Civilised streets: a guide to traffic calming
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Brighton
Environmental & Transport Planning
1992
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 223 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0951962000 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables x
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Structure »f the book 2
1.3 A short history of traffic calming 2
1.3.1 The early years 2
1.3.2 The woonerven 3
1.3.3 The 30 km/h speed limit zones 3
1.3.4 The prospects for traffic calming 4
2 Traffic calming and traffic management measures
2.1 An overview 5
2.1.1 Measures to be used between junctions 5
2.1.2 Measures that can be used at junctions 8
2.1.3 Main design measures to support the traffic
calming effect 9
2.1.4 Examples of relevant traffic orders 9
2.2 Round-top and flat-top road humps: the British
experience 10
2.2.1 Design 10
2.2.2 Siting 10
2.3 Experience with round-top and flat-top road humps 10
2.3.1 Height 10
2.3.2 Distance between road humps 11
2.3.3 Materials 11
2.3.4 Cost 11
2.3.5 Maintenance 11
2.3.6 Lighting 12
2.3.7 Effectiveness and suitability 12
2.3.8 Effects on buses and ambulances 13
2.3.9 Effects on cyclists 13
2.3.10 Problems with road humps 13
2.3.11 Flat-top humps (speed tables or plateaux) 13
2.4 Foreign road humps 14
2.4.1 Road humps on major roads 15
2.4.2 Dutch road hump recommendations 15
2.4.3 The Danish humps 16
2.5 Speed cushions 16
2.5.1 Design and effectiveness 16
2.5.2 British regulation 16
2.5.3 The German speed cushions 16
2.5.4 Dutch speed cushions 21
2.5.5 Problems with speed cushions 21
2.6 Bus-friendly humps 23
2.6.1 The Danish combi-hump 23
2.6.2 The road depression: the Swedish example 24
2.6.3 The Dutch bus sluis 25
2.7 Pinch points 29
2.7.1 Design 29
2.7.2 Legal situation in Britain 29
2.7.3 Effectiveness 31
2.7.4 Distance between pinch points 31
2.7.5 Combination with other traffic calming measures 31
2.7.6 Suitability of pinch points for one-way traffic 31
2.7.7 Suitability of pinch points for two-way traffic 31
2.7.8 Lighting, signs and maintenance 31
2.7.9 Problems with pinch points 32
2.8 Carriageway narrowing 32
2.8.1 Definition and minimum road widths 32
2.8.2 Types of carriageway narrowing 32
2.8.3 Materials 38
2.8.4 Carriageway narrowing by road markings 38
2.8.5 Carriageway narrowing by physical measures 39
2.8.6 Combination with other traffic calming measures 39
2.9 Chicanes 40
2.9.1 Design 40
2.9.2 History 40
2.9.3 Combination with other traffic calming measures 40
2.9.4 Effectiveness of chicanes 40
2.9.5 Suitability 40
2.9.6 Problems with chicanes 40
2.10 Other traffic calming and traffic management
measures 43
2.10.1 Rumble strips 43
2.10.2 Changed road surface 44
2.10.3 Re-evaluation of roundabouts 44
2.10.4 Road closure 46
2.10.5 Entrance treatment 47
2.10.6 Traffic island or pedestrian refuge 47
2.11 Traffic calming measures for road junctions 49
2.11.1 Raised junction 49
2.11.2 Roundabouts 49
2.11.3 Speed cushions 49
2.11.4 Road humps 49
2.11.5 Pinch points 49
2.11.6 Surface design 49
2.11.7 Road closure of one or two arms 50
2.11.8 Traffic islands at the arms or in the centre 50
2.11.9 Mountable shoulders 50
2.11.10 Combinations of traffic calming measures 50
2.11.11 Visibility 50
2.12 Shared space 53
2.12.1 Design 53
2.12.2 Background 53
2.12.3 Traffic sign 54
2.12.4 Effectiveness 54
2.12.5 Suitability 54
2.12.6 Materials 54
2.12.7 Cost 54
2.12.8 Disadvantages 54
2.12.9 Variation: soft separation 54
2.13 Pedestrianization and traffic calming as a combined
transport policy 55
2.14 20 mph speed limit zone 57
2.15 Area-wide traffic calming 57
2.16 Planting and parking 57
2.16.1 Planting 57
2.16.2 Parking 58
3 Traffic calming in Britain
3.1 Existing advice and regulations 61
3.1.1 Central government research, publications and advice
guidelines 61
3.1.2 Traffic calming publications by institutions and
county councils 62
3.1.3 The traffic calming argument 65
3.2 Financing and cost-effectiveness of traffic calming 66
3.2.1 Financing 66
3.2.2 Cost-effectiveness 68
3.3 Traffic calming and public transport 74
3.3.1 Separating bus routes and traffic calmed streets 75
3.3.2 Compatibility of traffic calming measures with buses 75
3.3.3 Survey on bus operation and traffic calming 78
3.4 Traffic calming and cycling 80
3.5 Conclusion 82
4 Traffic calming in Germany
4.1 Existing advice and regulations 85
4.1.1 Government publications 85
4.1.2 Guidelines 86
4.1.3 Publications from the land/state governments 87
4.1.4 The position of the motoring organizations 87
4.1.5 Legal implications 88
4.2 Traffic calming in practice 88
4.2.1 Introduction 88
4.2.2 New suburban residential areas 93
4.2.3 Inner city residential areas 93
4.2.4 Town centres 95
4.2.5 Main roads and through roads 96
4.2.6 Traffic calming with a difference: Nuremberg 96
4.3 Conclusion 102
5 Traffic calming in the Netherlands
5.1 Existing advice and regulations 103
5.1.1 Background 103
5.1.2 Guidelines 103
5.1.3 Legal implications 105
5.1.4 Future transport policy and research objectives 105
5.2 Traffic calming in practice 105
5.2.1 General considerations 105
5.2.2 Eindhoven 106
5.2.3 Groningen 106
5.2.4 Deventer 106
5.2.5 Apeldoorn 107
5.2.6 Zutphen 107
5.2.7 Velserbroek 114
5.3 Conclusion 114
6 Traffic calming in Denmark
6.1 Existing advice and regulations 115
6.2 Traffic calming signs 115
6.3 The Environmentally Adapted Through Road
(EMIL) Project 116
6.3.1 Basic outline of the EMIL project 116
6.3.2 Traffic calming measures 116
6.3.3 Results 116
6.4 Traffic calming in practice 117
6.4.1 Traffic calming measures implemented in Skaerbaek 118
6.4.2 Traffic calming measures used in Copenhagen 119
6.5 Conclusion 119
7 Traffic calming in Sweden
7.1 Traffic calming in practice 121
7.1.1 Background 121
7.1.2 Environmentally adapted through roads 121
7.1.3 Area-wide traffic calming 122
7.2 Conclusion 125
8 Current traffic calming practice in Britain
8.1 Traffic calming in practice 127
8.2 The top ten traffic calming schemes 128
8.3 Examples of traffic calming schemes 146
8.4 Conclusion: summary of the nationwide survey on
traffic calming 201
8.4.1 Local authority 201
8.4.2 Town and population 201
8.4.3 Date of implementation 201
8.4.4 Type of area 201
8.4.5 Reasons for traffic calming 201
8.4.6 Consultation 202
8.4.7 Acceptance 202
8.4.8 Common traffic calming measures 202
8.4.9 Results 202
Appendix 203
References 219
Index 221
List of figures
Figure 1 Round-top road hump (design approved by the Department of Transport) 10
Figure 2 Flat-top road hump (design approved by the Department of Transport) 10
Figure 3 Tarmac round-top road hump 11
Figure 4 Blockpaved flat-top road hump 17
Figure 5 Road hump extending over the whole carriageway 17
Figure 6 Road hump with cycle gaps on both sides 13
Figure 7 Paved flat-top road humps used as pedestrian crossings 18
Figure 8 Raised zebra crossing 19
Figure 9 Raised zebra crossing with additional road humps 14
Figure 10 Detail of paved raised pedestrian crossing 14
Figure 11 Different materials and texture for pedestrian crossing 19
Figure 12 Detail of paved raised junction 15
Figure 13 Raised junction in blockpaving 20
Figure 14 Trapezium-form road hump for roads with 50 km/h speed limits;
sinusoidal road hump for roads with 30 km/h (20 km/h) speed limits 16
Figure 15 Two separate speed cushions in a two-way road 20
Figure 16 Detail of paved pedestrian crossing with traffic island and speed cushions,
with speed cushion detail 21
Figure 17 Speed cushion in the middle of a two-way carriageway 22
Figure 18 The Berlin cushion 22
Figure 19 Speed cushions (Berlin Moabit) 23
Figure 20 Speed cushions in one-way street (Cologne, Germany) 23
Figure 21 Speed cushions secure a pedestrian crossing (Herne, Germany) 23
Figure 22 Speed cushion (Groningen, Netherlands) 24
Figure 23 Combi-hump used in Denmark 24
Figure 24 Road depression combined with a pinch point (Stockholm, Sweden) 25
Figure 25 Road depression on both sides of a zebra crossing 26
Figure 26 Bus sluis (Velserbroek, Netherlands) 27
Figure 27 Bus sluis combined with a flat-top road hump 28
Figure 28 Bus sluis constructed at the end of a cul-de-sac 28
Figure 29 Pinch point variations 29
Figure 30 Pinch points where existing drainage is unaffected 33
Figure 31 Pinch points used to separate carriageway and cycle lanes 34
Figure 32 Pinch points combined with flat-top road hump 34
Figure 33 Carriageway between pinch points paved in different material and colour 35
Figure 34 Pavement widening 35
Figure 35 Paved central reservations with planting areas 36
Figure 36 Central reservation in combination with parking 37
Figure 37 Example of side strips 38
Figure 38 Side strips used as overrun space for HGVs and buses 39
Figure 39 Carriageway narrowing by using different road surface material 39
Figure 40 Examples of chicane design showing two streets with and without chicanes 41
Figure 41 Chicanes in combination with car parking 42
Figure 42 Chicanes in a residential road (Mainz, Germany) 42
Figure 43 Cheaply designed chicanes 42
Figure 44 Rumble strips in a British residential road 43
Figure 45 Change of surface material at the entrance to a traffic calmed area 44
Figure 46 Use of different road surface material in a shopping street 45
Figure 47 Example of a roundabout in Britain 45
Figure 48 Roundabout with coloured cycle lane 46
Figure 49 Zebra crossing to help pedestrians to cross at the roundabout 46
Figure 50 Well designed roundabout (Briihl, Germany) 47
Figure 51 Road closure with gap for cyclists 47
vii
Figure 52 Creation of a gateway situation 47
Figure 53 Entrance treatment 48
Figure 54 Central reservation in combination with pedestrian crossing 48
Figure 55 Long traffic island used as a bus stop 49
Figure 56 Coloured road surface design in different materials 49
Figure 57 Road closures with cycle gaps 50
Figure 58 Traffic islands at a junction 50
Figure 59 Two-ways of creating mountable shoulders 51
Figure 60 Stopping visibility distance 52
Figure 61 Visibility at junctions 52
Figure 62 Visibility at junctions for approaching and stopping traffic 53
Figure 63 Shared space design with chicanes 53
Figure 64 Traffic calming sign used in many European countries 54
Figure 65 Soft separation in a town centre in Germany 54
Figure 66 Pedestrian area in Abingdon 55
Figure 67 Shopping street (Erlangen, Germany): before and after pedestrianization 56
Figure 68 Entrance treatment at a 20 mph zone in Kingston 57
Figure 69 Bus berth (Erlangen, Germany) 76
Figure 70 Example of Nuremburg - Langwasser 93
Figure 71 Traffic calming in suburban residential areas 94
Figure 72 Traffic calming in suburban residential areas 94
Figure 73 Traffic calming in suburban residential areas 94
Figure 74 Paved pedestrian crossing 95
Figure 75 Traffic calming by road marking 95
Figure 76 Road marking reduces the carriageway width 95
Figure 77 Parking problems in an inner city area 96
Figure 78 Cycle facility in an inner city area 96
Figure 79 Public transport (Bonn, Germany) 96
Figure 80 Traffic calming in the historic town centre of Idstein 89
Figure 81 Traffic calming in the historic town centre of Rheinbach 89
Figure 82 Traffic calming in the town centre of Jiilich 90
Figure 83 Traffic calming on a main road 91
Figure 84 Reduction of carriageway width 91
Figure 85 Central strip 92
Figure 86 Separate cycle facility by a main road 92
Figure 87 Street network in the city centre of Nuremberg, 1971 97
Figure 88 Traffic flows in the city centre of Nuremberg, 1967 98
Figure 89 Pedestrianization scheme in the city centre of Nuremberg, 1972 99
Figure 90 Pedestrianization scheme in the city centre of Nuremberg, 1986 100
Figure 91 Pedestrianized area in Nuremberg - before and after reconstruction 100
Figure 92 Cell system in Nuremberg, 1991 101
Figure 93 Combined road hump/pinch point 109
Figure 94 Entrance treatment in one-way street in Eindhoven 109
Figure 95 Traffic calmed distributor road in Eindhoven 110
Figure 96 Combined road hump with chicane 110
Figure 97 Zebra crossing and road hump with cycle gaps on both sides 111
Figure 98 Traffic calmed town centre (Deventer) 111
Figure 99 Raised zebra crossings (Deventer, Haarlem) 112
Figure 100 Traffic calmed school entrance (Deventer) 107
Figure 101 Traffic calmed street (Deventer) 107
Figure 102 Modern woonerf (Apeldoorn) 108
Figure 103 Chicanes in a residential street (Apeldoorn) 108
Figure 104 Road closure with cycle gaps (Apeldoorn) 108
Figure 105 Raised junction in town centre (Zupthen) 113
Figure 106 Bus sluis (Velserbroek) 113
viii
Figure 107 Road hump on a local distributor road (Velserbroek) 114
Figure 108 Cycle network (Velserbroek) 114
Figure 109 Entrance treatment (Skaerbaek) 118
Figure 110 Traffic island with trees (Skaerbaek) 118
Figure 111 Traffic calming in Copenhagen 119
Figure 112 Traffic calming in Copenhagen 119
Figure 113 Haninge - the Handerf Project 122
Figure 114 Malmo - the Mollevangen Project. Overview of the area 123
Figure 115 Malmb - the Mollevangen Project: details 124
Figure 116 Malmb - the Mollevangen Project: artist s impression of Sbdra Parkgatan 125
Figure 117 Sandford Walk, Exeter 133
Figure 118 Map of traffic calmed area, Exeter 129
Figure 119 Map of traffic calmed street, Rochester 130
Figure 120 Junction of Clarkson Road with Motum Road, Norwich 133
Figure 121 Map of traffic calmed area, Norwich 131
Figure 122 Victor Street, York 133
Figure 123 Map of traffic calmed area, York 132
Figure 124 Junction of Sandbrook Way with Broadhurst, Denton 134
Figure 125 Map of traffic calmed street, Denton 138
Figure 126 Parkdale West, Wolverhampton 134
Figure 127 Map of traffic calmed area, Wolverhampton 140
Figure 128 Gilbert Street, Barry 135
Figure 129 Map of traffic calmed area, Barry 141
Figure 130 Rhymney Street, Cardiff 135
Figure 131 Map of traffic calmed area, Cardiff 142
Figure 132 Queensberry Street, Dumfries 136
Figure 133 Map of traffic calmed area, Dumfries 143
Figure 134 Junction of Chancellor Street with Dowanhill Street, Glasgow 136
Figure 135 Map of traffic calmed area, Glasgow 145
Figure 136 Beech Lane, Reading 147
Figure 137 Map of traffic calmed street, Reading 148
Figure 138 High Street, Theale 149
Figure 139 Map of traffic calmed area, Theale 150
Figure 140 Bowman Street, Carlisle 151
Figure 141 Map of traffic calmed area, Carlisle 152
Figure 142 Boutport Street, Barnstaple 153
Figure 143 Map of traffic calmed street, Barnstaple 154
Figure 144 Tuly Street, Barnstaple 155
Figure 145 Map of traffic calmed area, Barnstaple 156
Figure 146 Rifford Road, Exeter 157
Figure 147 Map of traffic calmed area, Exeter 158
Figure 148 Shenley Road, Borehamwood 159
Figure 149 Map of traffic calmed street, Borehamwood 160
Figure 150 High Street, Buntingford 161
Figure 151 Map of traffic calmed street, Buntingford 162
Figure 152 Stanhope Avenue, Sittingbourne 163
Figure 153 Map of traffic calmed area, Sittingbourne 164
Figure 154 Junction Lovat Road/Arkwright Road, Preston 165
Figure 155 Map of Lovat Road Area, Preston 166
Figure 156 Church Gate, Leicester 167
Figure 157 Map of traffic calmed street, Leicester 168
Figure 158 Park Grove, York 169
Figure 159 Map of traffic calmed area, York 170
Figure 160 Northcourt Road, Abingdon 171
Figure 161 Map of traffic calmed street, Abingdon 172
ix
Figure 162 The Moors, Kidlington 173
Figure 163 Map of traffic calmed area, Kidlington 174
Figure 164 Britannia Road, Ipswich 175
Figure 165 Map of traffic calmed street, Ipswich 176
Figure 166 Cecil Road, Enfield 177
Figure 167 Map of traffic calmed street, Enfield 178
Figure 168 Winchmore Hill Road, Enfield 179
Figure 169 Map of traffic calmed street, Enfield 180
Figure 170 Junction Lime Grove/Poplar Grove, Kingston upon Thames 181
Figure 171 Map of traffic calmed area, Kingston upon Thames 182
Figure 172 Green Lane, Sutton 183
Figure 173 Map of traffic calmed area, Sutton 184
Figure 174 Lancaster Street, Barnsley 185
Figure 175 Map of traffic calmed area, Barnsley 186
Figure 176 Pomona Street, Rochdale 187
Figure 177 Map of traffic calmed area, Rochdale 188
Figure 178 Owen Road, Wolverhampton 189
Figure 179 Map of traffic calmed street, Wolverhampton 190
Figure 180 Monnow Way, Newport 191
Figure 181 Map of traffic calmed area, Newport 192
Figure 182 Tedder Road, Aberdeen 193
Figure 183 Map of traffic calmed area, Aberdeen 194
Figure 184 Main Street, Coatbridge 195
Figure 185 Map of traffic calmed street, Coatbridge 196
Figure 186 Thomson Street, Glasgow 197
Figure 187 Map of traffic calmed area, Glasgow 198
Figure 188 Elderpark Street, Glasgow 199
Figure 189 Map of traffic calmed area, Glasgow 200
List of tables
Table 1 Distance between road humps (assuming 19 mph speed hump) 11
Table 2 Road hump dimensions for 20, 30 and 50 km/h speed limits: Dutch examples 12
Table 3 Recommended length and gradients for round- and dome-shaped humps
(assumed height 100 mm): Danish examples 12
Table 4 Recommended length and gradients for flat-top humps (assumed
height 100 mm): Danish examples 12
Table 5 Dimensions between rear tyres for some bus models 23
Table 6 Before and after speeds at road depressions and at 20 m distance from
the road depression 25
Table 7 Minimum carriageway widths in metres for three selected British counties 32
Table 8 German carriageway widths in metres according to the official guidelines,
the EAE 85 37
Table 9 Stopping visibility distance and speed: the German advice 52
Table 10 Stopping visibility distance and speed: the British advice 52
Table 11 Sight distance according to junction type 53
Table 12 Cost-benefit analysis of traffic calming schemes using construction
cost and accident data, expressed in 1990 prices 70
Table 13 Traffic calming schemes with data on accidents before and after the scheme
on the treated streets, with percentage change in traffic flow (accidents are
injury accidents per year unless otherwise stated) 71
Table 14 Traffic calming schemes with data on traffic speeds before and after the
scheme on the treated streets, with summary of measures used 73
Table 15 Survey results from bus operators 78
x
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:36:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0951962000 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XI, 223 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1992 |
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| publisher | Environmental & Transport Planning |
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| spelling | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming Carmen Hass-Klau ... Brighton Environmental & Transport Planning 1992 XI, 223 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd rswk-swf Verkehrsberuhigung (DE-588)4117347-8 gnd rswk-swf Verkehrsberuhigung (DE-588)4117347-8 s Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 s DE-604 Hass-Klau, Carmen Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020181304&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Verkehrsberuhigung (DE-588)4117347-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056723-0 (DE-588)4117347-8 |
| title | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming |
| title_auth | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming |
| title_exact_search | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming |
| title_full | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming Carmen Hass-Klau ... |
| title_fullStr | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming Carmen Hass-Klau ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Civilised streets a guide to traffic calming Carmen Hass-Klau ... |
| title_short | Civilised streets |
| title_sort | civilised streets a guide to traffic calming |
| title_sub | a guide to traffic calming |
| topic | Stadt (DE-588)4056723-0 gnd Verkehrsberuhigung (DE-588)4117347-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stadt Verkehrsberuhigung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020181304&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hassklaucarmen civilisedstreetsaguidetotrafficcalming |