Experimental pollination ...: an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington
Carnegie Inst.
1923
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Publication / Carnegie Institution
336 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | VII, 274 S. Ill. |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Clements, Frederic E. |d 1874-1945 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)117691372 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Experimental pollination ... |b an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |c by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington |b Carnegie Inst. |c 1923 | |
| 300 | |a VII, 274 S. |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Publication / Carnegie Institution |v 336 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Long, Frances Louise |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 810 | 2 | |a Carnegie Institution <Washington, DC> |t Publication |v 336 |w (DE-604)BV035415500 |9 336 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804142645011808256 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | EXPERIMENTAL EQLMNAiTION
AN! OUT LN IE OF THE
i !
M
ECOLOGY OF! FLOWERS AM)
i 1!
INSECTS
B Y
• I •
FREDERIC E CLEMENTS AND FRANCES L LONG
• J i
i !• ;
!i )
i|jjCarneg e/lB
Depostin
PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OP WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON, 1923,
il ii li: :iI M
CONTENTS
POL-
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS
Introduction
Objectives
Methods
General principles
Normal pollination
Experimental pollination
Organization of experiments
Change of position or place
Concealing or disguising flowers
Mutilation
Artificial and painted flowers
Addition of parts or substances
Competition
Manipulation of insects
Life-history methods and records
Life-history record of a represen
tative species | i
I NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL!
LINATION
Aconitum columbianum j
Normal pollination J
Structure
Behavior
Experiments
Change of position
Horizontal racemes
Racemes inverted
Mutilations
Cotton plugs i J
Stamens removed I Jt
Hood split IJiJ;
Hood removed¥
Hood and nectaries removed
Lower sepals removed ) I |
Side petals removed! iJr it
Competitive relations |! » Jl
Artificial and painted flowers
Normal colors A
Artificial flowers J J [
Painted flowers Jjj
Addition of honey and iodor
Honey |,J I, J! 1
Perfumes J jlj A;
Summary jJ:A
Delphinium scopulorum :l I
Normal pollination
Habit and structure
Behavior
Experiments
Change of position J
Inverted racemes
Horizontal racemes
Mutilation
Cotton plugs
Petals removed
Spur removed
Landing-platform removed
Artificial and painted flowers
Crepe-paper corollas I
Crepe-paper corollas with
spurs
Painted flowers
PAGE
2 i
NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POL
LINATION (Continued)
Delphinium scopulorum (Continued)
Addition of odor
Perfume
Summary
Rubus deliciosus
Normal pollination
Habit and structure
Behavior
Variation in visits
Experiments
Mutilation
Petals split or shortened
Stamens covered
Artificial and painted flowers
Crepe-paper corollas
Painted corollas
Addition of honey or odor
Honey
Summary
Rubus strigosus
Normal pollination
, Habit| and structure
Behayior^
Experiments
Mutilation i
Floral envelopes or stamens
removed
PAGE
• i
Rosa acicuiatis : ;(
Normal pollination
J, Habit and structure
j | Behavior Ij,
Experiments
Mutilation
Corolla; short!ened
Stamens jmasked
Artificial and painted flowers
Crepe-paper jcorollas
Addition of; honey and odor
Honey ij j ; |
Honey arid talcum powder ) li i (I u jl Camphor,
I! ! I Summarjr|
Geranium }caespUosum
Normal ;pollination
j J Habit and structure
i i Behavior1
Calendars J1
Experiments
j i Change of position
11 Flowers vertical or inverted
i Mutilation1: |
Cotton overinectaries
Excision , |
Artificial and painted flowers
Crepe-paperjcorollas
Addition of honey and odor
HoiieyJ
Summary
Chamaenerium angustifolium
Normal|pollination
Habit and structure
h
I?4
41
41
?
4
iv CONTENTS
2 NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL , POL
LINATION {Continued) ji
Chamaenerium angustifolium (Coht )1
Behavior L J A j j
Experiments ||A i
Change of position ,
Racemes inverted
Mutilation
Floral envelopes removed J
• • Upper petals and; the! in{
eluded sepal removed1!
Stamens and style removed J
ArtificialandpaintedflowersJ
Crepe-paper corollas i^ j! /
PaintedcorollasAJiJ11
Addition of honey and odor
Honey
Odor
Perfumes
PAGE
Fla rc ring extracts
Summar^
i!
!!
Pachylophus caespitosus
Normal pollination
Habit and structure
Behavior ! ![ ;
Experiments I
Artificial flowers ;
Crepe-paper flowers
• Petals obscured
Mentzelia multiflora
Normal pollination
Habit and structure
Experiments
Crepe-paper flowers and com
petition
Crepe-paper corollas
Summary
Frasera speciosa
Normal pollination
Habit and structure
Behavior
Experiments
Mutilation
Types
Artificial and painted flowers
Crepe-paper corollas
Painted corollas ;
False corollas
Addition of nectar and odor
Nectar
Summary
Mertensia pratensis •
Normal pollination
Behavior
Experiments
Mutilation
Changes of corolla
Castilleia miniata
Normal pollination
Habit and structure
Behavior
Experiments
- Mutilation
Upper lip removed, spike in
verted
Painted flowers
Painted bracts
-64
PAGE
NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POL
LINATION (Continued)
Pentstemon glaber 65
Normal pollination 65
Habit and structure 65
Behavior 65
Calendars 66
Experiments 68
Change of position 68
Racemes inverted 68
Racemes horizontal 70
Mutilation 70
Cotton at the corolla mouth 70
Styles, stamens, and stami-
node removed 70
Corolla split 70
Corolla lips separated and
staminode raised 71
• Upper lip removed at the
• 1 throat 71
} Lower lip shortened half 71
1 Lower lip removed 71
Lower lip and part of the
; tube removed 71
Lips removed except lower
lobe* 71
Corolla tube shortened half 71
Petals -separated 71
Lower lip split into three
petals J 71
Tube end of a corolla slipped
over the Istaminode 72
• Comparative relations 72
Artificialand painted flowers 72
Crepe-paper corollas 72
Corolla painted with water-
colors 72
Honey and odor 72
Sirup added 72
Pentstemon gracilis 73
Normal pollination 73
Habit and structure 73
Behavior 73
Calendars 74
Experiments 75
Change of position 75
Racemes inverted 75
Racemes horizontal 75
Mutilation 1 75
Landing-platform removed 75
Brush of staminode removed 75
Anthers and recurved por
tion of upper lip removed 75
Upper lip partly removed 75
Lobes of upper lip separated 75
Petals split to the base 76
Pentstemon glaucus 76
Normal pollination 76
Normal behavior 76
Experiments 76
Mutilation 76
Upper lobes split to base 76
Lower lip removed 76
Outer lobes of lower lip re
moved 76
Staminode removed 76
CONTENTS
PAGE
NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTAL POL
LINATION (Continued)
Pentstemon glaucus (Cont )
Middle lobe of the lower lip
removed 77
Upper, lip removed 77
Pentstemon secundiflorus 77
Normal pollination 77
Behavior 77
Calendar 77
Experiments 77
Odor 77
Powders and extracts 77
- Cotton wads sprinkled with
peppermint 78
Summary 78
Monarda fistulosa 79
Normal pollination 79
Habit and structure 79
Behavior - 79
Experiments] 80
Mutilation and competition 80
Plan 80
Summary 88
R6sum6 89
Variation in number of visits 89
Changes of position 90
Masking with cotton 90
Mutilation , 91
Artificial flowers 92
Painted flowers 92
Honey and odor 93
COMPETITION AND CONSTANCY 94
Significance 94
Competition 94
General plan 94
Rubus strigosus 95
General relations 95
Rubus strigosus and Rubus deliciosus 95
Comparison 95
Experiments 95
Summary 97
Rubus strigosus and Rubus deliciosus 97
Comparison 99
Summary 99
Competition of Rubus with Frasera,
Cleome, etc * 99
Comparison : 97
Experiments 99
Summary 99
Rubus strigosus and two or more
competitors 99
Comparison 99
Summary 100
Rubus deliciosus 101
Experiments 101
Summary 101
Rosa acicularis 101
Comparison 101
Experiments 102
Summary 102
Competition with normal and -
mutilated Aquilegia 105
Geranium - 105
Comparison 105
Experiments 106
Summary 109
PAGE
3 COMPETITION AND CONSTANCY (COTV- V
tinued)
Chamaenerium angustifolium 110,
Comparison 110,!
Experiments 110;
Summary 110
Pentstemon 110J
Comparison 110;
Experiments 113;
Summary 113,
Monarda fistulosa 115:
Comparison 115
Experiments 115,
Summary • 115
Weight and composition of pollen
loads 119
Value and methods 119
Discussion 127
Constancy 128
Definitions 128
Early observations of constancy 129,
Bennett s studies of constancy 130
Christy s studies of methodic
habits 13C)
Mueller s results 130
Bulman s studies 131
Ord s conclusions 131
Plateau and P§rez 131
Constancy in Bombus 132
Lovell s conclusions 132
Kranichfeld s observations 133
Origin of oligotropism 133
R6sum6 134
Experimental results in compe- ||
tition 134
Effects of competition 134
Constancy as shown by pollen |[
loads 135
4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS 136
Introductory 136
Early experiments of Plateau and |:
others 136
Artificial flowers 136
Nectaries 137
Color sense of bees 138
Response to detached petals 139
Color preferences : of nocturnal^ ],
moths : ••••• 140
Response to color without anten- ||
nee i 140
Perception of form I 140
Response of wasps to color 143
Response of wasps to odor 145
Main researches of Plateau 145
Masked flowers 34(5
Removal of corolla 147
Response to different colors 148
Addition of honey to vivid nectar- I;
less flowers l 149
Anemophilous flowers 150
Eritomophilous flowers of dull
~ color 1 150
Artificial flowers, second series 150
Artificial flowers of jgreen leaves 151
Conclusions as to artificial flowers 152
General summary/! 152
R61e of vexillary organs 153
VI
4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS
iinued)t |
Main researches of Plateau
tinued) j |jj
Choice of colors by insects
Errors made by Anthidiums
Admiration of syrphids for bright
flowers Jljj jlt |
Attraction of colored cloths [and
(Con
HI
(Con-
amp;m|
insect
CONTENTS
:: |, I
PAGE
brilliant objects
Constancy among bees! j! J
Mistakes made by bees jjj!
Removal of the antenn® of
ble-bees
Evidence of the attractive role of
odor , | jj
Decorollate poppies and
visits • J jj
New experiments with artificial
flowers •!!! • J
Conclusions as to artificial flowers
Macroglossa and false flowers^ jj
Entomophilous flowers llit tjejjvisT
itedbyinsects|:j|j,
Related studies and critiquesjjj J» - j!
Comparative importance of ibdor
and color « ; j; jv •
Perez s critique of Plateau s work
Effect of colors at the hive
Critiques of Kienitz-Gerloff
Knuth s critique j ;,
Reeker s experiments with arti
ficial flowers
Decorollate poppies
Response to color and odor by a
hawk-moth * :
Vexillary nature of the plume in
Muscari
Forel s experiments with covered
dahlias and with artefacts
Response of Syritta
Andreae s experiments with arti
ficial flowers
Andreae s conclusions
Andreae s criticisms of Plateau s
work
Plateau s criticisms of Andreae s
work
Wery s experiments with decorol
late and artificial flowers
Plateau s criticisms of ; Wery s
experiments •
Experiments of Weismann and
Errera :
Orientation of the honey-bee at
flowers of the same species
Discrimination between similar
species of flowers
Orientation of the bee within the
• flower
Chance observations of visits to
imitations_
Knoll s critique of Plateau s
study of Macroglossa- ,
Recent investigations
The color sense of the honey-bee
Can bees distinguish colors?
R
159 II
176
189-
PRINCIPLES ANDI; CONCLUSIONS (Con-
] I; jtinued)r| | ;j j |
Recent investigations (Continued) i
jThe pollination of green flowers
Conspiciious!fiowers rarely visited
j by insects I ; |
Response of honey-bees to colored
j artefact^ jj ;|
Pattern ijvision in the honey-bee
Experiments with cotton blos-
| somaJl ;: ij : J
Color ,sense: and memory in the
| honeyj-bee
jFrisch s researches—sense of color
t and form in the honey-bee
The supposed color sense of the
| honeyj-bee jj
Seasonal changes in response to
honey • I[: j
The sense of smell in the honey
bee
and the colors of
of
: Bombylius
flowers !
Vision and flower behavior
Macroglossa stellatarum
Response of bees to spectral bands
Evaluation of Plateau s researches
Forel s estimate 1
Contradictory nature of Plateau s
later conclusions
Conclusions as to Plateau s views
Senses of insects
Sight
The mosaic theory
Criticisms of Plateau s views as
to vision
- Sensibility to color
Perception of form and move
ment by insects
Discrimination of form
Vision in honey-bees
Vision in ants
The role of ultra-violet in at
traction
The homing faculty in bees and
wasps
Fabre s experiment with bees
and wasps
Lubbock s and Forel s critique
of Fabre s conclusions
Homing faculty of bees
Sense of direction in ground-
wasps
Disturbance of memory in
wasps
Observations on the homing of
Benibex and Pampilus
Memory of place in Osmia
The field and nest flights of the
bumble-bee
The homiiig of the mud-dauber
wasp
Experiments on the orientation
of bees in homing
Homing ability in Polistes
Smell
PAGE
I!
!l97
•200
• 213
CONTENTS vii
PAGE
4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS (Con
tinued)
Smell (Continued)
Sense of smell in insects de
prived of antennae 225
Forel s criticisms of Graber s
results: 226
Hauser s experiments 227-
Olfactory pores 228
Experiments with antennae
removed, mutilated, or
coated 228
Experiments with wings, legs,
and stings mutilated 229
Mclndoo s experiments with
deantennate insects 229
Present status as to the seat of
the olfactory sense 230
Intelligence 232-
Relation between the senses
and mental faculties of in
sects 232
Memory and general intelli
gence of wasps 233
Memory of place in bees 233
Memory of time and asso
ciation of impressions 235
Memory of time and memory
association in honey-bees 236
Intelligence of honey-bees 236
The psychic powers of insects 237
A
PAGE
4 PRINCIPLES AND CONCLUSIONS (Con- I
tinued)
General r6sum6 1 238
Treatment 1 238
Attraction 1 238
Color | 238
Mutilation 238
Artificial flowers 239
Painted flowers 240
Inclosing flowers in glass 241
Green flowers and showy nec-
tarless flowers 241
Color preference „ 241
Odor 244
Masking or covering flowers
to conceal color 244
Odor of honey 244
Effect of added odors 245
Relative value of color and |
odor 245
Form 245
Distinction and role 245
Attraction at a distance and near Jj
at hand 246
Learning and habit 247
Memory and intelligence 247
5 Pollinators and Flowers Visited 249
6 Flowers and their Visitors 256
Bibliography 268
Index 273
Description of Plates 276
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 Long, Frances Louise |
| author_GND | (DE-588)117691372 |
| author_facet | Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 Long, Frances Louise |
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| bvnumber | BV025480362 |
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| id | DE-604.BV025480362 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:35:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
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| physical | VII, 274 S. Ill. |
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| spelling | Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 Verfasser (DE-588)117691372 aut Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long Washington Carnegie Inst. 1923 VII, 274 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publication / Carnegie Institution 336 Long, Frances Louise Verfasser aut Carnegie Institution <Washington, DC> Publication 336 (DE-604)BV035415500 336 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020094402&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Clements, Frederic E. 1874-1945 Long, Frances Louise Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |
| title | Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |
| title_auth | Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |
| title_exact_search | Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |
| title_full | Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long |
| title_fullStr | Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental pollination ... an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects by Frederic E. Clements and Frances L. Long |
| title_short | Experimental pollination ... |
| title_sort | experimental pollination an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |
| title_sub | an outline of the ecology of flowers and insects |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=020094402&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV035415500 |
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