Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weikersheim
Margraf
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Farming and rural systems economics
80 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | IX, 217 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783823614890 3823614894 |
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MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142677556461568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES i
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Tables v
List of Figures viii
Abbreviations x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 1
1.2 Essence and Coverage of the Study 2
1.3 Hypotheses, Model Selection and Modelling Techniques 4
1.3.1 Hypotheses 4
1.3.2 Methodology 4
1.4 Limitations of the Study 6
1.5 Organisation of the Book 6
2 DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 9
2.1 A Review of Indian Agricultural Policy after Independence 9
2.2 Agricultural Marketing System in India 11
2.2.1 Marketing Pattern 12
2.2.2 Regulated Markets 16
2.3 Marketing Infrastructure in India 17
2.4 Major Production and Marketing Resources 18
2.4.1 High-Yielding Varieties 18
2.4.2 Irrigation 22
2.4.3 Chemical Fertilisers 24
2.4.4 Pesticides 29
2.4.5 Credit 30
2.4.6 Prices 33
2.4.6.1 Price Formation at Primary Level 33
2.4.6.2 Price Formation in Secondary Markets 34
2.4.7 Education/Literacy Level 35
2.4.8 Market Information System(s) 37
2.4.8.1 ITC E-Choupal Group 37
2.4.8.2 aAqua Rural Information System 38
2.4.8.3 Agricultural Marketing Research and Information Network
(Agmarknet) 39
2.4.8.4 Problems and Implications 39
2.4.9 Market Density 40
ji CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES
2.4.10 Roads/Transportation 40
2.4.10.1 Road Types 41
2.4.10.2 Development of Rural Roads 41
2.4.11 Farm Size 43
2.5 Chapter Summary 47
3 DATA DESCRIPTION 49
3.1 Data Preparation and Processing 49
3.2 Study Area and Regional Classification 50
3.3 Data Characterisation 50
3.4 Descriptive Statistics for Year 1994 and Time Span 1966-94 51
3.5 Graphical Presentation of the Data 53
3.6 Descriptive Statistics for Three Time Frames: 1966-73,1974-84,
1985-94 71
3.7 Chapter Summary 78
4 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 79
4.1 The Panel Approach: Definition 79
4.2 Panel Data Set Structure 80
4.3 Advantages of Panel Data 82
4.4 Types of Panel Analytic Models 83
4.4.1 The Constant Coefficients Model 83
4.4.2 The Fixed Effects Model (Least Squares Dummy
Variable Model) 84
4.4.2.1 FE Models with Intercepts Varying Over Cross-Section
Units 84
4.4.2.2 FE Models with Intercepts Varying Over Time-Series Units. 86
4.4.2.3 FE Models with Intercepts Varying Over Both Cross-Section
and Time-Series Units 87
4.4.2.4 FE Models with Varying Intercepts and Slopes 89
4.4.2.5 Fixed Effect Hypothesis Testing 90
4.4.2.6 Fixed Effects Pros and Cons 92
4.4.3 First Differencing (FD) Model 93
4.4.4 The Random Effects (Error Components) Model 93
4.4.4.1 One-Way Random Effects Models 93
4.4.4.2 Two-Way Random Effects Models 95
4.4.5 The Random Parameters Model 96
4.4.6 The Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) Model 96
4.4.7 Dynamic Panel Models 98
4.4.7.1 Cross-Sections Autocorrelation (State Dependence) Model.. 98
CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES Hi
4.4.7.2 Time-Series Autocorrelation (Serial Correlation) Model 99
4.4.8 Robust Panel Models 100
4.5 Specification Tests: the Quandary of Random or Fixed Effect Models 101
4.6 Model Estimation 103
4.7 Chapter Summary 104
5 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 107
5.1 Pooled OLS Regression 108
5.2 Fixed Effects Regression 110
5.2.1 Fixed-Effects Model with Varying Intercepts Over
Cross-Section Units 110
5.2.1.1 Analyses at District Level Ill
5.2.1.2 Analyses at State Level 112
5.2.1.3 Analyses at Regional Level 113
5.2.2 Fixed-Effects Model with Varying Intercepts
Over Time-Series 114
5.2.3 Fixed-Effects Model with Varying Intercepts Over Both Time-
Series and Cross-Sections 116
5.2.4 Fixed-Effects Model with Varying Intercepts and Slopes 116
5.2.5 Summary of Fixed-Effects Models 118
5.3 Random Effects Regression 119
5.4 Random Parameters (Coefficients) Model 121
5.5 Advanced Panel Model Regression Analysis 122
5.5.1 FGLS with Homoskedastic and Heteroskedastic Panels,
No Autocorrelation 123
5.5.2 FGLS with Heteroscedasticity and Serial Correlation 125
5.5.3 FGLS Model with Heteroscedasticity and Serial Correlation:
by Region 128
5.6 FGLS Regression Results for 1966-73, 1974-84, and 1985-94 129
5.7 Instrumental Variables and Two-Stage Least Squares Model 132
5.8 Pseudo Three-Stage Least Squares Simultaneous Equations
Model Estimation 134
5.8.1 Results of the Cross-Section Time Series 3SLS Estimation:
Complete Dataset, Entire Time Span 135
5.8.2 Results of the Cross-Section Time Series 3SLS Estimation:
Complete Dataset, Separate Periods 139
5.8.2.1 3SLS Estimation Results for 1966-73 139
5.8.2.2 3SLS Estimation Results for 1974-84 141
5.8.2.3 3SLS Estimation Results for 1985-94 142
jv CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES
5.8.2.4 Analysis of a 10% Improvement in Access to Roads and
Markets 144
5.8.3 Results of the Cross-Section Time Series 3SLS Estimation:
Regions, Entire Time Span 145
5.8.3.1 Analysis for North Region 145
5.8.3.2 Analysis for Centre Region 147
5.8.3.3 Analysis for South Region 148
5.8.3.4 Analysis of a 10% Improvement in Access to Roads and
Markets: Regions 150
5.8.4 Results of the Cross-Section Time Series 3SLS Estimation:
Regions, Separate Periods 151
5.8.4.1 Analysis for North Region 152
5.8.4.1.1 3SLS Estimation Results for 1966-73 152
5.8.4.1.2 3SLS Estimation Results for 1974-84 153
5.8.4.1.3 3SLS Estimation Results for 1985-94 154
5.8.4.1.4 Analysis of a 10% Improvement in Access to Roads and
Markets 156
5.8.4.2 Analysis for Centre Region 157
5.8.4.2.1 3SLS Estimation Results for 1966-73 157
5.8.4.2.2 3SLS Estimation Results for 1974-84 159
5.8.4.2.3 3SLS Estimation Results for 1985-94 160
5.8.4.2.4 Analysis of a 10% Improvement in Access to Roads and
Markets 162
5.8.4.3 Analysis for South Region 163
5.8.4.3.1 3SLS Estimation Results for 1966-73 163
5.8.4.3.2 3SLS Estimation Results for 1974-84 165
5.8.4.3.3 3SLS Estimation Results for 1985-94 166
5.8.4.3.4 Analysis of a 10% Improvement in Access to Roads and
Markets 168
5.9 Chapter Summary 170
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 173
6.1 Summary 173
6.2 Conclusions and Recommendations: Policy Perspective 175
6.3 Zusammenfassung 177
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 181
APPENDICES 195
CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES v
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Growth of Regulated Agricultural Markets in India 16
Table 2.2: Distribution of Quality Seeds in India from 1953-54 to 2002-03,
in thousand tonnes 19
Table 2.3: Area under HYV in India, in million ha 19
Table 2.4: Average Percentage Area under HYV in 1968-1994, selected years,
state wise, India 20
Table 2.5: Distribution of Quality Seeds in India, in 000 tons 21
Table 2.6: Irrigated Area in Percent of Total Cultivated Area in 1974, 1988
and 1994, statewise 22
Table 2.7: Production Trend of Chemical Fertilisers, in thousand tonnes 25
Table 2.8: Consumption of Fertilisers in India, in 1000 tonnes 25
Table 2.9: Average Fertiliser Application and Amount of Precipitation in 1988,
statewise 27
Table 2.10: Quantity of Pesticides in India, in thousand tonnes 29
Table 2.11: Average Agricultural Loan in selected years, state wise 30
Table 2.12: Estimated Literacy Level in 1994 36
Table 2.13: Average Level of Literacy (in % of total population) in Census
Years in the States, Study Area 36
Table 2.14: Regulated Market Density in selected years, study states 40
Table 2.15: Average Road Density in the States, India, Study Area, selected
years 42
Table 2.16: Farm Size in ha, in selected years 43
Table 2.17: Number of Holdings in % of total, in selected years 44
Table 2.18: Area Operated in % of total, in selected years 44
Table 2.19: Farm Size in ha in 1988 and 1994, state wise 45
Table 3.1: Descriptive Statistics: Dependent and explanatory variables,
complete dataset, 1966-1994 51
Table 3.2: Descriptive Statistics: Dependent and explanatory variables,
regions, 1966-94 52
Table 3.3: Model Variables, Means and Standard Deviations, Entire Dataset,
Time Periods 1966-73, 1974-84, 1985-94 71
Table 3.4: Model Variables, Means and Standard Deviations, Regions,
1966-73 73
Table 3.5: Model Variables, Means and Standard Deviations, Regions,
1974-84 74
Table 3.6: Model Variables, Means and Standard Deviations, Regions,
1985-94 75
Table 4.1: Selected Observations on Aggregate Crop Productivity, Fertiliser
Quantity, Agricultural Credits, Road and Market Densities, by
District and Year for India, 1966-1994 80
Table 5.1: Results of pooled OLS, entire dataset, 1966-1994 108
Table 5.2: Results of pooled OLS, by region, 1966-1994 109
vi CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES .
Table 5.3: LSDV Estimation Results, District Effects 111
Table 5.4: LSDV Estimation Results, State Effects 112
Table 5.5: LSDV Estimation Results, Region Effects 113
Table 5.6: LSDV Estimation Results, Time Effects, District Level 114
Table 5.7: FE Model with Varying State Intercepts and Slops 117
Table 5.8: Productivity Equations with Fixed District and Period Effects.... 118
Table 5.9: Random-Effects GLS Regression Results 119
Table 5.10: Tests for Joint Significance and Heteroskedasticity 120
Table 5.11: Random Coefficients Regression Model Results 122
Table 5.12: Cross-Section Time-Series FGLS Regression Results (with
homoskedasticity and heteroskedasticity across panels) 123
Table 5.13: Definition of Models given in Table 5.13 125
Table 5.14: Results of Cross-Sectional Time-Series FGLS Regression with
Serial Correlation 126
Table 5.15: Results of Cross-Sectional Time-Series FGLS Regression,
by Region 128
Table 5.16: Results of Cross-Sectional Time-Series FGLS Regression,
by Period 130
Table 5.17: Results of Instrumental and Two-Stage Least Squares Panel
Regression 133
Table 5.18: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, complete dataset,
1966-1994 136
Table 5.19: Model Elasticities at Means 138
Table 5.20: Impact of a 10% Improvement in Road and Market Density on
Aggregate Crop Productivity 138
Table 5.21: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, complete dataset,
1966-73 139
Table 5.22: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, complete dataset,
1974-84 141
Table 5.23: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, complete dataset,
1985-94 143
Table 5.24: Model Elasticities at Means, Complete Dataset, Separate Periods 144
Table 5.25: Impact of a 10% Improvement in Road and Market Density on
Aggregate Crop Productivity, Separate Time Periods 145
Table 5.26: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, North Region, 1966-94... 146
Table 5.27: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, Centre Region, 1966-94.. 147
Table 5.28: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, South Region, 1966-94... 148
Table 5.29: Model Elasticities at Means, Regions, Entire Time Span,
1966-94 150
Table 5.30: Impact of a 10% Improvement in Road and Market Density on
Aggregate Crop Productivity, Regions, Entire Time Span,
1966-94 151
Table 5.31: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, North Region, 1966-73 ... 152
Table 5.32: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, North Region, 1974-84... 153
CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES vii
Table 5.33: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, North Region, 1985-94.... 155
Table 5.34: Model Elasticities at Means, North Region, Separate Periods 156
Table 5.35: Impact of a 10% Improvement in Road and Market Density on
Aggregate Crop Productivity, North Region, Separate
Time Periods 157
Table 5.36: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, Centre Region, 1966-73 .. 158
Table 5.37: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, Centre Region, 1974-84.. 159
Table 5.38: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, Centre Region, 1985-94.. 161
Table 5.39: Model Elasticities at Means, Centre Region, Separate Periods .... 162
Table 5.40: Impact of a 10% Improvement in Road and Market Density on
Aggregate Crop Productivity, Centre Region, Separate
Time Periods 163
Table 5.41: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, South Region, 1966-73.... 164
Table 5.42: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, South Region, 1974-84.... 165
Table 5.43: 3SLS Simultaneous Equations Model, South Region, 1985-94.... 166
Table 5.44: Model Elasticities at Means, South Region, Separate Periods 168
Table 5.45: Impact of a 10% Improvement in Road and Market Density on
Aggregate Crop Productivity, South Region, Separate Time
Periods 169
Table 5.46: Specialisation, Intensification and Total Effects of a 10%
Improvement in Road and Market Density on Aggregate Crop
Productivity over Location and Time 170
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Common Channels of Foodgrains Distribution 13
Figure 2.2: The Most Common Marketing Channel for Wheat in India 15
Figure 2.3: Development of areas under HYV for three districts in Rajasthan. 19
Figure 2.4: Development of the area under HYV, States, 1966-1994 21
Figure 2.5: Percentage of net irrigated area per irrigation source, India 24
Figure 2.6: Fertiliser consumption in India 26
Figure 2.7: Fertiliser consumption (in kg/ha) for the study states, 1966-2000.. 27
Figure 2.8: Quantity of pesticides applied, in 1000 tonnes and the growth rate of
pesticide consumption, from 1950-51 to 2001-02 30
Figure 2.9: Average size of land holdings in India, 1998 46
Figure 3.1: Study Regions, India 50
Figure 3.2: 1982 data on TP and HYV for Andhra Pradesh State 54
Figure 3.3: 1994 data on TP and HYV for Andhra Pradesh 54
Figure 3.4: 1982 data on TP and HYV for Andhra Pradesh with added
quadratic fit 56
Figure 3.5: Relationships between some key variables of the dataset.
Andhra Pradesh, 1982 56
Figure 3.6: Relationships between some key variables of the dataset.
Andhra Pradesh, 1966-1994 57
viii CONTENTS, TABLES, FIGURES AND APPENDICES
Figure 3.7: Relationship between HYV and IR as percentages of total sown area
with amounts of applied fertiliser, 1982, Andhra Pradesh 57
Figure 3.8: Relationship between HYV and IR as percentages of total sown
area with amounts of applied fertiliser, 1966-1994,
Andhra Pradesh 58
Figure 3.9: Regional distribution of aggregate plant productivity, 1966-1994. 59
Figure 3.10: Regional differences in mean TP, 1966-1994 59
Figure 3.11: State differences in meanTP over 1966-1994 60
Figure 3.12: State differences in mean TP for year 1994 60
Figure 3.13: District differences in mean TP in Andhra Pradesh for 1966-1994 61
Figure 3.14: Average annual rainfall, in mm in 1994 62
Figure 3.15: TP depicted against IR weighted by HYV, in
Andhra Pradesh, 1994 62
Figure 3.16: Total productivity against road and market densities in 1994 in
Centre and North South 63
Figure 3.17: Regional distribution of HYV and IR in 1994 64
Figure 3.18: Average Literacy Level per region and per state 65
Figure 3.19: Distribution of Agricultural Credit by region in 1994
(without outliers) 65
Figure 3.20: Distribution of Agricultural Credit by region and state in 1994 66
Figure 3.21: Distribution of HYV, irrigated land and literacy level (in percent),
India in 1994 67
Figure 3.22: Regional distribution of HYV, irrigated land and literacy level
(in percent), India, 1994 67
Figure 3.23: Relationship between FERT and TP for the period 1966-1994 68
Figure 3.24: Relationship between literacy level and HYV and FERT,
1966-1994 69
Figure 3.25: Literacy level and aggregate plant productivity, 1994 70
Figure 3.26: Market density and aggregate plant productivity in 1994 70
Figure 3.27: Road density and aggregate plant productivity in 1994 71
Figure 3.28: Aggregate Plant Productivity Over Time Periods Separated Over
Regions 76
Figure 3.29: Average Market Density Over Time Periods Separated Over
Regions 76
Figure 3.30: Average Road Density Over Time Periods Separated Over
Regions 77
Figure 4.1: Different intercepts, but same slope 85
Figure 4.2: Within-group and between-group lines 103
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Khachatryan, Armen |
| author_facet | Khachatryan, Armen |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Khachatryan, Armen |
| author_variant | a k ak |
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| bvnumber | BV025509086 |
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| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338.10934 |
| dewey-search | 338.10934 |
| dewey-sort | 3338.10934 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Agrar-/Forst-/Ernährungs-/Haushaltswissenschaft / Gartenbau Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Indien |
| id | DE-604.BV025509086 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:35:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783823614890 3823614894 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-020119452 |
| oclc_num | 180965251 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 |
| physical | IX, 217 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Margraf |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Farming and rural systems economics |
| series2 | Farming and rural systems economics |
| spelling | Khachatryan, Armen Verfasser aut Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India Armen Khachatryan Weikersheim Margraf 2006 IX, 217 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Farming and rural systems economics 80 Zugl.: Hohenheim, Univ., Diss., 2006 Agrarproduktion (DE-588)4068471-4 gnd rswk-swf Marktzugang (DE-588)4074590-9 gnd rswk-swf Agrarmarkt (DE-588)4000767-4 gnd rswk-swf Verbesserung (DE-588)4309013-8 gnd rswk-swf Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Indien (DE-588)4026722-2 g Agrarmarkt (DE-588)4000767-4 s Marktzugang (DE-588)4074590-9 s Agrarproduktion (DE-588)4068471-4 s Verbesserung (DE-588)4309013-8 s DE-604 Farming and rural systems economics 80 (DE-604)BV013840817 80 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020119452&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Khachatryan, Armen Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India Farming and rural systems economics Agrarproduktion (DE-588)4068471-4 gnd Marktzugang (DE-588)4074590-9 gnd Agrarmarkt (DE-588)4000767-4 gnd Verbesserung (DE-588)4309013-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068471-4 (DE-588)4074590-9 (DE-588)4000767-4 (DE-588)4309013-8 (DE-588)4026722-2 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India |
| title_auth | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India |
| title_exact_search | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India |
| title_full | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India Armen Khachatryan |
| title_fullStr | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India Armen Khachatryan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India Armen Khachatryan |
| title_short | Market access and aggregate crop productivity in India |
| title_sort | market access and aggregate crop productivity in india |
| topic | Agrarproduktion (DE-588)4068471-4 gnd Marktzugang (DE-588)4074590-9 gnd Agrarmarkt (DE-588)4000767-4 gnd Verbesserung (DE-588)4309013-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agrarproduktion Marktzugang Agrarmarkt Verbesserung Indien Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020119452&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013840817 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT khachatryanarmen marketaccessandaggregatecropproductivityinindia |