Human sexuality:
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2009
|
Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
Beschreibung: | XXIII, 646 S. zahlr. Ill. |
ISBN: | 9780878934249 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Titel: Human sexuality
Autor: Le Vay, Simon
Jahr: 2009
Contents in Brief
chapter 1 « Perspectives on Sexuality 3
chapter 2 ¦ Sex and Evolution 27
chapter 3 ¦ Women s Bodies 57
chapter 4 ¦ Men s Bodies 85
chapter 5 ¦ Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle 115
chapter 6 ¦ Sexual Development 149
chapter 7 * Gender 187
chapter 8 ¦ Attraction, Arousal, and Response 217
chapter 9 ¦ Sexual Behavior 251
chapter 10 ¦ Sexual Relationships 283
chapter 11 ¦ Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth 323
chapter 12 ¦ Contraception and Abortion 365
chapter 13 ¦ Sexuality across the Life Span 407
chapter 14 ¦ Sexual Orientation 453
chapter 15 ¦ Atypical Sexuality 491
chapter 16 ¦ Sexual Disorders 523
chapter 17 « Sexually Transmitted Diseases 551
chapter 18 ¦ Sexual Assault, Harassment, and Partner Violence 587
chapter 19 ¦ Sex as a Commodity 617
Contents
chapter 1 ¦ Perspectives on Sexuality 3
Why Study Human Sexuality? 3
The Meaning of the Word Sex Has Broadened 4
Sex Is about Relationships 5
Sex Is about Identity 5
There Are Many Approaches to the Study of Sexuality 6
Biomedical Research Focuses on the Underlying
Mechanisms of Sex 7
Psychiatry Is Concerned with Mental Health and
Sickness 9
BOX 1.1 Freud and Hirschfeld: Contrasting Theories on
Sexual Orientation 10
Psychologists Have Taken Diverse Approaches to
Sexuality 11
BOX 1.2 The Fattening Room 13
Sociologists Focus on the Connection between Sex and
Society 15
Sociologists May Take an Ethnographic Approach 17
Feminists Emphasize Women s Sexual Rights 17
Sex Research Is Becoming a Discipline in Its Own Right 18
BOX 1.3 Declaration of Sexual Rights 19
Sex Education Faces Significant Obstacles 20
The Political Controversy Reflects Social Divisions 20
BOX 1.4 Sex Education: United States and Canada
Compared 21
Ethical Systems Can Be Sex-Negative or Sex-Positive 22
chapter 2 ¦ Sex and Evolution 27
Diverse Methods of Reproduction Have Evolved 27
Rival Theories Offer Explanations for Sexual
Reproduction 29
BOX 2.1 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction 30
Sexual Reproduction May Limit Harmful Mutations 31
Sexual Reproduction May Generate Beneficial Gene
Combinations 32
Future Research May Solve the Puzzle 33
Why Are There Two Sexes? 33
BOX 2.2 The Paradox of Sexless Species 34
Hermaphrodites Combine Male and Female Reproductive
Functions 35
Can There Be More Than Two Sexes? 35
Why Are There Equal Numbers of Males and Females? 36
Evolution Has Led to Diverse Methods of Sex
Determination 37
Sex May Be Determined by Chromosomes 37
Sex May Be Determined by Temperature 38
Sexual Selection Produces Anatomical and Behavioral
Differences between Males and Females 38
Males and Females Follow Different Reproductive
Strategies 38
Females and Males Are Exposed to Different Reproductive
Risks 39
Males Often Compete for Access to Females 39
Females Often Choose among Males 40
Sometimes Males Make Significant Investments in
Reproduction 42
If Males Invest, Sexual Selection May Work Differently 43
VIII
CONTENTS
BOX 2.3 When Males Get Pregnant 43
Diverse Relationship Styles Have Evolved 44
Social and Sexual Arrangements Are Not Necessarily the
Same 44
Male Promiscuity Offers Obvious Evolutionary Benefits 45
Why Are Females Promiscuous? 46
Female Promiscuity Leads to Adaptive Responses
by Males 47
Males May Copulate with Females by Force 47
Sometimes, Helping Relatives Reproduce Is a Good
Strategy 48
Kin Selection Explains Some Altruistic Animal Behavior 49
Sex May Acquire Other Functions beyond
Reproduction 50
Female and Male Bonobos Engage in Nonreproductive
Sex 50
BOX 2.4 Does Sexual Morality Have an Evolutionary Basis?
—The Case of Incest 51
Bonobos Use Sex for Conflict Resolution and Alliance
Formation 52
chapter 3 ¦ Women s Bodies 57
A Woman s Vulva Includes HerMons, Labia, Vaginal
Opening, and Clitoris 57
There Is More to the Clitoris than Meets the Eye 59
The Appearance of the Vaginal Opening Is Variable 61
BOX 3.1 Female Circumcision 62
The Vagina Is the Outermost Portion of the Female
Reproductive Tract 64
The G-Spot Is a Controversial Erogenous Zone 66
The Anus Can Also Be a Sex Organ 66
The Uterus Serves a Double Duty 67
Cancer Can Affect the Cervix or the Endometrium 68
BOX 3.2 Genital Self-Examination 68
Other Uterine Conditions Include Fibroids, Endometriosis,
Abnormal Bleeding, and Prolapse 70
Should Hysterectomy Be So Common? 71
BOX 3.3 Hysteria 71
The Oviducts Are the Site of Fertilization 72
The Ovaries Produce Ova and Sex Hormones 72
The Breasts Have Both Erotic and Reproductive
Significance 74
BOX 3.4 Extra Nipples and Breasts 75
Breast Cancer Mortality Can Be Reduced 76
Many Factors Affect the Risk of Breast Cancer 76
Early Detection Is Important 77
BOX 3.5 Breast Self-Examination 78
Treatment Depends on the Diagnostic Findings and the
Woman s Choice 79
Most Women with Breast Cancer Return to an Active Sex
Life 80
BOX 3.6 Is There Sex after Mastectomy? 81
chapter 4 ¦ Men s Bodies 85
The Male External Genitalia Are the Penis and
Scrotum 85
The Penis Combines Erotic, Reproductive, and Excretory
Functions 85
BOX 4.1 Male Circumcision 87
BOX 4.2 How Big Should a Penis Be? 90
The Scrotum Regulates the Temperature of the Testicles 91
The Testes Produce Sperm and Sex Hormones 91
Other Glands Contribute Their Secretions to the Semen 94
BOX 4.3 Disorders of the Testicles 95
BOX 4.4 Disorders of the Prostate Gland 96
What Is Semen? 98
The Nervous System Orchestrates Sexual Arousal 99
Erection Can Be Mediated by a Spinal Reflex 99
BOX 4.5 The Nervous System 100
Erectile Tissue Forms a Hydraulic System 105
Muscles Are Also Involved in Erection 106
The Brain Influences Erection 107
Ejaculation Requires Coordination of Muscles and
Glands 107
Emission Is the Loading of Semen into the Urethra 108
BOX 4.6 Women and Men Describe Their Orgasms 108
Ejaculation Is Caused by Contractions of Many Muscles in
the Pelvic Floor 109
Nudity Is Culturally Regulated 110
CONTENTS
IX
chapter 5 ¦ Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle 115
Sex Steroids Consist of Three Groups 115
Testosterone Is a Sex Hormone in Both Men and Women 116
BOX 5.1 Testicles by the Ton—The Discovery of Sex
Steroids 118
Estradiol Is Synthesized from Testosterone in Both Sexes 119
Progesterone Is a Female Hormone 120
Sex Steroids Activate Specific Receptor Molecules 120
Proteins and Peptide Hormones Are Gene Products 121
Oxytocin Is Secreted by Neuroendocrine Cells of the
Hypothalamus 121
GnRH Stimulates the Release of Pituitary Sex Hormones
122
The Pituitary Gonadotropins Are Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 122
Other Pituitary Hormones Include Prolactin and Growth
Hormone 122
Protein Hormones Are Secreted by Other Tissues 123
Prostaglandins and Monoamines Also Influence Sexual
Functions 124
A Brain-Pituitary-Testis Loop Controls Gonadal
Function in Men 124
The Regulation of Testosteione Levels and
Spermatogenesis Is Coupled 124
Testosterone and Inhibin Exert Negative Feedback on
Gonadotropin Release 125
Testosterone Has Multiple Functions in Men 125
BOX 5.2 Steroids and Sports 127
Estradiol Has Wide-Ranging Effects in Men s Bodies 128
Menstruation Has Biological and Social Aspects 128
BOX 5.3 Attitudes toward Menstruation 129
Women Use Pads, Tampons, or Cups during
Menstruation 130
The Menstrual Cycle Involves the Ovaries, Brain,
Pituitary, and Uterus 131
The Cycle Is of Variable Length 132
The Cycle Consists of Menstrual, Follicular, and Luteal
Phases 132
The Menstrual Phase Is Triggered by a Drop in
Progesterone Levels 132
BOX 5.4 Menstrual Synchrony: Reality or Myth? 133
The Follicular Phase Is Marked by the Maturation of
Ovarian Follicles 134
During the Luteal Phase the Uterus Is Prepared for
Pregnancy 138
Sex Steroids Affect Systems in Women Besides the
Reproductive Tract 140
The Menstrual Cycle Influences Sexuality 140
Menstrual Problems Are Common But Treatable 141
Menstrual Pain Might or Might Not Reflect Underlying
Pelvic Disease 141
Premenstrual Syndrome Has Physical and Psychological
Aspects 142
Menstruation Stops during Pregnancy—And for Many
Other Reasons 143
Sex Hormone-Related Compounds Exist in the
Environment 144
BOX 5.5 Sex Hormones in the Environment 144
chapter 6 ¦ Sexual Development 149
Development Passes through Distinct Stages 149
Fertilization Is the Fusion of One Sperm with One
Ovum 149
The Conceptus Implants in the Uterine Wall 151
During Embryonic Life, the Body Plan and Organ Systems
Develop 153
Fetal Life Involves Growth and Functional Maturation 153
Genetic Sex Is Determined at Fertilization 154
Sex Is Usually Determined by the Presence or Absence of
the Y-Linked Gene SRY 154
SKY and Other Genes Direct the Development of the
Gonads 155
BOX 6.1 Atypical Development: Chromosomal Anomalies 156
BOX 6.2 Atypical Development: Gonadal Intersexuality 158
Sexual Development Involves Growth or Breakdown of
Precursor Structures 159
Primordial Germ Cells Migrate into the Developing
Gonads 159
Male and Female Reproductive Tracts Develop from
Different Precursors 159
BOX 6.3 Atypical Development: Androgen Insensitivity
Syndrome 161
Male and Female External Genitalia Develop from the
Same Precursors 162
The Gonads Descend during Development 163
CONTENTS
BOX 6.4 Atypical Development: Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia 164
BOX 6.5 Atypical Development: 5a-Reductase Deficiency 165
Hormones Influence the Sexual Differentiation of the
Central Nervous System 166
The CNS Contains Sexually Dimorphic Structures 166
BOX 6.6 Atypical Development: Hypospadias and
Micropenis 167
Sexual Dimorphism Arises as a Consequence of Differing
Hormonal Levels during a Sensitive Period 168
Early Hormonal Exposure Influences Later Sexual
Behavior 169
Experiments on Rodents Show Organizational and
Activational Effects of Androgens 170
Primates Have Multiple Sensitive Periods 171
Other Y-Linked Genes Besides SRY Influence
Development 172
External Factors Influence Prenatal Sexual
Development 173
Biological and Social Factors Interact Postnatally 173
Puberty Marks Sexual Maturation 174
The Pubertal Growth Spurt Occurs Earlier in Girls than in
Boys 174
Puberty Is Marked by Visible and Invisible Changes in the
Body 175
What Drives Puberty? 177
The Body May Signal Its Readiness for Puberty to the
Brain 178
BOX 6.7 Atypical Development: Precocious and Delayed
Puberty 179
Dietary Changes May Be the Reason Puberty Is Beginning
Earlier 180
Intersexuality Raises Complex Social and Ethical
Issues 180
BOX 6.8 What It s Like to Be Intersexed 181
chapter 7 ¦ Gender 187
Gender Is a Central Aspect of Personhood 187
Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of
Sexism 188
Gender Identity May Be Discordant with Anatomical
Sex 189
Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and
Personality Traits 189
Differences in Sexuality Include Attitudes toward Casual
Sex, Jealousy, and Frequency of Masturbation 191
Many Gender Differences Arise Early in Life 193
Biological Factors Influence Gender 194
Evolutionary Forces Act Differently on Males and Females 194
Experiments Demonstrate a Role for Sex Hormones 196
Life Experiences Influence Gender 197
Gender Is Molded by Socialization 197
BOX 7.1 Eggs at Twelve 199
Cognitive Developmental Models Focus on Thought
Processes 201
BOX 7.2 The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl 202
Gender Development Involves Complex Interactions 203
Transgendered People Cross Society s Deepest Divide 205
Transexuals Are of More Than One Kind 205
BOX 7.3 Transgenders in Cross-Cultural Perspective 206
Sex Reassignment Is a Multistage Process 208
Some Transgenders Do Not Want Surgery 210
Transgenders and Transexuals Struggle for Awareness and
Acceptance 211
chapter 8 ¦ Attraction, Arousal, and Response 217
Sexual Attraction: It Takes Two 217
Beauty Is Not Entirely in the Eye of the Beholder 218
BOX 8.1 Twins, Symmetry, and Attractiveness 219
The Attractiveness of Bodies May Be Related to
Reproductive Success 221
Attractiveness Involves Senses Besides Vision 224
BOX 8.2 Beauty and Culture 225
Behavior Influences Sexual Attractiveness 226
Familiarity Both Increases and Decreases Attraction 227
Perceived Attractiveness Varies around the Menstrual
Cycle 229
Some People Do Not Experience Sexual Attraction 230
Sexual Arousal Has Multiple Roots 231
Fantasy Is a Common Mode of Sexual Arousal 231
Arousal Occurs in Response to a Partner 234
BOX 8.3 Lust in the Heart 234
CONTENTS
XI
Sexual Arousal Is Influenced by Other Forms of Arousal 236
Hormones Influence Sexual Arousability 237
Conditioning May Influence Arousal 238
BOX 8.4 Aphrodisiacs 239
Sexual Arousal Follows a Response Cycle 240
In the Excitement Phase, Genital Responses Begin 240
In the Plateau Phase, Arousal Is Maintained 240
Orgasm Is the Climax of Sexual Arousal 242
BOX 8.5 Female Ejaculation 243
Is There More Than One Kind of Female Orgasm? 244
Brain Imaging Suggests Where Orgasm May Be
Experienced 244
In the Resolution Phase, Arousal Subsides 245
The Phases May be Linked in Different Ways 245
Some People Experience Multiple Orgasms 246
Men Experience a Refractory Period 246
The Masters and Johnson Cycle May Be Incomplete 247
chapter 9 ¦ Sexual Behavior Z51
People Have Differing Ideas about What Constitutes
Sexual Behavior 251
Masturbation Is a Very Common Form of Sexual
Expression 252
Negative Attitudes toward Masturbation Are Still
Prevalent 252
BOX 9.1 The Dreaded M Word 253
Several Demographic Factors Influence Masturbation 253
Women Use More Diverse Techniques of Masturbation
than Men 255
Gay People Masturbate More Than Heterosexuals 256
Different Cultures Have Different Attitudes toward
Masturbation 256
The Kiss Represents True Love—Sometimes 257
Petting and Fondling Refer to a Variety ofNoncoital
Behaviors 258
Oral Sex Is Increasingly Popular 258
Fellatio Is Oral Stimulation of the Penis 259
Cunnilingus Is Oral Stimulation of the Vulva 260
Most Sexual Encounters Include Coitus 261
Coitus Can Be Performed in Many Different Positions 261
The Man-Above Position Is the Traditional Favorite 262
The Women s Movement Encouraged Alternative
Positions 262
BOX 9.2 Progress in Coitus Research 263
Anal Sex May Be a Part of Either Heterosexual or Male
Homosexual Behavior 265
Men and Women May Have Different Preferences for
Sexual Encounters 266
BOX 9.3 The Crime of Sodomy 267
Sex Toys Are Used to Enhance Sexual Pleasure 268
BOX 9.4 Penis Captivus: The Origin of a Medical Myth 269
Some Cultures Have Discussed Sexual Behavior More
Openly Than Others 271
The Kama Sutra Is the Classic Work on How to Make
Love 271
The Spirit of the Kama Sutra Is Absent in Contemporary
India 272
Mangaia Exemplifies a Sex-Positive Society 273
BOX 9.5 Dry Sex 274
Many Disabled People Have Active Sex Lives 274
Arthritis Is the Number One Disability Affecting Sex 275
Spinal Cord Injuries Present a Major Challenge to Sexual
Expression 275
BOX 9.6 On Seeing a Sex Surrogate 276
Many Intellectually Disabled People Are Competent to
Make Sexual Choices 278
chapter 10 ¦ Sexual Relationships Z83
Sexual Relationships Are Motivated by Many Factors 283
Religion and the Law Influence Sexual Morality 283
Ancient Jewish Doctrines Forbade Many Sexual
Behaviors 284
Christianity Began with Negative Views of Sexual
Expression 284
BOX 10.1 Sex and The City of God 285
Some Religions Are More Permissive than Christianity 286
Humanism Has Influenced American Attitudes and
Laws 287
People s Moral Judgments about Sex Depend on Its
Context 287
Demographic Factors Affect Sexual Attitudes 288
BOX 10.2 Who May Marry? 288
XII
CONTENTS
Americans Attitudes Have Changed over Time 289
Attitudes in Other Countries Differ from Those in the
United States 290
Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men than to Women 291
BOX 10.3 Getting the BUG 292
Hooking Up—The New Norm? 293
Casual Sex Is More Accepted in the Gay Male
Community 293
Negotiating Sex Involves Flirting 294
Dating Relationships Are Often Short-Lived 295
First Dates May Follow a Script 295
Same-Sex Dates Have Their Own Scripts 296
Dating Relationships May Evolve Rapidly 297
Love Cements Many Sexual Relationships 297
There Are Different Kinds of Love 297
Romantic Love May Be a Human Universal 298
BOX 10.4 Love in Literature 298
Being in Love May Be the Justification for Marriage
or Sex 299
People Fall in Love with Attractive Persons Who Show
Some Interest in Them 299
Researchers Are Probing the Biological Basis of Love 300
One Theory Proposes that Love Has Three Components 301
BOX 10.5 This Is Your Brain in Love 302
The Relationship of Commitment to Love Is Debated 304
Unrequited Love Is Painful for Both Parties 304
BOX 10.6 Love Stories 305
Rejection in Love Damages Self-Worth 306
The Rejector May Experience Guilt 306
Life Experiences Mold Our Sexual Relationships 307
Relationship Styles Are Influenced by Childhood
Attachments 307
Relationship Styles Are Influenced by Communities 308
Couples in Relationships Resemble Each Other 309
Communication Is a Key Factor in the Success of
Relationships 310
Communication May Be Inhibited by Upbringing or by the
Gender Barrier 310
Premarital Programs Teach Communication Skills 311
Self-Disclosure Facilitates Trust 312
How Couples Deal with Conflict Affects the Stability of
Their Relationship 313
Love, Jealousy, and Infidelity Are Intertwined 314
Jealousy Can Have a Positive Function 314
Jealousy Can Become a High-Stakes Game 315
Extra-Pair Relationships Have Many Styles and
Motivations 316
Personal and Evolutionary Factors Influence Infidelity 316
BOX 10.7 We Just Clicked 317
Extra-Pair Relationships Are Uncommon 318
chapter 11 ¦ Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth 3Z3
Pregnancy and Childbirth Raise Major Health
Concerns 323
Pregnancy Is Confirmed by Hormonal Tests 324
The Likelihood of Pregnancy Can Be Maximized by
Tracking Ovulation 325
Infertility Can Result from a Problem in the Woman or
in the Man 327
A Variety of Factors Can Reduce Sperm Counts 327
BOX 11.1 Are Sperm Counts Declining? 328
In Vitro Fertilization Can Circumvent Many Sperm
Problems 329
Sperm Can Be Donated 331
Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract May
Reduce Fertility 332
Failure to Ovulate Can Be Dealt with by Drugs or by
Oocyte Donation 332
Surrogate Mothers Bear a Child for Someone Else 332
BOX 11.2 Designer Gametes 333
Adoption Is Limited by the Supply of Healthy Infants 334
Fertility Declines with Age 334
Many Embryos Do Not Survive 335
Rh Factor Incompatibility Can Threaten Second
Pregnancies 335
Ectopic Pregnancy Can Endanger the Mother s Life 336
Pregnancy Is Conventionally Divided into Three
Trimesters 336
The Fetus Secretes Sex Hormones to Sustain Pregnancy 337
Women May Experience Troublesome Symptoms during
Early Pregnancy 338
Prenatal Care Provides Health Screening, Education, and
Support 339
Adequate Nutrition Is Vital to a Successful Pregnancy 339
Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs, and Radiation Can Harm the
Fetus 340
The Second Trimester Is the Easiest 341
Tests Can Detect Fetal Abnormalities 342
Sex during Pregnancy Is Healthy 343
BOX 11.3 Choosing Children s Sex 344
CONTENTS
XIII
Moderate Exercise during Pregnancy Is Beneficial 345
The Third Trimester Is a Time of Preparation 346
A Hospital Is the Best Location for Childbirth if
Complications Are Foreseen 346
Childbirth Classes Prepare Parents for Birth 347
The Fetus Also Makes Preparations for Birth 348
Labor Has Three Stages 348
Animal Studies Suggest that the Fetus Issues the Signal for
Parturition 349
The First Stage of Labor Is Marked by Uterine Contractions
and Cervical Dilation 350
Delivery Is Accomplished by Uterine Contractions Aided
by Bearing Down 351
The Newborn Child Adapts Quickly 352
The Third Stage Is the Expulsion of the Placenta 352
Premature and Delayed Births Are Hazardous 353
The Period after Birth Places Many Demands on
Parents 353
Postpartum Depression May Be Accompanied by
Disordered Thinking 354
BOX 11.4 Cesarean Section 354
BOX 11.5 The Blackout Babies 355
Childbirth and Parenthood Affect Sexuality 356
Breast-Feeding Is the Preferred Method of Nourishing
the Infant 357
Lactation Is Orchestrated by Hormones 357
The Content of Breast Milk Changes over Time 357
Infant Formula Is an Alternative to Breast Milk 358
Breast-Feeding Has Many Advantages and Some
Drawbacks 358
Biological Mechanisms May Contribute to Maternal
Behavior 359
chapter 12 ¦ Contraception and Abortion 365
Birth Control Has a Long History 365
Feminists Led the Campaign to Legalize Contraception 366
Contraception Has Not Yet Solved the Problem of
Unwanted Births 366
Different Users Have Different Contraceptive Needs 366
BOX 12.1 Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control
Movement 367
Physical Methods Block Sperm Transport 368
Male Condoms Are Reliable When Properly Used 368
Female Condoms Are Relatively Intrusive 372
Diaphragms and Cervical Caps Are Inconvenient but Have
Few Side Effects 373
BOX 12.2 How to Use a Diaphragm 374
Spermicides Are Not Very Reliable When Used Alone 375
Intrauterine Devices Require Little Attention 376
Hormone-Based Methods Are Easy to Use 378
Combination Pills Offer Health Benefits 378
Continuous Use of Combination Pills Eliminates Menstrual
Periods 381
Progestin-Only Pills Have Fewer Side Effects 382
Hormones Can Be Administered by Non-Oral Routes
383
Depo-Provera Lasts Three Months 383
Transdermal Patches Last a Week 384
Vaginal Rings Last Three Weeks 385
Implants Are Extremely Reliable 385
Behavioral Methods Can Be Demanding 386
In Fertility Awareness Methods, Couples Avoid the Fertile
Window 386
The Withdrawal Method Is Simple but Challenging 388
Noncoital Sex Can Be Used as a Means of Avoiding
Pregnancy 389
There Are Contraceptive Options after Unprotected
Coitus 390
Sterilization Is Highly Reliable 391
Vasectomy Is a Brief Outpatient Procedure 392
Tubal Sterilization Is More Invasive and Expensive 393
Disabled Persons Have Special Contraceptive Needs 395
There Is Active Research into New Contraceptive
Methods 395
Several Safe Abortion Procedures Are Available 396
BOX 12.3 Abortion in the United States: Some Key
Statistics 396
Vacuum Aspiration Is the Standard First-Trimester Surgical
Method 397
Dilation and Evacuation Is Used Early in the Second
Trimester 397
Induced Labor and Hysterotomy Are Performed Late in the
Second Trimester 397
Medical Abortions Are Two-Step Procedures 398
Abortions Do Not Cause Long-Lasting Ill-Effects 399
Americans Are Divided on Abortion, but Most Favor
Restricted Availability 400
The Abortion Debate Focuses on Specific Issues 401
The Availability of Abortion Varies by Location 402
Some Countries Use Birth Control to Regulate
Population Growth 403
XIV
CONTENTS
chapter 13 ¦ Sexuality across the Life Span 407
Some Forms of Childhood Sexual Expression Are
Common 407
In Contemporary Western Culture, Children Are Insulated
from Sex 408
Some Children Engage in Solitary Sexual Activity 408
BOX 13.1 Talking with Children about Sex 409
Interpersonal Sexual Activity Can Occur during
Childhood 410
Cultures Vary in Their Attitudes toward Childhood
Sexuality 411
Some Children Have Sexual Contacts with Adults 412
Most Adult-Child Contacts Involve Older Children and
Are Single Encounters 412
Some Kinds of Adult-Child Sex Are More Harmful than
Others 413
BOX 13.2 Sex and Suggestibility 414
Strategies to Prevent Adult-Child Sex Are Quite
Effective 415
Preadolescence May Be Marked by an Increase in Sexual
Interest 415
Preadolescent Children Segregate by Sex 415
Strict Gender Norms May Traumatize Children Who
Become Gay Adults 416
Adolescence Is a Time of Sexual Exploration 416
Many Cultures Have Puberty Rites 416
There Are Social Influences on Teen Sexual Behavior 417
Males Masturbate More than Females 418
The Sexual Behavior of American Teens Has Increased and
Diversified 418
Noncoital Sex Is Popular among Teens 419
BOX 13.3 Losing It 420
Teen Sexuality Is Central to Identity Development 422
Is Dating Outdated? 422
Teen Pregnancy Is Declining but Is Still Too Common 423
In Young Adulthood, Conflicting Demands Moderate
Sexual Expression 425
Most Young Men and Women Have Only a Few Sex
Partners 425
Cohabitation Is an Increasingly Prevalent Lifestyle 426
Marriages Preceded by Cohabitation Are Less Durable 426
Cohabitation Has Diverse Meanings 427
Marriage Takes Diverse Forms 428
The Formalization of Sexual Unions Has Social and
Personal Functions 428
Many Societies Have Permitted Polygamy 428
Polyamory Includes a Variety of Nonmonogamous
Relationships 429
BOX 13.4 Mormon Polygamy 430
The Institution of Marriage Is Evolving 431
Companionate Marriage Makes the Availability of Divorce
a Necessity 431
Marriage Is Becoming a Minority Status 432
Most Married Couples Are Satisfied with Their Sex
Lives 433
Marriage Makes Sex More Satisfying for Women 434
The Frequency of Sex Declines during Marriage 434
Women s Marital Satisfaction Declines during Middle
Age 434
Many Factors Bring Relationships to an End 435
BOX 13.5 Contrast Effects and Marital Woes 435
Dissimilarity between Husbands and Wives Shortens
Marriages 436
Marital Disruption Can Have Negative and Positive
Consequences 436
Divorced Men and Women Can Suffer Physical,
Psychological, and Economic Damage 437
Divorce May Be the Start of a New Life 437
Most Divorced People Remarry 438
Menopause Marks Women s Transition to Infertility 439
Menopause May Be Caused by Depletion of Oocytes 439
Decreased Hormone Levels Affect Some Women s Sexual
Responses 439
Women Typically Experience Some Decline in Sexual
Desire at Menopause 441
Hormone Therapy Can Reduce Menopausal Symptoms 441
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Is Controversial 441
There Are Ethnic Differences in the Psychological
Experience of Menopause 443
Men s Fertility Declines Gradually with Age 443
The Sex Lives of Older People Have Traditionally Been
Ignored 444
Aging Is Accompanied by Physiological Changes in the
Sexual Response 444
Medical Conditions, Drugs, and Social Factors Can Impair
the Sexuality of Older People 445
Coping Strategies May Require Flexibility 446
Some Older People Remain Sexually Active 447
BOX 13.6 Sex and Death among Welsh Cheesemakers 448
CONTENTS
XV
chapter 14 ¦ Sexual Orientation 453
There Is a Spectrum of Sexual Orientations 453
Sexual Orientation Is Not an Isolated Trait 454
BOX 14.1 Boys Will Be Girls 456
Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain Sexual
Orientation 456
Freud Put Forward Elaborate Developmental Theories to
Explain Both Heterosexuality and Homosexuality 457
Sexual Orientation Has Been Attributed to Socialization 457
Biological Theories Focus on Prenatal Hormones and
Genes 458
The Basis for Defining Homosexual People Has Changed
over Time 460
Homosexuals Were Thought of as Gender Inverts 462
Gay People Were Later Subdivided on the Basis of Gender
Characteristics 462
The Gay Community Has Struggled for Equal Rights 463
The Gay Rights Movement Began in Germany 463
BOX 14.2 Harvey Milk 465
Gay People Are in Transition 466
BOX 14.3 Gay Marriage 466
Gay Rights Are a Global Issue 467
Growing Up Gay Presents Challenges 468
BOX 14.4 Hatred in the Hallways 470
Coming Out Is a Lifelong Process 471
BOX 14.5 Gay Meccas: West Hollywood and Northampton 472
Lesbians and Gay Men Are Well Represented in Certain
Occupations 473
Gay People Who Belong to Minorities Have Special
Concerns 474
Gay Sex Has Its Own Style 475
BOX 14.6 The Tearoom Trade 476
Some Gay People Are Parents 478
The Children of Gay Parents Generally Thrive 479
Changing One s Sexual Orientation Is Difficult or
Impossible 480
Homophobia Has Multiple Roots 480
Cultural Indoctrination Transmits Homophobia across
Generations 481
Homosexuality Is Seen As Transgressive 482
Overcoming Homophobia Is a Grassroots Enterprise 483
Bisexuals Are Caught between Two Worlds 484
The Prevalence of Bisexuality Depends on Definitions 484
Bisexuals Face Prejudice 485
BOX 14.7 Scenes from Bisexual Life 486
chapter 15 ¦ Atypical Sexuality 491
Sexual Variety Is the Spice of Life 491
Fetishism Is Sexual Arousal by Inanimate Objects,
Substances, or Body Parts 492
People Cross-Dress for a Variety of Reasons 493
BOX 15.1 Rubber Fetishism and the Internet 494
Sadomasochism Involves the Infliction or Receipt of Pain
or Degradation 495
BOX 15.2 Heterosexual Transvestic Fetishism 496
Adult Babies Reenact Infancy 498
Paraphilia Is the Psychiatric Term for Problematic
Sexual Desire or Behavior 498
Exhibitionists Expose Themselves to Nonconsenting
Persons 501
Voyeurs Are Aroused By Watching Others 502
Frotteurism Involves Surreptitious Physical Contact 502
Zoophiles Are Sexually Fixated on Animal Contacts 503
BOX 15.3 Frotteurism on Public Transit 503
In Necrophilia, Nonresistance of the Partner May Be
Arousing 504
Sexual Violence Can Be Paraphilic 505
BOX 15.4 Autoerotic Asphyxia 506
Some Adults Desire Sexual Contact with Children 506
Pedophilia and Child Molestation Are Not Synonymous 507
Attraction May Be to Girls, Boys, or Both 508
It Is Uncertain Whether Pedophiles Have Distinctive
Personalities 508
NAMBLA Opposes Age-of-Consent Laws 509
BOX 15.5 Priests Who Molest Minors 510
Sex Offenders Do Not Necessarily Repeat Their
Offenses 511
There Are Numerous Theories of Paraphilia 511
BOX 15.6 The Geographic Cure 512
Biological Factors May Predispose to Paraphilia 513
Paraphilias May Result from Learning Processes 513
XVI
CONTENTS
Some Paraphilias May Represent Disorders of
Courtship 513
Paraphilias May Represent a Sexual Escape Route 514
The Cycle of Abuse May Contribute to Paraphilias 515
Paraphilias May Be Facilitated by Other Psychological
Traits 515
Multiple Causal Factors May Interact 516
Theories of Causation Have Suggested a Variety of
Treatments 516
Conditioning Is Intended to Change Sexual Desires 517
Psychotherapy Is Aimed at Preventing Repeat Offenses 517
The Efficacy of Psychological Treatments Is Doubtful 518
Drug Treatments Interact with Neurotransmitters or
Hormones 518
Castration Is a Treatment of Last Resort 519
chapter 16 ¦ Sexual Disorders 5Z3
The Prevalence of Sexual Disorders Is Controversial 523
Men and Women s Sexual Problems Differ 524
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Treatment Is Preferred 524
Erectile Dysfunction Has Many Causes and
Treatments 525
Erectile Dysfunction Can Have Physical or Psychological
Causes 525
BOX 16.1 Techniques of Sex Therapy 526
Simple Measures May Alleviate the Problem 527
Viagra and Similar Drugs Have Become the Leading
Treatments 527
Locally Applied Drugs Require Only That the Erectile
Tissue Be Functional 528
Erectile Dysfunction Can Be Treated with Devices and
Implants 529
BOX 16.2 Better Porn through Chemistry 529
Psychological Treatments May Be Useful 531
Premature Ejaculation Is Men s Number One Sex
Problem 532
There Are Different Kinds of Premature Ejaculation 532
Drug Treatment May Be Effective 532
Sex Therapy May Help Men to Regulate Excitation 533
Delayed Ejaculation Can Be a Side Effect of Several
Drugs 534
Sexual Pain Is Uncommon in Men 535
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Involves Insufficient
Genital Response 535
There Are Many Reasons for Sexual Pain in Women 536
Vaginismus May Make Intercourse Impossible 537
BOX 16.3 Dyspareunia: A Case History 537
Difficulty in Reaching Orgasm Is Very Common among
Women 539
Psychotherapy and Directed Masturbation May Be
Helpful 539
Too Much Interest in Sex Can Cause Problems 540
Is Excessive Sexual Behavior an Addiction or a
Compulsion? 540
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Can Often Be Treated with
SSRIs 541
Lack of Desire for Sex Is Not Necessarily a Problem 541
BOX 16.4 Sexual Minorities and Sexual Dysfunction 542
Hormone Treatment May Restore Sexual Desire 543
Estrogen or Androgen Treatment May Improve Sexual
Desire in Women 543
Sex Therapy May Be Helpful for Low Sexual Desire in
Women 544
New Views on Women s Response Cycles May Influence
Treatment Options 544
chapter 17 ¦ Sexually Transmitted Diseases 551
Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for Sexual
License 551
STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States 552
Insects Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger 553
Pubic Lice Itch, and That s All They Do 553
Scabies May Be Transmitted Sexually or Nonsexually 555
Trichomoniasis Is Caused by a Protozoan 556
Bacterial STDs Can Usually Be Treated with
Antibiotics 557
Syphilis Is Down but Not Out 557
Untreated Syphilis Progresses through Three Stages 557
Syphilis Has Resisted Elimination 558
BOX 17.1 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 559
Gonorrhea Can Lead to Infertility 560
CONTENTS
XVII
Chlamydia Causes a Common Infection with Serious
Complications 561
The Status of Bacterial Vaginosis as an STD Is
Uncertain 562
Urethritis Can Be Caused by a Variety of Organisms 563
Viral STDs Can Be Dangerous and Hard to Treat 563
Molluscum Contagiosum Is a Self-Limiting Condition 564
Genital Herpes Is a Lifelong but not Life-Threatening
Infection 564
Recurrent Outbreaks Are the Rule 565
Is There a Stress Connection? 566
Herpes Can Have Serious Effects 567
Drug Treatment Can Shorten or Prevent Outbreaks 567
Herpes Is Extremely Common 567
Cytomegalovirus Is a Common Infection that Can Harm
Fetuses 568
Human Papillomaviruses Can Cause Genital Warts—
and Cancer 568
An HPV Vaccine Is Available for Females 569
Hepatitis Viruses Can Be Sexually Transmitted 570
AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus 571
Sexual Transmission Is Chiefly By Coitus and Anal Sex 572
HIV Infection Progresses in a Characteristic Way 573
BOX 17.2 AIDS in Africa 573
BOX 17.3 HIV s Replication Cycle 574
Treatment of AIDS Is Directed at Both the Complications
and the Viral Replication Cycle 576
There Are Several Ways to Reduce the Likelihood of STD
Transmission 578
Abstinence Prevents STDs 578
Sexually Active People Can Reduce Their Risk of STDs by
Their Choice of Partners 579
Some Sexual Behaviors Are Riskier than Others for STD
Transmission 579
BOX 17.4 Partner Notification 580
BOX 17.5 Reducing STD Prevalence: Strategies That Work 581
Condoms Are the Mainstay of STD Prevention 582
Not Everything Is an STD 582
chapter 18 » Sexual Assault, Harassment, and Partner Violence 587
What Is Rape? 587
Young Women Are the Most Frequent Victims of Rape 588
Most Rapes Are Not Reported 588
Most Perpetrators Are Men Known to the Victim 589
College Rapes Are Common 589
BOX 18.1 It Happened to Me 590
The Number One Date Rape Drug Is Alcohol 591
Rape Can Have Severe III Effects on the Victim 592
Services Are Available for Rape Victims 592
BOX 18.2 Reducing the Risk of Rape 593
Rape Can Inflict Long-Lasting Psychological Injury 594
Male Victims Have Special Concerns 595
Rape Laws Have Become More Protective of Victims 596
Reforms Began in the 1970s 597
What Happens to Men Who Rape? 597
Why Do Men Rape? 598
Rape May Have Evolutionary Roots 598
Some Characteristics Distinguish Rapists from
Non-Rapists 599
Social Forces Influence the Likelihood of Rape 599
Theorists Have Debated Whether Rape Is Sexual 600
BOX 18.3 The Comfort Women 601
Intervention Programs Are of Uncertain Value 602
Sexual Harassment Occurs in Many Environments 603
There Are Two Kinds of Workplace Sexual Harassment 603
BOX 18.4 He Says, She Says: The Clarence Thomas
Hearings 604
Sexual Harassment Begins Early 605
Sexual Harassment Harms Its Victims 606
Victims of Sexual Harassment Can Take Steps to End It 606
There Are Three Kinds of Stalkers 607
Intimate Partner Violence Is a Crime with Many
Names 609
Intimate Partner Violence Follows an Escalating Cycle 610
Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain Intimate Partner
Violence 611
Breaking Up Is Hard to Do 611
BOX 18.5 What s Love Got to Do With It? 612
Help Is Available 613
XVIII
CONTENTS
chapter 19 ¦ Sex as a Commodity 617
Can Money Buy You Love? 617
Historically, Prostitution Was Viewed as a Necessary Evil 617
Prostitution Is on the Decline 618
BOX 19.1 Temple Prostitution 619
There Is a Hierarchy of Prostitution 620
Street Prostitution Has Many Risks 620
Female, Male, and Transgendered Streetwalkers Have
Different Experiences 621
Massage Parlors and Strip Joints Are Often Fronts for
Prostitution 623
Escort Services Are the Main Form of Prostitution in the
United States 623
BOX 19.2 The Best Little Whorehouse in Montana 624
BOX 19.3 Prostitution: The Dutch Model 625
Good Pay Is the Main Motive for Prostitution 626
Men Use Prostitutes for Many Reasons 627
BOX 19.4 The Governor and the Call Girl 627
The Prostitutes Rights Movement Works for
Decriminalization 628
The Debate on Prostitution Is Worldwide 630
Underage and Coerced Prostitution Are Global Problems 630
Phone Sex Blends Prostitution and Pornography 632
Pornography Has Always Been Part of Human
Culture 633
Pornography Has Battled Censorship 633
New Technologies Mean New Kinds of Pornography 634
There Is Some Pornography for Women 636
There Are Conflicting Perspectives on the Value or Harm
of Pornography 637
Research Has Not Resolved the Question of Pornography s
Effects 638
BOX 19.5 Extreme Pornography 639
Underage Pornography Is Widely Condemned, but
Common in Some Countries 640
Sex Is Part of the Mass Media 641
Sex Sells, Sometimes 642
Glossary G-J
Photo Credits C-1
References R-1
Author Index A-1
Subject Index S-1
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | LeVay, Simon 1943- Baldwin, Janice 1945- |
author_GND | (DE-588)113613792 (DE-588)1029801363 |
author_facet | LeVay, Simon 1943- Baldwin, Janice 1945- |
author_role | aut aut |
author_sort | LeVay, Simon 1943- |
author_variant | s l sl j b jb |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV025542459 |
classification_rvk | WT 3250 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)917430069 (DE-599)BVBBV025542459 |
discipline | Biologie |
edition | 3. ed. |
format | Book |
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id | DE-604.BV025542459 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:36:10Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780878934249 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020143964 |
oclc_num | 917430069 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-11 |
physical | XXIII, 646 S. zahlr. Ill. |
publishDate | 2009 |
publishDateSearch | 2009 |
publishDateSort | 2009 |
publisher | Sinauer |
record_format | marc |
spelling | LeVay, Simon 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)113613792 aut Human sexuality Simon LeVay, Janice Baldwin 3. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2009 XXIII, 646 S. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 gnd rswk-swf Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 gnd rswk-swf Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 gnd rswk-swf Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd rswk-swf Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 s Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 s DE-604 Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 s Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 s 1\p DE-604 Baldwin, Janice 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)1029801363 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020143964&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | LeVay, Simon 1943- Baldwin, Janice 1945- Human sexuality Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 gnd Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 gnd Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4054682-2 (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4116485-4 (DE-588)4037363-0 (DE-588)4054684-6 (DE-588)4038639-9 |
title | Human sexuality |
title_auth | Human sexuality |
title_exact_search | Human sexuality |
title_full | Human sexuality Simon LeVay, Janice Baldwin |
title_fullStr | Human sexuality Simon LeVay, Janice Baldwin |
title_full_unstemmed | Human sexuality Simon LeVay, Janice Baldwin |
title_short | Human sexuality |
title_sort | human sexuality |
topic | Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 gnd Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 gnd Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
topic_facet | Sexualethik Frau Sexualverhalten Mann Sexualität Mensch |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020143964&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT levaysimon humansexuality AT baldwinjanice humansexuality |