends Analysis .....................................................................224 The Tower of Hanoi Problem ............................................................226 Goal Structures and Prefrontal Cortex ..................................................229 Problem Representation ....................................................................230 The Importance of the Correct Representation .........................................230 Functional Fixedness .....................................................................231 Set Effects ....................................................................................233 Incubation Effects .........................................................................236 Insight .....................................................................................237 Conclusions ...................................................................................239 Appendix.· Solutions .........................................................................240 Contents I XIII CHAPTER 9 Expertise 242 Brain Changes with Skill Acquisition .....................................................243 General Characteristics of Skill Acquisition .............................................244 Three Stages of Skill Acquisition .........................................................244 Power-Law Learning ......................................................................245 The Nature of Expertise ....................................................................249 Proceduralization .........................................................................249 Tactical Learning ..........................................................................251 Strategic Learning .........................................................................252 Problem Perception .......................................................................255 Pattern Learning and Memory ...........................................................257 Implications: Computers achieve computer expertise differently than humans ...................................................................260 Long-Term Memory and Expertise ......................................................261 The Role of Deliberate Practice ..........................................................262 Transfer of Skill ..............................................................................263 Theory of Identical Elements ..............................................................265 Educational Implications ...................................................................266 Intelligent Tutoring Systems .............................................................267 Conclusions ...................................................................................270 CHAPTER 10 Reasoning 272 Reasoning and the Brain ....................................................................273 Reasoning about Conditionals .............................................................274 Evaluation of Conditional Arguments ...................................................276 Evaluating Conditional Arguments in a Larger Context .................................................................................277 The Wason Selection Task ................................................................278 Permission Interpretation of the Conditional ..........................................279 Probabilistic Interpretation of the Conditional .........................................281 Final Thoughts on the Connective If ....................................................282 Deductive Reasoning: Reasoning about Quantifiers ................................................................................283 The Categorical Syllogism ................................................................283 The Atmosphere Hypothesis .............................................................285 Limitations of the Atmosphere Hypothesis .............................................286 Process Explanations .....................................................................287 Inductive Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing ...........................................289 Hypothesis Formation ....................................................................290 Hypothesis Testing ........................................................................291 Scientific Discovery .......................................................................294 Implications: How convincing is a 90% result? ...........................................................................295 Conclusions ...................................................................................296 XIV I Contents CHAPTER 11 Judgment and Decision Making ...................................298 The Brain and Decision Making ...........................................................299 Probabilistic Judgment ......................................................................300 Bayes s Theorem ..........................................................................300 Base-Rate Neglect .........................................................................302 Conservatism ..............................................................................304 Correspondence to Bayes s Theorem with Experience .................................305 Judgments of Probability .................................................................307 The Adaptive Nature of the Recognition Heuristic .....................................309 Decision Making .............................................................................312 Framing Effects ...........................................................................314 Implications: Why are adolescents more likely to make bad decisions? ......................317 Neural Representation of Subjective Utility and Probability ...........................317 Conclusions ...................................................................................320 CHAPTER 12 Language Structure ....................................................322 Language and the Brain ....................................................................322 The Field of Linguistics .....................................................................324 Productivity and Regularity ..............................................................324 Linguistic Intuitions ......................................................................326 Competence versus Performance ........................................................327 Syntactic Formalisms .......................................................................328 Phrase Structure ..........................................................................328 Pause Structure in Speech ................................................................329 Speech Errors ..............................................................................330 Transformations ..........................................................................332 What Is So Special about Human Language? ..........................................334 Implications: Ape language and the ethics of experimentation ..............................336 The Relation Between Language and Thought .........................................337 The Behaviorist Proposal .................................................................337 The Whorfian Hypothesis of Linguistic Determinism .................................338 Does Language Depend on Thought? ...................................................341 Modularity of Language ..................................................................342 Language Acquisition .......................................................................343 The Issue of Rules and the Case of Past Tense ..........................................346 Quality of Input ...........................................................................348 A Critical Period for Language Acquisition .............................................350 Language Universais ......................................................................353 The Constraints on Transformations ....................................................354 Parameter Setting .........................................................................355 Conclusions: The Uniqueness of Language: A Summary ..............................356 CHAPTER 13 Language Comprehension ...........................................358 Brain and Language Comprehension .....................................................359 Parsing .........................................................................................360 Constituent Structure ....................................................................360 Contents I XV Immediacy of Interpretation .............................................................362 The Processing of Syntactic Structure ...................................................364 Semantic Considerations .................................................................366 The Integration of Syntax and Semantics ...............................................367 Neural Indicants of Syntactic and Semantic Processing ................................368 Ambiguity .................................................................................370 Neural Indicants of the Processing of Transient Ambiguity ...........................371 Lexical Ambiguity .........................................................................373 Modularity Compared with Interactive Processing .....................................374 Implications: Intelligent chatterboxes ........................................................376 Utilization .....................................................................................377 Bridging versus Elaborative Inferences ..................................................377 Inference of Reference ....................................................................379 Pronominal Reference ....................................................................380 Negatives ..................................................................................381 Text Processing ..............................................................................383 Text Structure and Memory ..............................................................385 Levels of Representation of a Text .......................................................387 Conclusions ...................................................................................388 CHAPTER 14 Individual Differences in Cognition .............................390 Cognitive Development .....................................................................391 Piaget s Stages of Development ..........................................................392 Conservation ..............................................................................393 What Develops? ...........................................................................396 The Empiricist-Nativist Debate ..........................................................398 Increased Mental Capacity ...............................................................400 Increased Knowledge .....................................................................402 Cognition and Aging .....................................................................404 Summary for Cognitive Development ...................................................407 Psychometric Studies of Cognition .......................................................408 Intelligence Tests ..........................................................................408 Implications: Does IQ determine success in life? .............................................411 Factor Analysis ............................................................................411 Reasoning Ability .........................................................................414 Verbal Ability ..............................................................................416 Spatial Ability .............................................................................417 Conclusions from Psychometric Studies ................................................420 Conclusions ...................................................................................420 Glossary .......................................................................................422 References ....................................................................................430 Name Index ...................................................................................453 Subject Index .................................................................................461
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title_full	Cognitive psychology and its implications John R. Anderson
title_fullStr	Cognitive psychology and its implications John R. Anderson
title_full_unstemmed	Cognitive psychology and its implications John R. Anderson
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topic	Kognitive Psychologie (DE-588)4073586-2 gnd
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