Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii": (jud. Sălaj)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Zalău
Ed. Limes [u.a.]
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Biblioteka Limes-Lekton
7 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 183 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9739802656 9789738503779 9738503779 9789739802659 |
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CUPRINS
PREFAŢĂ
CAP. I INTRODUCERE . 1
I.a. Motivaţie. Metodologie . 1
I.b. Cadrul natural geografic . 3
CAP. II. SCURT ISTORIC AL CERCETĂRILOR . 5
PRIVIND SECOLELE VII-IX PE TERITORIUL
JUDEŢULUI SĂLAJ
CAP. III VESTIGIILE MEDIEVALE TIMPURII DE LA . 9
POPENI - „PE POGOR ”
III.a. Amplasarea sitului. Istoricul cercetărilor . 9
Ill.b. Stratigrafia sitului. Descrierea săpăturilor . 9
III.c. Complexele şi inventarul arheologic . 11
Ill.d. Materialul arheologic 20
IlI.d. 1. Ceramica 20
III. d.2. Alte categorii de artefacte 27
CAP. IV VESTIGIILE MEDIEVALE TIMPURII DE LA . 29
CUCEU - „ VALEA ROCHII „
IV. a. Amplasarea sitului. Istoricul cercetărilor . 29
IV.b. Stratigrafia sitului. Descrierea săpăturilor . 29
IV.c. Complexele şi inventarul arheologic . 30
IV. d. Materialul arheologic 41
IV.d. 1. Ceramica 41
IV.d.2. Alte categorii de artefacte . 50
CAP. V ÎNCADRAREA CRONOLOGICĂ A 51
VESTIGIILOR DE LA POPENI - „PE POGOR ”
ŞI CUCEU - „ VALEA ROCHII”
CAP. VI CONCLUZII 59
Bibliografie 65
Abrevieri bibliografice 69
Rezumat în limba engleză 71
Anexe (hărţi, planşe) 87
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Băcueţ-Crişan
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Băcueţ-Crişan
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Băcueţ-Crişan
Băcueţ-Crişan
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2004a
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68
THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL SETTLEMENTS FROM POPENI - POGOR’9
AND CUCEU - „VALEA BOCHIF’ (SÀLAJ COUNTY)
(Abstract)
1. REASON. METHODOLOGY
The early mediaeval period represents the most interesting and least known chronological stage
in Romanian’s history. Taking into account that there are still many mysteries, this should represent one
of the major priorities in Romanian archaeological research.
The current stage of knowledge doesn’t allow us to lay down some definite inferences concerning
the period at issue. The most archaeological investigations have limited to surface researches, followed
occasionally by borings and very seldom by systematic diggings.
Regarding the internal lay-out of a settlement, datable between the 7th and the 9th centuries, we
can determine — without exaggeration — that the information panel is highly short. If in other areas in
Transylvania, we are aware of some early mediaeval settlements, which were almost exhaustively looked
into or published, for instance Comana de Jos (Glodariu, Costea, Ciupea 1980, pp. 69-98), for the north-
west area and especially for Salaj County, the situation is completely changed.
Recently, the north-west of Romania was the subject of two researches / doctorate thesis (Stanciu
1998; Cosma 2002), which already provided a picture of the early mediaeval period in this geographical
area. These analyses respecting the north-west of Romania highlighted foremost the research stage.
The investigated archaeological findings, allowed emitting some conclusions regarding the material
and spiritual culture of the human communities which lived in this area.
It is imperative to complete the information panel concerning the material and spiritual evolution
of the human communities in the mediaeval period, objective that is achievable - firstly — by publishing
the archaeological monographs (regardless of the research stage run in the sit(s), increasing the level of
knowledge and enhancing the chances to emit conclusions / views as pertinent / viable as possible.
To support this view, through this demarch, I wish to highlight all the archaeological vestiges found
up to date in the settlements from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” and Cuceu - “Valea Bochii”, their analysis and
to the possible extent their dating.
The first archaeological borings in the two places were made in 1978-1979 (Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”)
71
and 1978 (Cuceu ֊ “Valea Bochii”). Subsequent to the first borings in the settlement from Popeni - ,,Pe
Pogor”, the author of the research (Al. V. Matei) published shortly the results and settlement beside the
archaeological material found here with that of Cuceu - “Valea Bochii”, sensing that between the two
there are certain chronological differences (Matei 1979, p. 484).
The research results from then were exhaustively published in 1994 (Stanciu, Matei 1994, pp.
135-163). At the time, the findings from the two settlements were dealt / analyzed and chronologically
situated together, asserting that the two represent the vestiges of a single settlement.
The rescue archaeological researches made in 1999 at the two settlements, provided new information
concerning the vestiges hereof. Thus, the archaeological sites researched together with the archaeological
show that, in fact, in the settlements of Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” and Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” there were two
early mediaeval settlements, datable in two distinct chronological stages, which constituted the root
cause of this demarche.
The analysis of the two archaeological objectives was made with an emphasis on the following
items: site’s layout (arrangement), the stratigraphy, the display of all the research campaigns, the
description of the archaeological sites together with the afferent archaeological material.
As the archaeological material discovered following the researches of 1978-1979, it was published
exhaustively in 1994, only a fragment of these artifacts were displayed graphically here. The graphic
documentation of the research of 1999 is more consistent; the archaeological inventory described globally,
as a matter of fact this being its first publishing.
The archaeological material discovered in the researched sites is displayed on classes of artifacts.
Certainly, the pottery has the greatest weight. I described all the pottery shapes identified in each site
that was studied. I also analyzed the pottery shapes taking into account the molding technique: hand
made, slow and fast wheel work. Considering the aspects related to the molding technique of pottery, the
shapes, the dimensions, the characteristics of the constitutive items (mouth, lip (edge), neck, shoulder,
belly (bosh), bottom) I suggested a typology of all the pottery shapes identified up to now in the two
settlements.
Unfortunately the pottery is quite fragmentary, extremely few pots being integer or that can be
made integer, therefore the laying down of the typologies was made, considering first of all the aspects
relating to the shape of the pots’ mouth. The suggested typology for the pottery from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”
and Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” is an internal one and doesn’t have a general form to suit the both sites.
Because the typological analyses were made on fragmentary pots, not on whole ones, the suggested
arrangement is not foolproof.
From the point of view of quantity, the pottery constitutes the greatest weight, that is why it
represented the main item used in the dating of the two objectives. The chronological framing was made
72
taking into consideration certain aspects:
a. The quantitative report among the three pottery classes (hand made, slow and fast wheel). The
establishing of the quantities for each pottery class was made as follows: a. all the pottery fragments
discovered were divided on pots (as it was possible), and then all the identified pots were counted for
each pot class.
b. The analogies from the north-west of Romania.
c. The analogies that are present in other geographical areas throughout Romania’s current territory
(Transylvania, Banat, Muntenia, Moldavia, Dobrogea).
d. The analogies from the areas outside the current borders of Romania (Hungary, Check Republic,
Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Serbia, Germany)
2. THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL SETTLEMENT FROM POPENI - „PE POGOR”
The archaeological site is located on the right side of Zalau-Mirsid-Jibou road, somewhere about
across the former train station of Cuceu (pi. 3). The first archaeological borings were made by Al. V.
Matei (The County Museum of Zalau) between 1978 and 1979 (Matei 1979, pp. 483-484), who published
the results in 1994 {Stanciu, Matei 1994, pp. 135-163). In 1999 there were made some rescue diggings,
due to the installation of the gas pipe line on Jibou-Zalau route (Bacuet-Crisan, Bacuet-Crisan 2000 a,
p. 78; Bacuet-Crisan 2000-2004, pp. 89-111).
In 1978 a control section was marked off together with a hole of 6 x 4 m. It was found here a
deepened dwelling, marked with L. 1 and three holes, marked as Gr. 1, Gr. 2 and Gr. 3 (Matei 1979,
pp. 483-484; Stanciu, Matei 1994, p. 136). The research of 1979 aimed again this site, being opened
now a hole of 12 x 4, 50 m. This is how the traces of some settlements were discovered, but no accurate
observations could be made because of the changed stratigraphy thanks to land tilling {Stanciu, Matei
1994, ip. 136).
The archaeological diggings made in 1999 (April to June) had a rescue mission, because of the
installation of the gas pipe line on Jibou-Zalau route {Bacuet-Crisan, Bacuet-Crisan 2000 a, p. 78).
In the digging there were found more early mediaeval settlements, marked as L6/1999, L7/1999,
A/1999 and B/1999.
Analyzing the pottery discovered at Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” in the research campaigns run in 1978,
1979 and 1999, we determined the following quantitative report between the hand made, the slow and
fast wheel pottery: the pottery worked on slow wheel represents 56 %, the fast wheel pottery is 7% and
the hand made pottery is in proportion of 37%.
The situation is different at Cuceu - „Valea Bochii, here we determined a different quantitative
report: the slow wheel pottery is present up to 68 %, the fast wheel pottery is up to 13% and the rest of
73
19% represents hand made pottery.
Therefore it is obvious that within the two sites the quantitative amounts of the three pottery
classes are different. This difference in amount quantity reasons differences in chronology between the
two sites hereof.
On the grounds of the technical characteristics, of analogies, of the quantitative reports in the three
pottery classes, I consider that the settlement from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” is dated earlier than the one from
Cuceu - “Valea Bochii”. Taking into account the large quantity of hand made pottery, the settlement from
Popeni ֊ ,,Pe Pogor” can be set in the second half/end of the 7th - first half of the 8th century.
3. THE EARLY MEDIAEVAL SETTLEMENT FROM CUCEU - „VALEA BOCHII”
The site from „Valea Bochii” (pi. 40) is located on the right side of Zalau-Mirsid-Jibou road, behind
the houses found across the former train station of Cuceu (pi. 94).
Alexandru V. Matei (The County Museum of Zalau) carried out check borings in this place in 1978
(Matei 1979, p. 484), and the results were published in 1994 (Stanciu, Matei 1994, pp. 135-163).
The diggings made here in 1999 had a rescue goal because of the installation of the gas pipe line
on Jibou-Zalau route (Bacuet-Crisan, Bacuet-Crisan 2000 b, pp. 32-33).
A small section, with a size of 20 x 1 m and a hole of 8 x 3 m were marked off here in 1978. The
settlements discovered here in 1978 were numbered following-up the ones from. There were examined:
a dwelling, a hole and an open air fire device.
In this place, in 1978 it was also dug a ditch to set a pipe line for water adduction from Somes to
Zalau and which seems to have transected an early mediaeval dwelling.
In 1999, in the settlement from Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” in the examined areas we have the following
early mediaeval settlements (pi. 45): the dwelling Ll/1999, L2/1999, L3/1999, L4/1999 and the holes
Gl/1999, G2/1999 si G3/1999. In the hole E/1999 it was outlined an archaeological site belonging to
the Neolithic period (Bacuet-Crisan 2000, p. 12).
The quantitative report between the pottery shapes highlights that the pot without handles
is prevailing, followed by the plate, test and bowl (a single piece). Regarding the pottery classes I
determined (the analysis has been made on the whole pottery lot discovered in 1978 and 1999) the
following quantitative report, among the hand made, slow and fast wheel pottery: the slow wheel pottery
is present up to 68 %, the fast wheel pottery represents 13% and the rest of 19% is for hand made pottery.
Thus, the resultant proportions are different from the amounts established at Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”. In
comparison to the dwelling from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”, the hand made pottery from here is much less
present and thee fast wheel pottery is in greater quantity. The slow wheel pottery stays dominant, here
being present in a greater proportion.
74
Moreover, the recorded archaeological situations underlined the progressive decrease of hand
made pottery over the 8th and 9th centuries (Stanciu, Matei 1994, p. 145 ; Stanciu 1994, p. 311), as well
as a stepwise increase of slow wheel pottery (Stanciu, Matei 1994, p. 145).
Coming back to the pottery classes proportions in the two sites, Cuceu ֊ “Valea Bochii” and Popeni
- ,,Pe Pogor”, the different amounts recorded suggest chronological distinctions too. Based on technical
characteristics, on the discovered analogies, taking into account the quantitative reports of the three
pottery classes, I consider that the dwelling from Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” has to be set in a subsequent
period of time to the dwelling from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”.
At Cuceu ֊ “Valea Bochii” the slow wheel pottery is present in a greater amount (greater than in
Popeni - “Pe Pogor”) and there are close amounts to the hand made pottery (less than in Popeni - ,,Pe
Pogor”) and to fast wheel (greater than in Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”).
All the information provided by the research made until now at Cuceu ֊ “Valea Bochii”, make me
consider that this dwelling can be set in the second half of the 8th - first half of the 9th century, without
eliminating the chance that the dwelling could have been built earlier than the middle 8th century.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The archaeological researches deployed on the Salaj County territory highlighted the existence of
settlements datable back to the early mediaeval period and implicitly the presence of human communities.
Some areas were more inhabited mainly due to the natural conditions of the location. On the other hand,
the lack of discoveries or, on the contrary their abundance is due to the current stage of the researches.
The settlements from Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” and Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” are laid-out very close to
water sources. All the studied dwellings from Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” are of deepened type. The dwellings
Ll/1999, L2/1999 and L3/1999 discovered at Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” are very close to one another, and
in the vicinity of the dust holes. It is likely that in this case to have been a group of pits/buildings based
on family / kin relationships.
In the settlement from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” there were studied pits which had a different function
besides that of living. The hole #1, discovered in 1978, having a rectangular shape and with round
comers, arose questions at the beginning regarding the purpose. Thus the dwelling was considered to
have a rather economical purpose (Stanciu, Matei 1994, p. 137). The diggings of 1999 discovered another
four pits of this type. The pits L6, L7 and A are rectangular and prolate oval and they didn’t have fire
devices. On their bottom, there were found the traces of some thick poles which perhaps supported a
roof. Consequently, these pits cannot be thought to be simple holes.
The pit B/1999, is highly interesting thanks to it dimensions. It is prolate oval, with narrow anc
rounded ends. It is 11,5m long and 1 m wide. Among the early mediaeval settlements there were alsc
75
identified open air fire devices, situated among the dwellings and outbuildings. At Cuceu - “Valea Bochii”
it was studied a single pit of this type, a hearth with a stones garden (Stanciu, Matei 1994, pi. II/l).
The holes of various shapes and sizes, discovered in most of the early mediaeval settlements are
spread among the dwellings or outbuildings, not being in a clearly limited space. The archaeological
inventory from the holes is not very different from the one in the dwellings: pottery fragments, mill
pieces, various parts of iron etc. The fragmentary status of the archaeological material shows that the
purpose was to „keep” the garbage. Because of the dimensions and of the archaeological inventory, none
of the holes discovered at Cuceu - “Valea Bochii” can be included in the stock holes type.
The archaeological material discovered in the studied dwellings is made up mainly of pottery.
The amount of the discovered pottery varies from one dwelling to another, depending on the research
intensity. Unfortunately, there are few complete pots or which can be completed, the majority of the
pottery being quite fragmentary. The discovered pottery fragments show the presence of more pottery
shapes, the pot without handles, griddles, tray and the bowl.
The spun and the weave are certified by the discovery of the spindles and needles. The cooking is
highlighted by the large amount of griddles and trays discovered, as well as by the presence of ovens.
It is also worth mentioning the mill used in the food cooking process.
One of the most significant activities of human communities was animal rearing, which provided,
on the one hand, a good deal of food and on the other hand a range of collateral products needful for the
community. The presence of big and small comuted animals, of porcine of poultry is highlighted by the
osteological material from the two studied settlements.
The archaeological diggings ran up to now in the settlements from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” and Cuceu
- “Valea Bochii” provided a certain amount of archaeological material with the help of which I could set
the two sites in a chronological period. The archaeological inventory, its characteristics and analogies
place the two settlements on two different chronological levels.
I suggested a typology of the discovered pottery in the two settlements. But, because the study
was made on a pottery material which is extremely fragmentary, the results of the arrangement are not
irremovable. I also ascertain again that the pottery types in the two settlements represent a classification
with an internal function and they don’t have a general validity.
Between the two settlements I firstly noticed differences, but also some resemblances. In the
settlement from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” there weren’t yet studied (for the moment) pits to have the
constructive characteristics of dwellings. All the pits that were studied are without any fire devices. At
Cuceu - “Valea Bochii”, the situation is different. There are here rectangular dwellings with fire devices.
A hearth was set in open air. The dust holes between the dwellings were studied.
From the point of view of the archaeological inventory I could notice resemblances and differences,
76
mainly in pottery. At Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor” there is a large amount off hand made pottery. At Cuceu
- “Valea Bochii” the hand made pottery is present in a smaller amount, but instead the amount of fast
wheel pottery is greater. In both settlements the prevalent category is of slow wheel pottery. There were
identified some pottery types in both settlements, and some are present only in one or the other.
The pits and archaeological inventories’ characteristics described above, I believe that prove that
the two settlements are distinct. Therefore, I suggested dating the settlement from Popeni - ,,Pe Pogor”
in the second half of the 7th century and the first half of the 8th century, and the one from Cuceu - “Valea
Bochii” in the second half of the 8th century and the first half of the 9th century.
Tracking down the necropolises from the two settlements has proved to be an unsolved issue.
Unfortunately, these necropolises haven’t been discovered so far. Certainly the research is not yet finished
in the two settlements, and it is highly probable that the future borings to bring new elements to confirm
or confute the suggested dates. A significant aspect remains unsolved: the ethnicity of the findings in the
two settlements.
The distinctions noticed so far, between the types of archaeological pits in the two settlements,
suggest that these could have been inhabited by different ethnic groups. Identifying their necropolises
could provide a range of new elements on this matter.
77 |
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| author | Băcueţ-Crişan, Dan 1972- |
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| era | Geschichte gnd |
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| geographic_facet | Judeţ Sălaj |
| id | DE-604.BV025487111 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-12T14:01:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9739802656 9789738503779 9738503779 9789739802659 |
| language | Romanian English |
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| physical | 183 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
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| publisher | Ed. Limes [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Biblioteka Limes-Lekton |
| series2 | Biblioteka Limes-Lekton |
| spelling | Băcueţ-Crişan, Dan 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1098433998 aut Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) Dan Băcueţ-Crişan Zalău Ed. Limes [u.a.] 2006 183 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biblioteka Limes-Lekton 7 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd rswk-swf Judeţ Sălaj (DE-588)4346875-5 gnd rswk-swf Judeţ Sălaj (DE-588)4346875-5 g Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 s Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Geschichte z DE-604 Biblioteka Limes-Lekton 7 (DE-604)BV025504183 7 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020100245&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020100245&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020100245&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Băcueţ-Crişan, Dan 1972- Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) Biblioteka Limes-Lekton Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4129108-6 (DE-588)4346875-5 |
| title | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) |
| title_auth | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) |
| title_exact_search | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) |
| title_full | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) Dan Băcueţ-Crişan |
| title_fullStr | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) Dan Băcueţ-Crişan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" (jud. Sălaj) Dan Băcueţ-Crişan |
| title_short | Aşezările medievale timpurii de la Popeni "Pe Pogor" şi Cuceu "Valea Bochii" |
| title_sort | asezarile medievale timpurii de la popeni pe pogor si cuceu valea bochii jud salaj |
| title_sub | (jud. Sălaj) |
| topic | Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Mittelalter (DE-588)4129108-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Mittelalter Judeţ Sălaj |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020100245&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020100245&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020100245&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV025504183 |
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