Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dortrecht [u.a.]
Kluwer
2002
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 182 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1402003978 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Vegetation Degradation in
Central Asia under the Impact
of Human Activities
by
Nikolai Kharin
Center on Problems of Ecology and Productivity of Forests
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
vii
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
1 1 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) 1
1 2 Global extension of desertification 2
Up-to-date situation 2
1 3 Change of biological diversity 4
Silphium 4
1 4 Degradation of the drylands of Asia 5
Classification of the drylands of Asia — - 5
Desertification of the drylands of Asia 5
Social sequences of desertification 5
Capital punishment for ecological crimes 9
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 11
2 1 Introduction 11
2 2 Climate and desertification 12
Specific climatic features of Central Asia 13
Drought and desertification 14
2 3 Soils 18
Zonal classification of soils 18
Takyr and takyr-like soils 18
Hydromorphic soils — 18
Soils of the irrigation zone 19
Soils of vertical zonation 19
2 4 Vegetation 19
Classification of vegetations 19
Vegetation of sandy deserts 20
Vegetation of clay deserts 20
Vegetation of gypsum deserts 20
Vegetation of salt deserts 21
Vegetation of loess deserts 21
Tugai vegetation 21
Mountain vegetation 21
vii i
2 5 Livestock raizing 22
2 6 Crop production 25
Irrigation agriculture 25
Dryland agriculture 28
2 7 Pollution of environment 28
2 8 Summary and conclusion 30
HISTORICAL INTERACTION OF DESERT AND SOCIETY 33
3 1 The first ecological catastrophe in Central Asia 33
3 2 Land use and impact of war during the Middle Ages 37
3 3 Land reclamation, ecology and social life in Russian Turkestan 40
Russian conquest of Central Asia 41
Crop production 42
Traditional system of animal husbandry - 45
Forestry 47
Khiva and Bukhara 49
3 4 Aborigines and newcomers in the desert 49
People of the past - 49
A new commonwealth of the Socialist nations 54
3 5 We shall even control the drought! 56
The project of The Main Turkmen Canal 56
Transfer of river flow from Siberia 58
The dam of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol 60
3 6 Conclusion 63
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF LAND DEGRADATION
DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD 65
4 1 Large leap - a Central Asian version - - 65
Agrarian revolution in Central Asia 65
Rooting out the survivals of the past from the people s mind - 66
Improvement of public health care 68
4 2 Cadre determines all! 69
4 3 Change of social and ecological conditions in rural area 71
4 4 Pripiska and its role in land degradation - 73
Mass falsification of information, or pripiska 73
Cotton affair in Uzbekistan 74
Pripiska and corruption in other republics of Central Asia 75
4 5 Conclusion 76
ix
METHODOLOGY OF DESERTIFICATION ASSESSMENT
AND MAPPING 77
5 1 The concept and criteria of assessment 77
Conceptual approach for desertification assessment 77
Scales for desertification assessment 78
Criteria for assessment of vegetation degradation 81
Criteria for assessment of wind erosion 81
Criteria for assessment of water erosion 82
Criteria for assessment of water logging rangelands 82
Criteria of assessment of soil salinization 82
Criteria for assessment of inherent risk of desertification 83
5 2 Remote sensing indicators of desertification 83
Spectral reflectance of desert landscapes and optimal
seasons of remote sensing 83
Specifications of remote sensing for desertification monitoring 85
5 3 Compilation of desertification map of Turkmenistan 87
Desertification map of Turkmenistan 87
Database on desertification 88
5 4 Use of NOAA/AVHRR data to study desertification 90
5 5 Multistage desertification monitoring 92
5 6 Conclusion 94
STATUS OF DEGRADED ARID LANDS 95
6 1 Change of biodiversity under the impact of desertification - 95
Change of plant species composition - 95
Plant species from The Red Data Book 97
6 2 Degradation of forests 98
Classification and exploitation of forests in Central Asia 98
Volume of nuts and other products stored in forests 99
Protective and sanitary functions of forests 102
Degradation of forests during the Soviet period - 103
6 3 Degradation of desert rangelands ;— 104
The main causes of desert rangeland degradation 104
Vegetation degradation around watering points 105
Regional features of rangeland degradation 105
6 4 Soil degradation 107
Environmental changes in the Aral Sea zone Wind erosion 107
Wind erosion 107
X
Water erosion 108
Waterlogging rangelands 108
Salinization of irrigated farmlands 108
6 5 Change of desert environment along the Karakum Canal
bordering area 110
6 6 Summary and conclusion 113
CHANGE OF WILDLIFE 115
7 1 Animals from The Red Data Book 115
Protection of animals in the reserves 118
Dzheiran 118
Saigak 119
Kulan 120
7 2 Other species of wildlife stand also in need of protection 120
Rodents 120
Snakes 121
Fishes 121
7 3 Hunting and poaching 122
7 4 Conclusion 124
ACCUMULATED ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN NEW INDEPENDENT
COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL ASIA AFTER 1991 125
8 1 Sovereignty, poverty and refugees - 125
Desertification as one of Accumulated Ecological Problems (AEP) 125
New sovereign states of Central Asia — - 125
Corruption and shady economy 126
Refugees and displaced persons - 128
8 2 Scarcity of water resources - 130
Water resources of Central Asia 130
Projected water demand 130
8 3 Worsening ecological and social conditions in the areas affected
by desertification 133
Fall of living standard 133
Desertification and human health 133
Tedzhen case study 135
8 4 Enormous economic and social damage caused by desertification 136
8 5 Conclusion 140
xi
CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION - A GLEAM OF HOPE
AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL 141
91A concept for rehabilitation of degraded desert lands 141
9 2 Regeneration of forests 143
9 3 New approaches and arrangements 144
Sustainable development 144
What is better - top-down approach or bottom-up approach? 145
Capacity building 146
Promotion of new sources of income in agriculture - 147
9 4 National Action Program to Combat Desertification (NAPCD)
in Turkmenistan - 148
Measures to combat desertification at national level 148
Development of National Monitoring System - 148
Strategy of utilization of water resources 148
Conservation of biodiversity — — - - 149
Melioration of irrigated farm lands 150
Range management and improvement — 150
Conservation of forests 150
Stabilization of moving sands - 150
9 5 Creation of enabling environment for implementation of NAPCD 152
International cooperation 156
9 6 Summary and conclusion 157
SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSION 159
10 1 Lessons of the past --- 159
10 27 Up-to-date situation 160
10 3 The requirements of future activities in desertification control 161
GLOSSARY OF LOCAL AND SPECIAL TERMS 163
REFERENCES 171
INDEX 181
|
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| spelling | Kharin, Nikolai Verfasser aut Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities by Nikolai Kharin Dortrecht [u.a.] Kluwer 2002 XVII, 182 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd rswk-swf Degradation (DE-588)4200268-0 gnd rswk-swf Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd rswk-swf Zentralasien (DE-588)4079487-8 gnd rswk-swf Zentralasien (DE-588)4079487-8 g Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 s Degradation (DE-588)4200268-0 s Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 s DE-188 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=019913075&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kharin, Nikolai Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd Degradation (DE-588)4200268-0 gnd Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd |
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| title | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities |
| title_auth | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities |
| title_exact_search | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities |
| title_full | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities by Nikolai Kharin |
| title_fullStr | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities by Nikolai Kharin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities by Nikolai Kharin |
| title_short | Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities |
| title_sort | vegetation degradation in central asia under the impact of human activities |
| topic | Vegetation (DE-588)4187458-4 gnd Degradation (DE-588)4200268-0 gnd Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vegetation Degradation Anthropogener Einfluss Zentralasien |
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