Concepts in biotechnology: history, science and business
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2010
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 471 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 352731766X 9783527317660 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Concepts in biotechnology |b history, science and business |c Klaus Buchholz and John Collins |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142701481820160 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Concepts in biotechnology
Autor: Buchholz, Klaus
Jahr: 2010
Contents
Préface XVII
Abbreviations and Glossary XXI
Part One History 1
1 Introduction 3
2 TheEarly Periodtol850 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Expérimental Scientific Findings 8
2.2.1 Alcoholic Fermentation 8
2.2.2 Unformed, Unorganized Ferments 12
2.3 Application 22
2.3.1 Education 15
2.4 Theoretical Approaches 16
2.4.1 The School of Vitalism 27
2.4.2 The Chemical School 20
2.4.3 History of Science Approaches: Preparadigmatic Research;
Fermentation - An Epistemic Thing 21
Références 24
3 The Period from 1850 to 1890 27
3.1 Introduction 27
3.2 Expérimental Findings 27
3.2.1 Fermentation - Definite Results by Pasteur 27
3.2.2 Unformed, Soluble Ferments - Enzymatic Reactions 35
3.3 Practical Application, Technical Progress and Institutional
Development 35
3.3.1 Products and Progress in Processes 35
3.3.2 Application Research, Bacteriology, and New Institutions 40
3.4 Theoretical Approaches 42
3.4.1 Fermentation Theory, an Epistemic Thing 41
3.4.2 Pasteur Establishes a New Paradigm 42
3.4.3 The Question of Living and Unformed Ferments (Enzymes),
and Explanatory Concepts 45
Références 47
4 The Period from 1890 to 1950 51
4.1 Introduction 52
4.2 Research - Advances in the Basics of Biotechnology: Expérimental
Findings 52
4.2.1 Biochemistry 52
4.2.2 Microbiology 59
4.2.3 The Case of Penicillin - the Beginning ofthe Antibiotics Era 62
4.3 Technological Development, Progress and Application 64
4.3.1 Expanding Enzyme Technology 64
4.3.2 Wartime Production, First World War: Acétone, Butanol, Glycerol 65
4.3.3 New Fermentation Products: Citric Acid, Fermented Food,
Enzymes; Waste Water Treatment 68
4.3.4 War Requirements ofthe Second World War: Penicillin
Production - A New Quality of Technology 70
4.4 Theoretical Approaches 76
4.4.1 The Biochemical Paradigm, and the New Discipline
of Biochemistry 76
4.4.2 Microbiology - Normal, Postparadigmatic Science 81
4.4.3 Influences External to Science: War Requirements - the Case
of Penicillin 83
Références 84
5 Outlook, from 1950 Onwards: Biotechnology - Science or What? 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Traditional Biotechnology and the Dechema Report 90
5.2.1 Traditional Products 90
5.2.2 Political Initiatives: The Dechema Report 90
5.2.3 The Scientific Status of Biotechnology up to the 1970s 92
5.3 The Changing Focus in BT in the USA in the Early 1980s 93
5.3.1 The Rôle of Politics in the USA: The OTA Study, Promoting
New BT 93
5.3.2 New Products and Companies 95
5.4 Conclusions 97
Références 98
Part Two The New Paradigm Based on Molecular Biology and Genetics 101
6 Broadening of Biotechnology through Understanding Life,
Genetics and Evolution 203
Références 105
7 The Beginnings ofthe New Biotechnology 207
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 The Beginnings of Evolution Theory and Genetics 109
7.2.1 Robust Cultures barely Addressed in Biotechnology 212
7.3 The Origin of Recombinant DNA Technology 223
7.3.1 The Cradle of Gène Cloning: Bacterial and Bacteriophage Genetics 123
7.3.2 Antibiotic Résistance in Hospitals: Genetic Flux in Plasmids 114
7.3.3 Restriction and Modification : Finding the Enzymatic Tools for DNA
Recombination 225
7.3.4 Gel Electrophoresis for DNA Analysis and Isolation of Spécifie
Fragments 226
7.3.5 Handling DNA 2 28
7.3.6 New Tools to Study Single Molécules 229
7.3.7 The First Recombinant DNA Experiments 120
7.3.8 DNA Séquence and Recognizing Gènes and Gène Function 222
7.3.9 Cloning Larger DNA Fragments 222
7.3.10 Further Tools for the Assembly of Physical Génome Maps 223
7.3.11 Uniting Fragment, Séquence and Chromosome Maps 124
7.3.12 Understanding Gène Régulation in Eukaryotes: A Branch
of Reverse Genetics 227
7.4 Oligonucleotide Synthesis Leads to Protein Engineering 227
7.4.1 Chemical Synthesis of Macromolecules: Peptides and
Oligonucleotides 130
7.4.2 Combining Chemistry and Biology to Develop Novel
Pharmaceuticals 133
7.4.3 Biotechnology s Competitor: Cheaper Chemical Synthesis 233
7.4.4 Muteins and the Beginning of Protein Engineering 134
7.5 Synthetic DNA, Reverse Transcriptase: Isolating Gènes 236
7.5.1 Reverse Genetics: Providing Cheap Renewable Resources
for Germ-Free Products 239
7.5.2 Gène Cloning contributes to the Discovery of and Characterization
of New Viral Pathogens: Risk Prévention for Biotechnological
Products 142
7.5.3 1979-1990: A Rapid Advance in Characterizing Viral Agents 242
7.5.4 Sera and Antivirals: Biotechnological Products in their Own Right 142
7.5.5 Gène Cloning and Production of Pure Material to Characterize
Activity: second Génération Products 143
7.5.6 Enzymes for Replacement Therapy 244
7.5.7 The Emergence ofthe New Biotech Industry 245
7.5.8 Third Génération Products and the Post-Gene Cloning Era 146
7.6 Biodiversity and Gène Mining 247
7.6.1 Recognizing Groups within Biological Diversity 147
7.6.2 Knowledge of Microbial Diversity was Limited by the Lack
of Pure Cultures 247
7.6.3 How Much Diversity is There? 148
7.6.4 Genetic Diversity can be studied by Sequencing Microbial, Organelle
and Viral Génomes 248
7.6.5 Microbial Génome Analysis and Bioinformatics to Identify
Druggable Targets 250
7.6.6 Recognizing and Utilizing Useful Functional Diversity 250
7.6.7 Functional Screening of Shotgun and Metagenomic Libraries 253
7.6.8 Entire Génome Séquence of Microbes of Spécial Interest 155
7.6.9 Gène Mining Commercialization and Terminology 256
7.6.10 Dealing with the Data Flux 158
7.7 Creating New Diversity by Design or Empirically 260
7.7.1 Limitations in Predicting Protein Structure and Function 160
7.7.2 Genetic Recombination to Create New Assortments of Gène
Fragments: PCR 262
7.8 Genetic Fingerprinting 262
7.9 Inherited Prédisposition to Disease 264
7.9.1 Heritable Factors Affecting Probabilities of Developing Disease:
Prédisposition 265
7.9.2 Services for Génome Analysis as Part of Personal Medicine 266
Références 266
8 Ethical Aspects Related to Génome Research, and Reproductive
Medicine 272
8.1 Négative Public Reaction to Gène Technology 272
8.1.1 Initial Lack of Acceptance for Gène Technology in Europe 173
8.1.2 International Scientists Concerns Led to Guidelines for
Gène Cloning 174
8.1.3 Towards a Solution: Increase Scientists Involvement
in Technology Assessment 176
8.2 Ethical Aspects: Animal Cloning and Fertility Research 277
8.2.1 The Origin of Cloning Animais 178
8.2.2 An Example of Cloning in Animal Husbandry 279
Références 279
9 Elucidating Protein Structure: The Beginnings of Rational
Protein Design 282
9.1 Cambridge England, the Cradle of Structural Analysis
of Macromolecules 282
9.1.1 Using Knowledge of Structure for Protein Design 182
9.2 Redesigning the Protein Core 284
9.3 Redesigning the Protein by Altering Primary Séquence 284
9.3.1 Multimer States 284
9.3.2 Solubility and Stability 184
9.3.3 Selectivity and Potency 285
9.3.4 Consensus or Combinatorial Products of Natural Gène Products 285
9.3.5 Protein Fusions 285
9.3.6 Protein Truncations 285
9.4 Post Translational Modifications 186
9.4.1 Glycosylation 186
9.4.2 PEGylation 187
9.4.3 HESylation: An Alternative to PEGylation 187
9.4.4 An Alternative to Post-Translational Modification? 288
9.5 Total Chemical Synthesis 289
9.6 Validation of Drug Design Based on the known Structure
ofthe Target 190
9.7 General Considérations in Drug Development 292
9.7.1 rDNA Technology Yields an Altered Drug Development Paradigm 192
9.7.2 Recombinant DNA has Generated Novel Biotech Products
over the Last Décade 2 92
9.7.3 The Complex Factors (ADMET) Important for Pharmaceutical
Drug Development 193
9.1 A The Problem of Antigenicity 193
9.7.5 Improving Drug Screening 293
9.7.6 High Information Preclinical Screening 294
9.7.7 Animal Models 194
9.7.8 Animal Models to Identify Targets for Human Hereditary Disease 294
9.7.9 Biomarkers: The New Buzz Word in Clinical Screening 295
Références 2 95
10 The Development ofAntibodies as Pharmaceutical Products 297
10.1 An Introduction to the Immune System 197
10.2 The Beginnings of Applied Immunology 298
10.2.1 The Origin of Vaccination 298
10.2.2 Pure Culture, the Beginnings of Microbiological Science
Leading to Production of Vaccines 199
10.3 Monoclonal Antibodies 199
10.3.1 A Critical Mass of Intellect and Technology Forms the Cradle
for Monoclonal Antibodies 199
10.3.2 High Specificity and Sensitivity of Antigen Détection 200
10.3.3 The Antibody Molécule 202
10.3.4 rDNA Monoclonals: Reproducible Tools for the Life Sciences 201
10.3.5 Sélection ofAntibodies from Combinatorial
Display Libraries 202
10.3.6 In Vitro Sélection for Novel Monoclonal Antibodies 202
10.3.7 Transgenic Mice with a Human Immunoglobulin System 203
10.3.8 Antibody Classes and Antibody Functionality 203
10.3.9 A Summary ofthe Cell Biology in the Génération and
Evolution of a Natural Antibody 203
10.3.10 Combinatorial Display Mimics Natural Antibody Génération
and Maturation 205
10.4 Producing Antibodies via rDNA and Combinatorial Biology 205
10.5 Affinity Enrichment on Surfaces of Immobilized
Target Molécules 207
10.5.1 Other Display Scaffolds; Peptides to Knottins 208
10.5.2 Fusion to other Minor Coat Proteins 209
10.5.3 Combinatorial Library Affinity Sélection: Alternatives to
Phage Display 209
10.5.4 Pros and Cons of Microbial versus Animal Cell Systems for Sélection
and Production 210
10.6 Mice with Human Antibody Gène Répertoires 222
10.7 Two Severe Setbacks during Clinical Testing 212
10.8 A Survey of Therapeutic Antibodies 218
Références 220
11 Hereditary Disease and Human Génome Analysis 222
11.1 Introduction 222
11.2 Heredity Studies and Family Counselling 222
11.2.1 The Beginnings ofthe Study of Hereditary Factors:
Altered Proteins 222
11.2.2 Prédisposition for Disease: Quantitative Traits 223
11.2.3 The Concept of a DNA-based Physical Map ofthe
Entire Human Génome, about 1980 223
11.2.4 Prénatal Diagnosis 224
11.2.5 Pre-implantation Diagnosis 224
11.3 Early Attempts to Analyse the Human Génome 225
11.3.1 Human Geneticists give Meaning to the Physical Map 226
11.3.2 Organizing (and Funding) the Génome Effort 226
11.4 The Personalized Génome and Personal Medicine 226
11.4.1 DNA CHIP Technology and Haplotype Mapping 226
11.4.2 High-throughput Screening 227
11.4.3 Ordered Micro-arrays and DNA-CHIPs 228
11.4.4 Scannable Random Arrays: Basis for a New Génération
of DNA Sequencing 229
11.4.5 DNA CHIPS for Pharmacogenetics and Cancer Diagnostics 230
11.4.6 Analysis of Complex Systems in Personal Medicine 233
11.5 Analysing the Effect ofthe Environment on the Human Génome:
Epigenetics 233
Références 234
12 Transgenic Animais and Plants 235
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Stem Cells and Gène Targeting 236
12.2.1 Sélective Gène Markers for Animal Cells 236
12.2.2 Site-Specific DNA Mutation 237
12.2.3 Microinjection into the Cell Nucleus 238
12.2.4 Altered Embryonic Stem Cells 238
12.2.5 Transgenic Animais from Engineered ES Cells Injected Into
Early Embryos (Blastula) 239
12.2.6 Spécifie Gène Altérations in Animais 239
12.2.7 Study of Gène Functionality in Transgenic Animais
with Conditionally Induced Gènes 239
12.2.8 Multicoloured Fluorescent Tags to Analyse Complex Tissue
Development 240
12.2.9 Transgenic Model Organisms: A Tool for Biotechnological
Development 242
12.2.10 A New Type of Biotechnology Company Based on Transgenics 242
12.2.11 Tackling a New Problem Where Cancer Potential is Sequestered
as Stem Cells 242
12.2.12 Vertebrate Clones from Somatic Cells: The Origin in Transplantatioi
ofthe Cell Nucleus 243
12.2.13 Advances in Fertility Research 243
12.2.14 In Vitro Fertilization and the Test Tube Baby 244
12.2.15 Prénatal and Pre-implantation Diagnosis 244
12.2.16 Animal Clones and Accelerated Breeding 244
12.2.17 Creating Totipotent Cells with Somatic Cell Nuclei: The Breakthroug
for Transgenic Animal Cloning 245
Références 245
13 Extrapolating to the Future 247
13.1 Summary of the Status Quo 247
13.1.1 Where are the Novel Tools and Interdisciplinary Studies
Taking Us? 247
13.1.2 Understanding the Whole 248
13.2 Insect Control Through Stérile Maies (SIT) 248
13.3 The Future of Gène Therapy 249
13.3.1 Slow Progress of Somatic Cell Gène Therapy 249
13.3.2 Germ-Line Therapy 250
13.4 Stem Cell Therapy 250
13.4.1 An Alternative to Human Embryos as a Source of Pluripotent
Stem Cells 250
13.4.2 Vectors for Re-programming Somatic Cells to Become
Stem Cells 253
13.4.3 A Révolution in Regenerative Medicine 254
13.5 Flash Sequencing DNA: A Human Génome Séquence in Minutes?
13.5.1 Another Aspect of Personal Medicine becomes a Reality 256
13.5.2 Terrasequencing: Stimulating Development of Biotechnology
and Molecular Medicine 257
13.6 Systems Biology and Looking for Druggable Targets 257
13.6.1 Understanding Mechanisms of Action and Finding Druggable
Targets 257
13.6.2 Industrial Acceptance of Systems Biology 258
13.6.3 Estimated Number of Potential Druggable Targets 259
13.6.4 Target Modulation rather than On/Off Agonist Antagonist
Effectors 259
13.7 Synthetic Biology 260
13.7.1 Engineered and Synthetic Organisms 262
13.7.2 Synthetic Génomes and Minimal Organisms 261
13.7.3 Génération of a Bacterium with a Compléter/ Synthetic Génome 262
13.7.4 Organisms with Alternative Genetic Codes 263
13.7.5 Understanding other Structural Complexities in the Cell 263
13.7.6 Gène Mining Meets Synthetic Biology 263
13.7.7 Synthetic Biology The New Metabolic Engineering 264
13.7.8 RNA Machines: Real Genetic Engineering 264
13.7.9 Summing up Synthetic Biology 266
Références 267
14 Biotechnology and Intellectual Property 269
14.1 Introduction 269
14.2 Patents Ensure Growth and Rapid Dissémination of Knowledge 269
14.3 Owning a Patent does not simply Mean that it can be Implemented:
Freedom to Operate (FTO) 270
14.3.1 Patent Disputes Drive Licence Exchanges and/or Mergers 270
14.3.2 Critical Timing for Biotech Coopérations 270
14.3.3 Orphan Drugs: Spécial Status Under Patent Law 271
14.3.4 The Patentability of Inventions Relating to Plants and Animais
(Europe) 272
14.3.5 The Patentability of Inventions Relating to Eléments Isolated
from the Human Body 272
14.4 Life-forms as Novel Subject Matter for Patents? 272
14.4.1 General Considérations Relating to Biotechnology Patents 273
14.5 Technology State ofthe Art : Precedence/Directives,
not Fixed by Law 274
14.5.1 Conflict with Moral Codes 274
14.6 Who can make Décisions about Public Morality? 274
14.7 Biotechnology-orientated Directives Guide Patenting Décisions 275
Références 275
Part Three Application 277
15 Bioprocess Engineering 279
15.1 Introduction 279
15.2 Aspects of Applied Microbiology 280
15.3 Biocatalysis 284
15.4 Biochemical Engineering 287
15.5 Process Sustainability and Ecological Considérations 294
15.6 Biosystems Engineering, including Omics Technologies 296
15.7 Outlook and Perspectives 313
Références 325
16 Industrial Biotechnology 322
16.1 Introduction 322
16.2 General Aspects 323
16.2.1 Raw Materials, Resources 323
16.2.2 Biorefineries 326
16.3 Commodities 328
16.3.1 Biofuels 328
16.3.1.1 Processing 329
16.3.1.2 Future Developments and Challenges 332
16.3.2 Biogas, Energy 334
16.4 Chemicals 336
16.4.1 Bulk Products 336
16.4.1.1 Amino Acids 338
16.4.1.2 Organic Acids 339
16.4.1.3 Vitamins 341
16.4.2 Biopolymers 341
16.4.3 Fine Chemicals - Biotransformations and Chiral Synthons 343
16.4.3.1 Oxidoreductases 345
16.4.3.2 Transferases 349
16.4.3.3 Hydrolases 349
16.4.3.4 Lyases and Synthetases, Hydratases 350
16.4.3.5 Outlook 350
16.5 Food Processing and Products 351
16.6 Environmental Processes 355
16.6.1 Aérobic Waste Water Treatment 357
16.6.2 Anaerobic Waste Water Treatment 358
16.6.3 Exhaust Gas Purification and Further Techniques 359
16.7 Summary, Trends and Perspectives 362
Références 363
17 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 373
17.1 Introduction 373
17.2 Drug Targeting, Discovery Stratégies and Development 375
17.2.1 Discovery Stratégies 375
17.2.2 Approval Procédure 377
17.2.3 The Case of Epothilone - The Story of a Hit 378
17.3 Pharmaceuticals Production 380
17.3.1 Microbial Fermentation 382
17.3.2 Mammalian Cell Culture - Principles 383
17.4 Products, Pharmaceuticals Made by Biotechnology 387
17.4.1 Low Molecular Weight Agents: Antibiotics,
Steroid Biotransformation 389
17.4.1.1 Antibiotics 389
17.4.1.2 Steroid Biotransformation 395
17.4.2 Recombinant Proteins 395
17.4.2.1 Blood Factors and Thrombolytics 398
17.4.2.2 Cytokines, Interferons (IFNs) and Interleukins (ILs) 398
17.4.2.3 Insulin 399
17.4.2.4 Additional Recombinant Hormones 400
17.4.2.5 Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)-Based Products 402
17.4.2.6 Vaccines 401
17 .4.3 Further Biopharmaceuticals 402
17.5 Médicinal Techniques, Diagnostics 403
17.5.1 Data Banks, Collections 403
17.5.2 Diagnostic Enzymes and Antibodies 404
17.5.3 Pharmacokinetics, Controlled Release and Drug Targeting 404
17.6 Business: Companies and Economie Aspects 406
17.6.1 General Overview 406
17.6.2 Companies 407
17.6.3 Mergers, Acquisitions, Alliances and Coopération 409
17.6.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 412
Références 422
18 Plant Biotechnology 429
18.1 Introduction 419
18.2 Political, Ethical and Biosafety Aspects 420
18.2.1 Political and Ethical Aspects, Patenting 420
18.2.2 Risks and Environmental Aspects 423
18.2.3 Régulations 425
18.2.4 Consumer Acceptance and Public Perception 426
18.3 Research and Development 427
18.3.1 General Principles, Methods 427
18.3.2 Whole Plants and Crop Protection 430
18.3.2.1 Crop Yield and Quality 430
18.3.2.2 Herbicide-Tolérance 434
18.3.2.3 Disease Résistance 436
18.3.3 Products of Primary Metabolism 439
18.3.4 Products of Secondary Metabolism 441
18.4 Application of Modified Plants and Products 444
18.5 Economie Aspects 447
18.6 Summary and Outlook 449
Références 450
Index 455
|
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| author | Buchholz, Klaus Collins, John |
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| classification_tum | CIT 900n |
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| dewey-full | 660.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| dewey-raw | 660.6 |
| dewey-search | 660.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3660.6 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Biologie Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Biotechnologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV025524876 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:35:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 352731766X 9783527317660 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020132612 |
| oclc_num | 699750490 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-634 DE-210 DE-188 DE-83 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-M382 DE-1102 DE-526 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-634 DE-210 DE-188 DE-83 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-M382 DE-1102 DE-526 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XXV, 471 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2010 |
| publishDateSearch | 2010 |
| publishDateSort | 2010 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Buchholz, Klaus Verfasser aut Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business Klaus Buchholz and John Collins Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2010 XXV, 471 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd rswk-swf Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 s DE-604 Collins, John Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020132612&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Buchholz, Klaus Collins, John Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4069491-4 |
| title | Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business |
| title_auth | Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business |
| title_exact_search | Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business |
| title_full | Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business Klaus Buchholz and John Collins |
| title_fullStr | Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business Klaus Buchholz and John Collins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Concepts in biotechnology history, science and business Klaus Buchholz and John Collins |
| title_short | Concepts in biotechnology |
| title_sort | concepts in biotechnology history science and business |
| title_sub | history, science and business |
| topic | Biotechnologie (DE-588)4069491-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biotechnologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020132612&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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