Handbook of spallation research: theory, experiments and applications
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Wiley-VCH-Verl.
2009
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| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 767 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527407149 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of spallation research |b theory, experiments and applications |c Detlef Filges and Frank Goldenbaum |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH-Verl. |c 2009 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 767 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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IMAGE 1
VII
CONTENTS
PREFACE XVII
PART I PRINCIPLES 1
1 THE SPALLATION PROCESS 3
1.1 HISTORIC REMARKS AND DEFINITIONS 3 1.2 SPALLATION BY COSMIC
RAY-INDUCED REACTIONS 5 1.3 PHYSICS OF THE SPALLATION PROCESS 12 1.3.1
INTRODUCTION 12
1.3.2 THE FISSION PROCESS 15 1.3.3 SPALLATION AND FISSION 17 1.3.4 THE
LOGICAL SCHEME OF SPALLATION REACTIONS 21 1.3.5 PARTICLE INTERACTION
MECHANISMS 23 1.3.5.1 THE ELEMENTARY FORCES AND PARTICLES 23 1.3.5.2
FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS 26
1.3.5.3 RESONANCE DECAY, PION ABSORPTION, AND PION CHARGE-EXCHANGE 27
1.3.5.4 KINETIC ENERGY, TOTAL ENERGY, AND MOMENTUM 30 1.3.5.5 CROSS
SECTIONS, ABSORPTION LENGTH, COLLISION LENGTH, AND MEAN FREE PATH 31
1.3.6 ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ATOMIC INTERACTIONS 33 1.3.6.1 ENERGY LOSS OF
HEAVY PARTICLES BY IONIZATION AND EXCITATION - THE
BETHE OR BETHE-BLOCH FORMULA 33 1.3.6.2 COULOMB SCATTERING 37 1.3.6.3
BREMSSTRAHLUNG 39 1.3.6.4 ENERGY LOSS BY DIRECT PAIR PRODUCTION AND BY
PHOTONUCLEAR
INTERACTION 40
1.3.6.5 TOTAL ENERGY LOSS 40 1.3.7 HIGH-ENERGY HADRONIC CASCADES AND
NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS 41 1.3.7.1 QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF HADRON-NUCLEUS
COLLISIONS 41 1.3.7.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HADRON CASCADES IN THICK
TARGETS 42
1.3.7.3 SPATIAL PROPAGATION OF HADRON CASCADES AND PARTICLE PRODUCTION
43 1.3.7.4 TOTAL CROSS SECTIONS IN NUCLEON-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS 44
BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN HTTP://D-NB.INFO/994711808
DIGITALISIERT DURCH
IMAGE 2
VILI CONTENTS
1.3.7.5 TOTAL REACTION CROSS SECTIONS IN NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS REACTIONS 49
1.3.7.6 DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTIONS 54 1.3.8 HADRONIC-ELECTROMAGNETIC
CASCADE COUPLING 57
2 THE INTRANUCLEAR CASCADE MODELS 63
2.1 INTRODUCTION 63
2.2 THE BERTINI APPROACH 64 2.2.1 FEATURES OF THE BERTINI NUCLEAR MODEL
64 2.2.2 THE NUCLEAR MODEL 65 2.2.2.1 NUCLEON DENSITY DISTRIBUTION
INSIDE THE NUCLEUS 65 2.2.2.2 MOMENTUM DISTRIBUTION OF NUCLEONS INSIDE
THE NUCLEUS 68 2.2.2.3 POTENTIAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
70 2.2.2.4 APPLICATION OF THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE 73 2.2.3 THE
CROSS-SECTION DATA 74 2.2.3.1 NUCLEON-NUCLEON CROSS-SECTION DATA 76
2.2.3.2 PION PRODUCTION AND PION NUCLEON REACTIONS 77 2.2.4 METHOD OF
COMPUTATION 85
2.2.5 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE ENERGY AND APPLICATION
REGIME 87 2.3 THE CUGNON INCL APPROACH 88 2.3.1 FEATURES OF THE MODEL 90
2.3.1.1 PARTICIPANTS AND SPECTATORS 90 2.3.1.2 NUCLEAR SURFACE 91
2.3.1.3 MESON-NUCLEON CROSS SECTIONS 92 2.3.1.4 ELASTIC NUCLEON-NUCLEON
CROSS SECTIONS 93 2.3.1.5 ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS 94 2.3.1.6 DYNAMIC PAULI
BLOCKING 97 2.3.1.7 CUTOFF CRITERIA - STOPPING TIME OF THE CASCADE 98
2.3.1.8 LIGHT CLUSTERS AS INCIDENT PARTICLES 103
2.3.1.9 SURFACE PERCOLATION PROCEDURE FOR EMISSION OF LIGHT CHARGED
CLUSTERS 103 2.3.2 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE ENERGY
AND APPLICATION REGIME 109 2.4 THE ISABEL MODEL 110
2.4.1 FEATURES OF THE MODEL 110 2.4.1.1 THE NUCLEAR MODEL 111 2.4.1.2
THE TIME-LIKE BASIS CASCADING OF PARTICLE-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS 112
2.4.1.3 NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS COLLISIONS 113 2.4.2 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITS, AND
CONSTRAINTS ON THE ENERGY AND APPLICATION REGIME 114 2.5 THE CEM
(CASCADE-EXCITON MODEL) APPROACH 114 2.5.1 FEATURES OF THE CEM MODEL 115
2.5.2 ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITS, AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE ENERGY AND APPLICATION
REGIME 117
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS IX
2.6 OTHER INTRANUCLEAR-CASCADE MODELS 119
2.6.1 THE DUBNA MODELS 119 2.6.2 THE HANSSGEN-RAN.FI. MODEL 122 2.6.3
THE MICRES MODEL 123 2.7 ALTERNATIVE MODELS 127
2.7.1 THE QUANTUM-MOLECULAR-DYNAMIC (QMD) MODEL 127 2.7.1.1 THE EQUATION
OF MOTION AND THE REACTION TREATMENT 128 2.7.1.2 THE CUTOFF CRITERIA - T
HE STOPPING TIME OF THE QMD PROCESS 130 2.7.1.3 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF QMD
SIMULATIONS 132
3 EVAPORATION AND HIGH-ENERGY FISSION 135 3.1 INTRODUCTION 135
3.2 THE STATISTICAL MODEL IN ITS STANDARD FORM 136 3.3 THE EVAPORATION
MODEL EVAP OF DOSTROVSKY-DRESNER 139 3.3.1 THE LEVEL DENSITY PARAMETER
IN THE EVAP MODEL 140 3.3.2 THE INVERSE CROSS SECTIONS 142
3.4 THE GENERALIZED EVAPORATION MODEL (GEM) 143 3.4.1 EVAPORATION MODEL
IN GEM 144 3.4.2 THE DECAY WIDTH IN THE GEM MODEL 145 3.4.3 PARAMETER OF
THE INVERSE CROSS SECTIONS AND THE COULOMB
BARRIER 146
3.4.4 THE LEVEL DENSITY PARAMETER GCCI IN THE GEM MODEL 147 3.4.5 THE
HIGH-ENERGY FISSION PROCESS IN THE GEM MODEL 148 3.4.6 METHOD OF
COMPUTATION 151 3.5 THE GSI ABLA MODEL 154
3.5.1 TIME-DEPENDENT FISSION WIDTH 157 3.5.2 THE SIMULTANEOUS BREAKUP
STAGE 158 3.5.3 CONCLUSION OF ABLA 159 3.6 THE GEMINI MODEL 159
3.7 HIGH-ENERGY FISSION MODELS 165 3.7.1 THE DYNAMICS OF THE FISSION
PROCESS 166 3.7.2 BASIC FEATURES OF FISSION MODELS 170 3.7.3 THE RAI
MODEL OF ATCHISON 171
3.7.3.1 POSTFISSION PARAMETERS OF THE RAL MODEL 173 3.8 FERMI BREAKUP
FOR LIGHT NUCLEI 176 3.9 PHOTON EVAPORATION AND GAMMA RAY PRODUCTION 178
3.10 VAPORIZATION AND MULTIFRAGMENTATION 181
4 THE PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN MATTER 185
4.1 INTRODUCTION 185
4.2 HADRONIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SHOWERS 185 4.3 THE GENERAL TRANSPORT
EQUATION 191 4.3.1 THE ANGULAR FLUX, FLUENCE, CURRENT, AND ENERGY
SPECTRA 195 4.3.2 MONTE CARLO ESTIMATION OF PARTICLE FLUXES AND REACTION
RATES 197 4.4 RANGE STRAGGLING 200
IMAGE 4
X I CONTENTS
4.5 THE ELASTIC SCATTERING OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS 201
4.6 THE TREATMENT OF PION TRANSPORT IN MATTER 205
5 PARTICLE TRANSPORT SIMULATION CODE SYSTEMS 207 5.1 INTRODUCTION 207
5.2 PARTICLE TRANSPORT CODE SYSTEMS AND EVENT GENERATORS 208 5.2.1
PARTICLE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS AND EVENT GENERATORS 209 5.2.2 THE
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY SYSTEMS OF PARTICLE TRANSPORT CODE SYSTEMS
210
6 MATERIALS DAMAGE BY HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRONS AND CHARGED PARTICLES 215 6.1
INTRODUCTION 215
6.2 DISPLACEMENT OF LATTICE ATOMS 216 6.2.1 DAMAGE ENERGY AND
DISPLACEMENTS 220 6.3 HYDROGEN AND HELIUM PRODUCTION 224 6.4 CROSS
SECTION EXAMPLES 227
6.5 RADIATION DAMAGE EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY PROTON BEAMS IN THE GEV
RANGE 231
7 SHIELDING ISSUES 233
7.1 INTRODUCTION 233
7.2 THE ATTENUATION LENGTH AND THE MOYER MODEL 234 7.2.1 ACCELERATOR
SHIELDING AND THE GENERALIZED MOYER MODEL 235 7.2.2 THE MOYER MODEL
PARAMETERS 238 7.2.3 ATTENUATION LENGTHS 241
7.3 ADVANCED SHIELDING METHODS FOR SPALLATION SOURCES 242 7.3.1 MONTE
CARLO DISCRETE ORDINATES COUPLING 246 7.3.2 MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES AND
DEEP PENETRATION 249 7.4 SKY- AND GROUNDSHINE PHENOMENA 254
8 THE BASIC PARAMETERS OF SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES 257 8.1
INTRODUCTION 257
8.2 PARAMETER REGIME FOR SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES 257 8.2.1 THE
PARTICLE TYPE 257 8.2.2 THE KINETIC ENERGY 259 8.2.3 THE TARGET MATERIAL
262 8.2.4 THE NEUTRON PRODUCTION 263 8.2.4.1 SPATIAL LEAKAGE
DISTRIBUTION OF NEUTRONS AND TARGET SHAPE 264
8.2.5 THE TARGET HEATING 266 8.2.6 THE INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY 267 8.3 THE
SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE FACILITY 269 8.3.1 CONTINUOUS SPALLATION
NEUTRON SOURCES 272 8.3.2 SHORT-PULSE SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES 272
8.3.3 LONG-PULSE SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES 272 8.3.4 SCATTERING OF
NEUTRONS BY MATTER 273
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XI
PART II EXPERIMENTS 277
9 WHY SPALLATION PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS? 279 9.1 INTRODUCTION 279
9.2 APPLICATION-DRIVEN MOTIVATION 279 9.3 SPACE SCIENCE AND
ASTROPHYSICS-DRIVEN MOTIVATION 280 9.4 NUCLEAR PHYSICS DRIVEN MOTIVATION
281
10 PROTON-NUCLEUS-INDUCED SECONDARY PARTICLE PRODUCTION - THE "THIN"
TARGET EXPERIMENTS 287
10.1 INTRODUCTION 287
10.2 NEUTRON, PION, AND PROTON DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENTS AND
EXPERIMENTS 288 10.2.1 THE DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL NEUTRON-PRODUCTION
MEASUREMENTS AT THE LAMPF-WNR FACILITY 289 10.2.1.1 THE TIME-OF-FLIGHT
EXPERIMENT AT THE LAMPF-WNR FACILITY 290
10.2.1.2 THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL
NEUTRON-PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS 299 10.2.2 THE
DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL NEUTRON-PRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS AT THE SATURNE
FACILITY 303
10.2.2.1 THE EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AT THE SATURNE ACCELERATOR 305
10.2.2.2 THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL
NEUTRON-PRODUCTION CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS 310
10.2.3 THE DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL NEUTRON-PRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS AT THE
KEK FACILITY 312 10.2.3.1 THE TIME-OF-FLIGHT METHOD WITH A SHORT FLIGHT
PATH 312 10.2.3.2 THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL
NEUTRON-PRODUCTION
CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS 316 10.2.4 THE DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL PION
PRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS 318 10.2.4.1 THE DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL PION
PRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS AT THE BERKLEY CYCLOTRON WITH INCIDENT PROTONS
OF 730 MEV 319
10.2.4.2 THE DOUBLE DIFFERENTIAL PION PRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS AT THE
CYCLOTRON OF THE PAUL SCHERER INSTITUT (PSI) 325 10.3 THE "THIN" TARGET
PARTICLE PRODUCTION MEASUREMENTS AT THE 2.5 GEV PROTON COOLER
SYNCHROTRON COSY AT
JUELICH 327
10.3.1 THE COOLER SYNCHROTRON COSY 331 10.3.2 THE NESSI EXPERIMENT 333
10.3.2.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF NE SS I 335 10.3.2.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
OF NESSI 341
10.3.3 THE PISA EXPERIMENT 355 10.3.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF PISA 356
10.3.3.2 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF PIS A 361
10.3.3.3 DATA LIBRARY OF H AND HEIN PROTON-INDUCED REACTIONS 369 10.4
PRODUCTION OF RESIDUAL NUCLIDES AT VARIOUS PROTON ENERGIES 369
IMAGE 6
XII CONTENTS
10.4.1 EXCITATION FUNCTIONS AND PRODUCTION CROSS SECTIONS 370
10.4.2 ISOTOPIE AND MASS DISTRIBUTIONS OF RESIDUAL NUCLIDES 373 10.4.2.1
INVERSE KINEMATICS MEASUREMENTS AT GSI 373
* PROTON-MATTER-INDUCED SECONDARY PARTICLE PRODUCTION-THE "THICK" TARGET
EXPERIMENTS 379 11.1 INTRODUCTION 379
11.2 PROTON-INDUCED THICK TARGET EXPERIMENTS IN THE ENERGY RANGE 0.1-2.5
GEV 381 11.2.1 EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE THE NEUTRON YIELD OF "THICK"
TARGETS 381
11.2.1.1 THE BROOKHAVEN COSMOTRON EXPERIMENTS 381 11.2.1.2 THE
FERTILE-TO-FISSILE CONVERSION EXPERIMENTS 382 11.2.1.3 THE PSI THICK
TARGET LEAD/BISMUTH EXPERIMENTS 388 11.2.2 NEUTRON MULTIPLICITIES
MEASURED WITH * 4* DETECTOR AT THE COSY
ACCELERATOR AT JUELICH 390 11.2.2.1 THICK TARGET RESULTS OF THE NESSI
EXPERIMENT AT THE COSY ACCELERATOR 394 11.2.2.2 A SUMMARY OF NEUTRON
YIELD EXPERIMENTAL DATA 402
11.2.3 NEUTRON LEAKAGE SPECTRA DISTRIBUTIONS OF THICK TARGETS 407
11.2.3.1 THE LANL-WNR THICK TARGET EXPERIMENTS 407 11.2.3.2 THE KEK
TIME-OF-FLIGHT THICK PB TARGET EXPERIMENTS 408 11.2.4 THE LANL S
UNNYSIDE EXPERIMENTS 409
11.2.5 ENERGY DEPOSITION EXPERIMENTS WITH THICK MERCURY TARGETS 413
11.2.5.1 THE ENERGY DEPOSITION THICK MERCURY TARGET EXPERIMENT AT COSY
JUELICH 414 11.2.5.2 THE THICK MERCURY TARGET EXPERIMENT ASTE AT THE AGS
ACCELERATOR
ATBNL 419
12 NEUTRON PRODUCTION BY PROTON, ANTIPROTON, DEUTERON, PION, AND KAON
PROJECTILES 425
13 EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY THE PERFORMANCE OF SPALIATION NEUTRON SOURCES
431 13.1 INTRODUCTION 431
13.2 THE TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR ISSUE 431 13.3
TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTS WITH COMPLEX GEOMETRIES AND
REALISTIC MATERIAL COMPOSITIONS 437 13.3.1 THE EARLY EXPERIMENTS 437
13.3.2 NEUTRON PERFORMANCE STUDIES AT REFLECTED TARGET-MODERATOR SYSTEMS
438 13.3.2.1 NEUTRON STUDIES OF A REFLECTED "T"-SHAPE MODERATOR AT
LANL-WNR 438 13.3.2.2 THE SNQ TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTS AT
THE PSI
ACCELERATOR 439
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XIII
13.3.3 EXPERIMENTS OF SHORT-PULSED TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR
SYSTEMS 445
13.3.3.1 TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTS AT THE HOKKAIDO ELECTRON
LINEAR ACCELERATOR 446 13.3.3.2 TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTS
AT THE JUELICH PROTON SYNCHROTRON COSY 454
13.3.3.3 TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR EXPERIMENTS AT THE BROOKHAVEN
ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON AGS 466
14 EXPERIMENTS ON RADIATION DAMAGE IN A SPALLATION ENVIRONMENT 471 14.1
INTRODUCTION 471
14.1.1 IRRADIATION CONDITIONS AND STUDIED MATERIALS 472 14.1.2
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 473 14.1.2.1 MICROHARDNESS AND THREE-POINT BENDING
TESTS 473 14.1.2.2 TENSILE STRENGTH, SCANNING- AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY 475
15 EXPERIMENTS TO SHIELD HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRONS OF SPALLATION SOURCES 481
15.1 SHIELDING EXPERIMENTS AT THE LOS ALAMOS WNR FACILITY'S SPALLATION
TARGET 482 15.2 SHIELDING EXPERIMENTS AT THE ISIS SPALLATION SOURCE 486
15.3 SHIELDING EXPERIMENTS AT THE ASTE-AGS
TARGET-MODERATOR-REFLECTOR ASSEMBLY 491
PARTILI TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS 495
16 PROTON DRIVERS FOR PARTICLE PRODUCTION 497 16.1 AN INTRODUCTION 497
16.2 PROTON DRIVERS FOR SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES AND SECONDARY
PARTICLE PRODUCTION 498 16.2.1 SYNCHROTRON-BASED VS.
LINEAR-ACCELERATOR-BASED SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE 500 16.2.2 THE BEAM
LOSS ISSUE AT HIGH-INTENSITY PROTON ACCELERATORS 502
17 THE ACCELERATOR-BASED NEUTRON SPALLATION SOURCES 505 17.1
INTRODUCTION 505
17.2 RESEARCH REACTORS OR CONTINUOUS/PULSED SPALLATION SOURCES? 507 17.3
SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES 510 17.3.1 THE LANL SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE
MLNSC AND THE LOS ALAMOS NEUTRON SCIENCE CENTER LANSCE 510
17.3.2 THE RUTHERFORD AND APPLETON LABORATORY SHORT-PULSED SPALLATION
NEUTRON SOURCE ISIS 514 17.3.3 THE PSI CONTINUOUS SPALLATION NEUTRON
SOURCE SINQ 519
IMAGE 8
XIV CONTENTS
17.3.4 THE EUROPEAN SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE PROJECT ESS 524
17.3.5 THE ORNL SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE SNS 538 17.3.6 THE JAPANESE
SPALLATION SOURCE AND THE ACCELERATOR COMPLEX J-PARC 548 17.3.7 SAFETY
ASPECTS AND RADIATION PROTECTION 554 17.3.8 PARAMETER OVERVIEW OF THE
EXISTING, COMMISSIONED
AND PLANNED SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES WITH A BEAM POWER ABOVE 0.1 MW
558
18 TARGET ENGINEERING 561
18.1 INTRODUCTION 561
18.2 SPALLATION SOURCE NEUTRON-GENERATING TARGETS 562 18.2.1 SPALLATION
SOURCE NEUTRON-GENERATING TARGETS AT BEAM POWER LEVELS OF ABOUT SOME 100
KW 562 18.2.2 SPALLATION SOURCE NEUTRON-GENERATING TARGETS AT BEAM POWER
LEVELS
IN THE MW RANGE 564
18.2.2.1 THE SINQ TARGET SYSTEMS 565 18.2.2.2 THE MERCURY TARGETS FOR
THE PULSED SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCES ESS, SNS, AND JSNS 569 18.2.2.3
ROTATING HIGH-POWER TARGETS 579
18.2.2.4 WINDOWLESS LIQUID METAL TARGETS 582 18.2.3 MATERIALS FOR
ACCELERATORS AND TARGETS OF SPALLATION SOURCES 583
19 RESEARCH WITH NEUTRONS 585
19.1 INTRODUCTION 585
19.1.1 SOLID-STATE PHYSICS 587 19.1.2 MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
588 19.1.3 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, KINETICS, AND DYNAMICS 588 19.1.4 SOFT
CONDENSED MATTER 589 19.1.5 BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 589
19.1.6 EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 589 19.1.7 FUNDAMENTAL NEUTRON
PHYSICS 590 19.1.8 MUONS AS PROBES FOR CONDENSED MATTER 590
20 ACCELERATOR TRANSMUTATION OF NUCLEAR WASTE - ATW 593 20.1
INTRODUCTION 593
20.2 THE CONCEPTS OF TRANSMUTATION 594 20.2.1 BALANCE CRITERIA FOR ADTT
SYSTEMS 596 20.2.2 THE ACCELERATOR ISSUE OF ATW/ADTT SYSTEMS 597 20.3
THE SPENT REACTOR FUEL AND TRANSMUTATION 600
20.3.1 AN EXAMPLE OF A TRANSMUTATION COMPLEX 602 20.4 PARTITIONING 605
20.4.1 EU PROJECTS ON PARTITIONING AND TRANSMUTATION 606 20.5 ADVANCES
IN ACCELERATOR BREEDING OF FISSILE MATERIAL 607 20.6 ACCELERATOR
PRODUCTION OF TRITIUM-APT 609
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XV
21 ACCELERATOR PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY - "ENERGY
AMPLIFYING" 613
21.1 INTRODUCTION 613
21.2 PRINCIPLE OF THE "ENERGY-AMPLIFIER" 613 21.3 FEASIBILITY OF THE
"ENERGY AMPLIFIER" 615 21.3.1 AN ENERGY AMPLIFIER TEST EXPERIMENT 618
21.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE E A CONCEPT 619
22 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF SPALLATION PHYSICS 623 22.1 PROTON AND LIGHT
HEAVY ION CANCER THERAPY 623 22.1.1 HISTORY OF HADRON THERAPY 624 22.1.2
WHAT IS RADIATION THERAPY AND HOW DOES IT WORK? 626 22.1.3 DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PROTONS, HEAVY ION, AND X-RAY THERAPY 627 22.2 HIGH-ENERGY
PHYSICS CALORIMETER 631 22.2.1 THE PHYSICS OF PARTICLE CALORIMETRY 631
22.2.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SHOWERS 633 22.2.3 HADRONIC SHOWERS 634 22.2.4
COMBINED ELECTROMAGNETIC/HADRONIC CALORIMETERS 635 22.3 NEUTRINO
FACTORIES AND NEUTRINO SUPER/BETA BEAMS 638 22.3.1 SOME WORDS ON
RESEARCH WITH NEUTRINOS 638 22.3.2 INTERNATIONAL SCOPING STUDY OF V
FACTORIES AND SUPERBEAM
FACILITIES 639
22.4 ULTRACOLD NEUTRONS 642 22.4.1 HISTORY 642
22.4.2 PROPERTIES OF UCNS 642 22.4.3 REFLECTING MATERIALS 644 22.4.4 UCN
PRODUCTION 645 22.4.5 EXPERIMENTS WITH UCN 647
22.4.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF THE NEUTRON LIFETIME 648 22.4.5.2 MEASUREMENT OF
THE NEUTRON ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT 648 22.4.5.3 OBSERVATION OF THE
GRAVITATIONAL INTERACTIONS OF THE NEUTRON 649 22.4.5.4 MEASUREMENT OF
THE NEUTRON-MIRROR NEUTRON OSCILLATION TIME 650
22.4.5.5 MEASUREMENT OF THE A-COEFFICIENT OF THE NEUTRON BETA DECAY
CORRELATION 651
23 SPACE MISSIONS AND RADIATION IN SPACE 653 23.1 INTRODUCTION 653
23.2 GALACTIC COSMIC RAY (GCR) INDUCED REACTIONS IN MOON AND MARS SOIL
654 23.2.1 GCR-INDUCED NEUTRON FLUX DENSITY IN THE LUNAR SOIL DURING
APOLLO MISSIONS 654
23.2.2 THE MARS OBSERVER ORBITER MISSION TO MEASURE THE
SPALLATION-INDUCED GAMMA FLUX RETURN OF GCR ON THE MARTIAN SURFACE 657
23.2.2.1 THE AIM OF THE MARS OBSERVER MISSION 657
IMAGE 10
XVI CONTENTS
23.2.2.2 APPLICATION TO THE MARTIAN SURFACE 659
23.3 THE SPACE EXPERIMENT LDEF (LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY) 663
23.3.1 THE AIM OF THE LDEF MISSION 663 23.3.2 THE LDEF ORBITER SYSTEM
AND RESULTS ON INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY OF LDEF MATERIALS 665
23.3.3 HAZARD RADIATIONS IN SPACE 669
APPENDIX A VALUES OF FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND RELATIONS 675
APPENDIX * BASIC DEFINITIONS IN NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY CONCERNING THE FUEL
CYCLE 679
APPENDIX C MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURE AND TARGET MATERIALS 683
APPENDIX D MODERATOR AND REFLECTOR MATERIALS 687
APPENDIX E SHIELDING MATERIALS 689
REFERENCES 691
INDEX 757 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Filges, Detlef Goldenbaum, Frank |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109111796 |
| author_facet | Filges, Detlef Goldenbaum, Frank |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Filges, Detlef |
| author_variant | d f df f g fg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV025591211 |
| classification_rvk | UN 2500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)501316958 (DE-599)BVBBV025591211 |
| dewey-full | 539.73 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 539 - Modern physics |
| dewey-raw | 539.73 |
| dewey-search | 539.73 |
| dewey-sort | 3539.73 |
| dewey-tens | 530 - Physics |
| discipline | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV025591211 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T10:34:38Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527407149 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020187588 |
| oclc_num | 501316958 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-29T |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-29T |
| physical | XIX, 767 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publishDateSearch | 2009 |
| publishDateSort | 2009 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH-Verl. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Filges, Detlef Verfasser (DE-588)109111796 aut Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications Detlef Filges and Frank Goldenbaum Weinheim Wiley-VCH-Verl. 2009 XIX, 767 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Spallation (DE-588)4182026-5 gnd rswk-swf Spallation (DE-588)4182026-5 s DE-604 Goldenbaum, Frank Verfasser aut text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3320192&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020187588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Filges, Detlef Goldenbaum, Frank Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications Spallation (DE-588)4182026-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182026-5 |
| title | Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications |
| title_auth | Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications |
| title_full | Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications Detlef Filges and Frank Goldenbaum |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications Detlef Filges and Frank Goldenbaum |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of spallation research theory, experiments and applications Detlef Filges and Frank Goldenbaum |
| title_short | Handbook of spallation research |
| title_sort | handbook of spallation research theory experiments and applications |
| title_sub | theory, experiments and applications |
| topic | Spallation (DE-588)4182026-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Spallation |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3320192&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020187588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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