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Nuclides.net: an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Magill, Joseph (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2003
Schlagworte:	Berechnung Nuclides.net Radioaktivität Radionuklid
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XII, 271 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm)
ISBN:	3540434488

Internformat

MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804142700927123456
adam_text	CONTENTS A QUICK TOUR OF NUCLIDES.NET :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 THE INSTALLATION MENU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 THE NUCLIDE EXPLORER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 FISSION YIELDS AND AVERAGED CROSS SECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 SEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 DECAY ENGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DOSIMETRY & SHIELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 VIRTUAL NUCLIDES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 UNIVERSAL NUCLIDE CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 FORUM & NEWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. GETTING STARTED WITH NUCLIDES.NET :::::::::::::::::::::: 13 1.1 THE NUCLIDES.NET PROGRAM SUITE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2 COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3 END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT (EULA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4 INSTALLING NUCLIDES.NET ON A HARD DISK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.5 STARTING NUCLIDES.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.6 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE WEBSERVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.7 NEWS AND FORUMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.8 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.9 SCREEN CAPTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2. BACKGROUND ON RADIOACTIVITY :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 25 2.1 THE ATOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.1 DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM AND NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.1.3 SYNTHESIS OF THE ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.4 NUCLIDE STABILITY * THE NUCLIDE CHART . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.1.5 NUCLIDES MASSES AND THE ATOMIC MASS UNIT . . . . . . . 38 2.1.6 BINDING ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.1 ALPHA ( A ) DECAY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.2 BETA-MINUS ( B * ) DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 VIII CONTENTS 2.2.3 GAMMA EMISSION AND INTERNAL CONVERSION . . . . . . . . 43 2.2.4 ISOMERIC TRANSITIONS (IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.2.5 BETA-PLUS ( B C ) DECAY (POSITRON EMISSION) . . . . . . . . 44 2.2.6 ELECTRON CAPTURE ( + ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.2.7 SPONTANEOUS FISSION (SF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.2.8 PROTON DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.2.9 SPECIAL BETA-DECAY PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.2.10 HEAVY-ION OR CLUSTER RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2.11 MAGIC RADIOACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.3 NUCLEAR REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.3.1 CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.3.2 NEUTRON REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.3.3 DECAY AND REACTION PATHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.4 NUCLIDE CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.4.1 DECAY PROCESSES AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.4.2 PAPER-BASED NUCLIDE CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3. NUCLIDE EXPLORER :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 67 3.1 NAVIGATIONAL INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1.1 THE TASKBAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.1.2 BUILD YOUR OWN NUCLIDE CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.2 DATASHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.2.1 MASS EXCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.2.2 MASS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.2.3 HALF-LIFE AND THE DECAY CONSTANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.4 NUCLEAR SPIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.2.5 NUCLEAR ISOMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2.6 PARITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 3.2.7 NUMBER OF DECAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.2.8 DECAY MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.2.9 BRANCHING RATIOS ( BR ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.2.10 DECAY ENERGY, Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2.11 DAUGHTER PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.2.12 MEAN DECAY ENERGIES PER DISINTEGRATION . . . . . . . . . 86 3.2.13 SPECTRAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.2.14 EFFECTIVE DOSE COEFFICIENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.3 FACTSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.3.1 AVERAGE (MEAN) LIFETIME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.3.2 SPECIFIC ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 3.3.3 ISOTOPIC POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.3.4 SPONTANEOUS FISSION (SF) RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.3.5 SPECIFIC GAMMA DOSE RATE AT 1 M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 3.3.6 ANNUAL LIMITS OF INTAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 CONTENTS IX 3.3.7 PACKAGING AND TRANSPORTATION OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 3.4 FISSION YIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.5 CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.5.1 CASE STUDY: NEUTRON IRRADIATION OF THORIUM . . . . . . 98 3.6 ELEMENT INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3.7 ARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.8 WEBLINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 3.9 SEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.9.1 SEARCH THE DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 3.9.2 SEARCH NUCLIDES.NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 4. DECAY ENGINE, 1 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 109 4.1 SIMPLE RADIOACTIVE DECAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.2 RADIOACTIVE DECAY CHAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.3 CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT BRANCHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.4 RADIOACTIVE EQUILIBRIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.4.1 ( * 1 * * 2): SECULAR EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.4.2 ( * 1 * 2): TRANSIENT EQUILIBRIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.4.3 ( * 1 * 2): THE HALF-LIFE OF THE PARENT IS SHORTER THAN THAT OF THE DAUGHTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.4.4 ( * 1 * * 2): THE HALF-LIVES OF THE PARENT AND DAUGHTER ARE SIMILAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.5 DECAY CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.5.1 USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 4.5.2 OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.5.3 PRINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.5.4 GRAPH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.5.5 DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.6 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.6.1 CASE STUDY: THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF 60 CO . . . . . . 122 4.6.2 CASE STUDY: THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF 232 U . . . . . . 124 4.6.3 CASE STUDY: HOW HOT IS 242M AM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.6.4 CASE STUDY: AGE DETERMINATION OF PLUTONIUM PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.6.5 CASE STUDY: ALPHA-IMMUNOTHERAPY: 213 BI MILKING FROM 225 AC FOR CANCER TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5. DOSIMETRY AND SHIELDING, 0 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 133 5.1 ABSORBED DOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.1.1 DOSE RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 5.1.2 QUALITY OR WEIGHTING FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 X CONTENTS 5.1.3 EQUIVALENT DOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.1.4 EFFECTIVE DOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.2 ATTENUATION OF GAMMA RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.3 ABSORPTION OF GAMMA RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.4 CALCULATION OF THE EQUIVALENT DOSE RATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.5 ABSORPTION IN TISSUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.6 ATTENUATION IN SHIELD MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.7 BUILD-UP FACTORS ( B ) FOR SHIELD MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.8 THE 0 -DOSE MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.8.1 USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.8.2 OPTIONS WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 5.8.3 RESULTS WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5.8.4 GRAPH WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 5.8.5 INPUT/OUTPUT RESTRICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 5.9 VALIDATION OF THE RESULTS/BENCHMARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.9.1 CASE STUDY: SHIELDING 24 NA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.9.2 CASE STUDY: SHIELDING 60 CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 5.9.3 CASE STUDY: GAMMA RADIOGRAPHY WITH 192 IR . . . . . . 150 5.9.4 CASE STUDY: THICKNESS OF NEPTUNIUM TARGETS . . . . . 151 5.10 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6. VIRTUAL NUCLIDES, 3 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 155 6.1 APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL NUCLIDES TO RADIOACTIVE DECAY . . . . 155 6.1.1 PROPERTIES OF THE VIRTUAL PARENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.2 APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL NUCLIDES TO DOSIMETRY AND SHIELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.3 THE VIRTUAL NUCLIDES MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.3.1 CREATING A VIRTUAL NUCLIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.3.2 STORING THE VIRTUAL NUCLIDE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.3.3 RUNNING APPLICATIONS WITH VIRTUAL NUCLIDES . . . . . . 165 6.4 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 6.4.1 CASE STUDY: A SIMPLE TWO COMPONENT MIXTURE . . . 167 6.4.2 CASE STUDY: MULTI-COMPONENT MIXTURES . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.4.3 CASE STUDY: APPLICATION TO FISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 6.4.4 CASE STUDY: LASER INDUCED FISSION OF URANIUM . . . . 181 6.4.5 CASE STUDY: LASER IRRADIATION OF COPPER . . . . . . . . . . 184 7. FISSION PRODUCTS AND YIELDS, 7 :::::::::::::::::::::::: 187 7.1 NUCLEAR FISSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7.2 THE FISSION YIELD MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7.2.1 DEFINITIONS OF FISSION YIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 7.3 FISSION PRODUCT YIELD COMPARISONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.3.1 FISSION PRODUCT YIELD COMPARISONS: PARENTS . . . . . . 192 CONTENTS XI 7.3.2 FISSION PRODUCT YIELD COMPARISONS: ELEMENTS . . . . . 193 7.3.3 FISSION PRODUCT YIELD COMPARISONS: MASSES (ISOBARS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 7.3.4 FISSION PRODUCT YIELD COMPARISONS: LIBRARIES . . . . . 194 7.3.5 THE CHAIN YIELD WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8. THE UNIVERSAL NUCLIDE CHART :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 197 8.1 USER INTERFACE: NUCLIDE CHART VIEWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.2 NUCLIDE CHART VIEWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.2.1 BASIC SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.2.2 VIEW BASIC DECAY AND CROSS-SECTION DATA . . . . . . . . 198 8.2.3 NAVIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.2.4 SELECT NUCLIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.2.5 COLOUR SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.2.6 CHART SIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.2.7 COLOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.2.8 DECAY CHAIN AND REACTION PATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY CHAIN SIMULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.3.1 TIME STEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.3.2 START/STOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.3.3 PLOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.3.4 TH232/U235/U238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.3.5 MINBR(%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.3.6 E (MEV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 8.4 NEUTRON REACTION PATH SIMULATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.4.1 NEUTRON FLUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.4.2 REACTION INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.4.3 TIME STEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.4.4 REACTION PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 9. APPLICATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 209 9.1 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 9.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.3 SCIENTIFIC / RESEARCH APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 RECOMMENDED READING AND WEBLINKS ::::::::::::::::::::: 217 READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 WEBLINKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 GLOSSARY :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 221 XII CONTENTS APPENDICES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 233 APPENDIX 1: THE ATOMIC MASS UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 APPENDIX 2: THE NUCLIDES.NET DATABASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 APPENDIX 3: TABLES OF MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . 238 APPENDIX 4: TABLES OF BUILDUP FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 APPENDIX 5: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, CONVERSION FACTORS, PREFIXES, GREEK ALPHABET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 APPENDIX 6: TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 APPENDIX 7: ACTINIDE CRITICAL MASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 INDEX ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 265 INSERTS AN ASTROPHYSICAL CLOCK :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 31 AGE OF THE EARTH * A BRIEF HISTORY OF RADIOACTIVITY ::::::::::::: 32 HALO NUCLIDES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 37 THE SUPER-HEAVY ELEMENTS ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 57 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE KARLSRUHE CHART OF THE NUCLIDES ::::::::: 60 STRASBOURG NUCLIDE CHART 2002 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 66 HOW CONSTANT IS THE DECAY CONSTANT ? ::::::::::::::::::::::: 79 HIGH BACKGROUND RADIATION AREAS AROUND THE WORLD ::::::::::: 92 RADIOTOXICITY AND ANNUAL LIMITS OF INTAKE (ALI) :::::::::::::: 93 VERY LONG-TERM PACKAGING OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS * NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 96 NUCLEAR BATTERIES FOR MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (MEMS) :: 108 CONAN THE BACTERIUM :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 213 PREHISTORIC CAVE ART AT ALTAMIRA ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 215
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spelling	Magill, Joseph Verfasser aut Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM Joseph Magill Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2003 XII, 271 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Berechnung (DE-588)4120997-7 gnd rswk-swf Nuclides.net (DE-588)4722430-7 gnd rswk-swf Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 gnd rswk-swf Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 gnd rswk-swf Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 s DE-604 Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 s Berechnung (DE-588)4120997-7 s Nuclides.net (DE-588)4722430-7 s SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020132213&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Magill, Joseph Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM Berechnung (DE-588)4120997-7 gnd Nuclides.net (DE-588)4722430-7 gnd Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 gnd Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4120997-7 (DE-588)4722430-7 (DE-588)4048198-0 (DE-588)4133541-7
title	Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM
title_auth	Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM
title_exact_search	Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM
title_full	Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM Joseph Magill
title_fullStr	Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM Joseph Magill
title_full_unstemmed	Nuclides.net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM Joseph Magill
title_short	Nuclides.net
title_sort	nuclides net an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation with 79 tables and a cd rom
title_sub	an integrated environment for computations on radionuclides and their radiation ; with 79 tables and a CD-ROM
topic	Berechnung (DE-588)4120997-7 gnd Nuclides.net (DE-588)4722430-7 gnd Radioaktivität (DE-588)4048198-0 gnd Radionuklid (DE-588)4133541-7 gnd
topic_facet	Berechnung Nuclides.net Radioaktivität Radionuklid
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work_keys_str_mv	AT magilljoseph nuclidesnetanintegratedenvironmentforcomputationsonradionuclidesandtheirradiationwith79tablesandacdrom

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