Plant litter: decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | lizenzfrei lizenzfrei Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 338 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783540749226 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142704013082624 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Plant litter
Autor: Berg, Björn
Jahr: 2008
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction........................................ 1
1.1 Overview of Plant Litter Decomposition.............. 1
1.2 A Short Retrospective............................. 2
1.3 The Ecological Significance of Litter Decomposition
and the Formation of Humus........................ 3
1.4 Factors Influencing Decay and Humus Formation....... 4
1.5 Accumulation of Humus and Nutrients................ 5
1.6 The Contents and Organization of the Book............ 6
1.7 Motives for the Present Synthesis.................... 9
1.8 New Developments Included in the Second Edition...... 10
Chapter 2 Decomposition as a Process............................ 11
2.1 Litter Decomposition - a Set of Different Processes..... 11
2.2 Definition of Litter Decomposition................... 15
2.3 Degradation of the Main Groups of Compounds
in Litter........................................ 15
2.3.1 Degradation and Leaching of Soluble
Organic Substances......................... 15
2.3.2 Patterns of Degradation of the Main Organic
Compounds in Litter........................ 16
2.4 A Model for Decomposition from Newly Shed Litter
to Humus-Near Stages............................. 19
2.4.1 Degradation of Solubles and Non-Lignified
Carbohydrates............................. 21
2.4.2 Degradation of Lignin, Modified Lignin,
and Lignified Holocellulose Tissue............. 23
2.4.3 Effect of N on Lignin Degradation............. 26
2.4.4 Effects of Litter Mn Concentration on
Lignin Degradation and Litter Mass Loss........ 29
2.4.5 Humus-Near Stage in Litter Decomposition -
Limit Values.............................. 30
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Decomposer Organisms............................... 35
3.1 Introduction..................................... 35
3.2 General Properties of a Given Microbial Population..... 36
3.3 The Degradation of the Main Polymers in Litter........ 38
3.3.1 Degradation of Cellulose..................... 38
3.3.2 Degradation of Hemicelluloses................ 41
3.3.3 Degradation of Lignin....................... 41
3.4 Degradation of Fibers............................. 48
3.4.1 Bacteria.................................. 48
3.4.2 Soft-Rot.................................. 48
3.4.3 Brown-Rot................................ 49
3.4.4 White-Rot................................ 49
3.5 Mycorrhizae.................................... 50
3.6 Ecological Aspects............................... 50
Chapter 4 Initial Litter Chemical Composition..................... 53
4.1 Introduction..................................... 53
4.2 Organic-Chemical Components of Plant Litter
and Fiber Structure............................... 54
4.2.1 Organic-Chemical Components............... 54
4.2.2 Fiber Structure............................. 56
4.3 Nutrient Concentrations in Newly Shed Litter.......... 58
4.3.1 General Features........................... 58
4.3.2 Nutrient Resorption and Withdrawal
Efficiency................................ 60
4.3.3 Nutrient Concentration Change, Green vs.
Brown Foliage............................. 60
4.3.4 Nutrients in Needle Litter of Pine spp. -
a Case Study.............................. 63
4.3.5 Several Deciduous and Coniferous Leaf
Litters................................... 70
4.3.6 Variation in N and Lignin Concentrations....... 77
4.4 Wood and Fine Root Litter......................... 78
4.5 Anthropogenic Influences on Initial
Litter Composition............................... 78
4.5.1 N-fertilized Scots Pine and Norway
Spruce Monocultures....................... 79
4.5.2 Heavy Metal Pollution and Initial Litter
Chemical Composition...................... 82
Contents ix
Chapter 5 Changes in Substrate Composition During
Decomposition....................................... 85
5.1 Introductory Comments............................ 85
5.2 Organic-Chemical Changes During
Litter Decomposition.............................. 86
5.2.1 A Case Study on Scots Pine Needle Litter....... 86
5.2.2 Other Species............................. 90
5.2.3 Relationships Between Holocellulose
and Lignin................................ 91
5.3 Nutrient and Heavy Metal Concentrations
During Decay................................... 93
5.3.1 Changes in Concentrations of Elements in
Decomposing Litter......................... 93
5.3.2 Ash Dynamics............................. 96
5.4 Special Studies on K, N, Mn, and Lignin Dynamics..... 97
5.4.1 K Concentration Dynamics................... 97
5.4.2 Mn Concentration Dynamics................. 100
5.4.3 N Concentration Dynamics Along
a Climatic Transect......................... 101
5.4.4 Lignin Dynamics Along a Climatic Transect..... 108
Chapter 6 Chemical Constituents as Rate-Regulating:
Initial Variation and Changes During Decomposition...... 115
6.1 Introduction..................................... 115
6.2 A Three-phase Model Applied to Litters
of Different Chemical Composition.................. 116
6.2.1 Initial Decomposition Rates for Newly Shed
Litter - Early Decomposition Stage
in Plant Litter.............................. 119
6.2.2 Decomposition in the Late Stage -
Lignin-Regulated Phase..................... 127
6.2.3 Litter at a Humus-Near or
Limit-Value Stage.......................... 142
6.3 Does Chemical Composition Influence Leaching
of Compounds from Humus?....................... 147
Chapter 7 Climatic Environment................................ 149
7.1 Introduction..................................... 149
7.2 Microbial Response to Temperature and Moisture....... 150
7.3 Early-Stage Decomposition of Scots
Pine Needle Litter................................ 150
7.3.1 Decomposition at one Site................... 150
7.3.2 Decomposition Along Transects............... 152
x Contents
7.3.3 Soil-Warming Experiments................ 159
7.3.4 Local Topography....................... 160
7.4 Effect of Substrate Quality on Mass-Loss Rates
along Scots Pine Transects........................ 161
7.4.1 Early Stage............................ 161
7.4.2 Late Stage............................. 162
7.5 Climate and Decomposition of Norway
Spruce Needle Litter............................ 167
7.5.1 Climate Versus First-Year Mass Loss........ 167
7.5.2 Late Stage............................. 168
7.6 Climate and Decomposition of Root Litter........... 170
7.7 A Series of Limiting Factors...................... 171
7.8 Climate, and the Decomposition of Humus and
Litter in Humus-Near Stages...................... 172
Chapter 8 Influence of Soil and Plant Community Factors........... 175
8.1 Introduction................................... 175
8.2 Soil Factors................................... 176
8.2.1 Soil Texture............................ 176
8.2.2 Site s Natural Nutrient Availability.......... 181
8.2.3 Artificially Added Nitrogen............... 183
8.2.4 Forest Floor Type....................... 186
8.3 Plant Community Composition and Structure......... 189
8.3.1 Effect of Litter Species Composition........ 190
8.3.2 Community Structure and Development...... 190
8.4 Carbon Dioxide Levels.......................... 191
Chapter 9 Decomposition of Fine Root and Woody Litter............ 193
9.1 Introduction................................... 193
9.2 Woody Litter Decomposition...................... 194
9.2.1 Methods............................... 194
9.2.2 Decomposition Rates Versus Climate........ 198
9.2.3 Carbon Dioxide Release.................. 200
9.2.4 Organic-Chemical Changes............... 200
9.2.5 Changes in Nutrient Concentrations......... 202
9.3 Fine Root Decomposition........................ 204
9.3.1 Fine Root Litter......................... 204
9.3.2 Mass-Loss Rates........................ 205
9.3.3 Changes in Chemical Composition.......... 207
Chapter 10 Models that Describe Litter Decomposition.............. 211
10.1 Introduction................................... 211
10.2 Two Main Kinds of Empirical Models.............. 213
Contents xi
10.3 Models Used to Describe Decomposition of Whole
Litter as a Single or Unified Substrate............. 214
10.3.1 Single Exponential...................... 214
10.3.2 Asymptotic Model...................... 214
10.4 Dominant Factors that Influence the
Unified-substrate Models......................... 215
10.4.1 Extent and Quality of the Dataset........... 216
10.4.2 Substrate Quality........................ 216
10.5 Models Based on Two or Three Substrate-quality
Fractions...................................... 222
10.5.1 The Double Exponential.................. 222
10.5.2 The Triple Exponential................... 223
Chapter 11 Decomposition and Ecosystem Function................ 225
11.1 Introductory Comments.......................... 225
11.2 Humus is Accumulating in Undisturbed
Forest Ecosystems.............................. 226
11.2.1 Accumulation of Humus in Single
and Paired Stands....................... 226
11.2.2 How Far can Humus Accumulate?.......... 228
11.2.3 A Mechanism For Humus Accumulation
Under Undisturbed Conditions............. 230
11.2.4 An Accumulation Mechanism
can be Validated........................ 237
11.3 How Stable is Humus?........................... 244
11.3.1 Do Limit Values Indicate a Complete Stop
in Litter Decomposition?................. 244
11.3.2 Four Classes of Humus Turnover........... 244
11.3.3 Possible Effects of Increased Temperature
on Humus Decomposition - an Artifact?..... 249
11.4 Can Different Tree Species Form and Accumulate
Humus at Different Rates?........................ 250
11.5 Storage of Nutrients in Humus.................... 253
11.5.1 What Amounts of Nutrients can be Stored
in Accumulating Humus?................. 253
Chapter 12 Human Activities that Influence Decomposition.......... 259
12.1 Introduction................................... 259
12.2 Global Warming................................ 260
12.3 Regional Pollution.............................. 261
12.3.1 Atmospheric N and S Deposition........... 261
12.3.2 Heavy Metals.......................... 263
12.3.3 Nuclear Radiation, Ozone, and Proximity
to Urban Centers........................ 264
xji Contents
12.4 Effects of Selected Forest Management Practices...... 265
12.5 Long-term Perspective........................... 266
Chapter 13 Estimating Carbon Sequestration Rates
on a Regional Scale.................................. 269
13.1 Introductory Comments.......................... 269
13.2 Long-Term Accumulation of Carbon in Organic Layers
(O-Horizon) - General Comments.................. 271
13.2.1 Direct Observations of Long-Term Humus
Accumulation and Accumulation Rates...... 271
13.3 Factors that may Influence Carbon Sequestration
Rates Over Larger Forested Areas.................. 273
13.3.1 General Factors Both at Undisturbed Sites,
and at Sites with Anthropogenic Influence.... 273
13.4 Spatially Explicit Database for Regional Modeling .... 275
13.5 Three Case Studies: an Overview.................. 276
* 13.6 Case Study 1 - Limit-Value Approach.............. 276
13.6.1 Geographical Database................... 276
13.6.2 Expanding Data to a Regional Scale......... 278
13.6.3 Calculation of the Buildup of Humus
and Carbon............................ 279
13.6.4 Potential Carbon Sequestration Rates........ 279
13.6.5 The Effect of Tree Species on Carbon
Sequestration Rates...................... 280
13.6.6 Sources of Error in the Limit-Value
Approach.............................. 281
13.7 Case Study 2 - N-Balance Method................. 283
13.7.1 Background and Comments............... 283
13.7.2 Carbon Sequestration on a Regional Level.... 286
13.7.3 Assumptions and Uncertainties............. 287
13.7.4 Comparisons with Other Studies........... 288
13.8 Case Study 3 - Direct Measurements
of Humus Depth................................ 289
13.8.1 Introductory Comments.................. 289
13.8.2 General Design of the Humus Inventory..... 289
13.8.3 Scaling up from Field Measurements
on Humus Depth in Plots, to C Sequestered on
a Country Level......................... 290
13.8.4 Changes in Organic-Layer Thickness
Over Time............................. 290
13.8.5 Calculations of Bulk Density of Carbon
in the Humus Layer...................... 295
13.8.6 Calculated Carbon Sequestration Rates,
and Some Patterns....................... 295
Contents xiii
13.8.7 Possible Sources of Error in Estimates
of C Sequestration Rates.................. 297
13.9 Carbon Sequestration Rates in the Three Case
Studies, Compared to Quantitative Measurements
in Single Stands and Chronosequences, as well
as among these................................. 297
References..................................................... 299
Appendix I.................................................... 319
Glossary....................................................... 319
Appendix II.................................................... 323
Scientific Names of Vascular Plants................................. 323
Appendix III................................................... 327
Site descriptions................................................. 327
Appendix IV................................................... 329
A Data Base for Litter Chemical Composition, and Limit
Values for Decomposition - DELILA................................ 329
Index......................................................... 331
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Berg, Björn MacClaugherty, Charles |
| author_facet | Berg, Björn MacClaugherty, Charles |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Berg, Björn |
| author_variant | b b bb c m cm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV025532027 |
| classification_rvk | WI 2500 WI 5085 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254742480 (DE-599)BVBBV025532027 |
| dewey-full | 631.417 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 631 - Techniques, equipment & materials |
| dewey-raw | 631.417 |
| dewey-search | 631.417 |
| dewey-sort | 3631.417 |
| dewey-tens | 630 - Agriculture and related technologies |
| discipline | Biologie Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV025532027 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:35:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540749226 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020135069 |
| oclc_num | 254742480 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 |
| physical | XIII, 338 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Berg, Björn Verfasser aut Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration Björn Berg ; Charles McClaugherty 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XIII, 338 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 gnd rswk-swf Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd rswk-swf Organischer Abfall (DE-588)4172777-0 gnd rswk-swf Rest (DE-588)4194908-0 gnd rswk-swf Kompostierung (DE-588)4164919-9 gnd rswk-swf Humifizierung (DE-588)4298536-5 gnd rswk-swf Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 s Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Rest (DE-588)4194908-0 s Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 s Humifizierung (DE-588)4298536-5 s DE-604 Kompostierung (DE-588)4164919-9 s Organischer Abfall (DE-588)4172777-0 s 1\p DE-604 MacClaugherty, Charles Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0824/2007936554-d.html lizenzfrei http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0824/2007936554-t.html lizenzfrei HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020135069&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Berg, Björn MacClaugherty, Charles Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd Organischer Abfall (DE-588)4172777-0 gnd Rest (DE-588)4194908-0 gnd Kompostierung (DE-588)4164919-9 gnd Humifizierung (DE-588)4298536-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4145625-7 (DE-588)4282537-4 (DE-588)4172777-0 (DE-588)4194908-0 (DE-588)4164919-9 (DE-588)4298536-5 |
| title | Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration |
| title_auth | Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration |
| title_exact_search | Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration |
| title_full | Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration Björn Berg ; Charles McClaugherty |
| title_fullStr | Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration Björn Berg ; Charles McClaugherty |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration Björn Berg ; Charles McClaugherty |
| title_short | Plant litter |
| title_sort | plant litter decomposition humus formation carbon sequestration |
| title_sub | decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration |
| topic | Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Biologischer Abbau (DE-588)4145625-7 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd Organischer Abfall (DE-588)4172777-0 gnd Rest (DE-588)4194908-0 gnd Kompostierung (DE-588)4164919-9 gnd Humifizierung (DE-588)4298536-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pflanzen Biologischer Abbau Waldökosystem Organischer Abfall Rest Kompostierung Humifizierung |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0824/2007936554-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0824/2007936554-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020135069&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bergbjorn plantlitterdecompositionhumusformationcarbonsequestration AT macclaughertycharles plantlitterdecompositionhumusformationcarbonsequestration |