Social cognition:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
1991
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | McGraw-Hill series in social psychology
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 717 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0071009108 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Social cognition |c Susan T. Fiske ; Shelley E. Taylor |
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| 490 | 0 | |a McGraw-Hill series in social psychology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140067451568128 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Social cognition
Autor: Fiske, Susan T.
Jahr: 1991
Contents
FOREWORD xiv
PREFACE xvi
1 INTRODUCTION l
Approaches to Studying the Social Thinker 2
The Elemental Origins of Social Cognition Research 2/ The
Holistic Origins of Social Cognition Research 3/ Conclusion 6
The Ebb and Flow of Cognition in Psychology 6
Cognition in Experimental Psychology 71 Cognition in Social
Psychology 9
What Is Social Cognition? 14
Mentalism: A Commitment to Cognitive Elements 14/ Cognitive
Processes in Social Settings 15/ Cross-Fertilization: Studying
Social Cognitive Processes 16/ Beyond Cognition: Real-World
Social Issues 17
People Are Not Things 18
Summary 19
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL COGNITION 21
2 ATTRIBUTION THEORY 22
vii
What Is Attribution Theory? 23
Heider s Theory of Naive Psychology 24
Jones and Davis Correspondent Inference Theory 26
The Analysis of Noncommon Effects 27/ Other Bases for Forming
Correspondent Inferences 29
Kelley s Attribution Contributions 32
The Covariation Model 33/ The Discounting and Augmenting
Principles 38/ Causal Schemas 39/ Attribution Theory:
A Note 40
Schachter s Theory of Emotional Lability 41
Bern s Self-Perception Theory 45
Weiner s Attribution Contributions 47
The Structure of Causal Experience 47/ Causal Attribution
and the Example of Achievement 49
Summary 54
ATTRIBUTION THEORY: THEORETICAL REFINEMENTS AND
EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS 57
Empirical Contributions to Attribution Theory 57
Basic Principles of Causation 58/ Knowledge Structures and
Causal Inference 60/ Occurrences versus Actions 60/
Communication and Causal Explication 62/ Hilton and
Slugoski s Abnormal Conditions Model 63/ Errors and Biases in
the Attribution Process 66
The Fundamental Attribution Error 67
The Actor-Observer Effect 72/ The False Consensus Effect 75/
Self-Serving Attributional Biases 78/ The Self-Centered
Bias 82/ Attributions of Responsibility or Blame 83
Individual Differences in the Attribution Process 86
Rotter s Locus of Control 86/ Attributional Style 88/
Reattribution Training 91
Summary 92
4 SOCIAL CATEGORIES AND SCHEMAS 96
Definition and Examples of Schemas at Work 98
Wltere Does the Schema Concept Come From? 99
Origins of the Schema Concept in Person Perception
Research 100/ Origins of the Schema Concept in Nonsocial
Memory Research 103
What and How Do People Categorize? 105
Basic Principles 105/ Applications to Social Perception 107/
Critiques and Extensions 109/ An Elemental Alternative:
Exemplars 112/ Prototypes or Exemplars: A Resolution? 115
What Is Contained in Our Schemas? 116
A Note on Schemas versus Prototypes 117/ Types of Social
Schemas 117
What Do Schemas Do? 121
Encoding 121/ Memory 124/ Inference and Evaluation 132/
Schemas versus Evidence 136
Summary 139
5 CONDITIONS OF SCHEMA USE 142
Which Schemas Do People Actually Use? 142
Predictability: People Probably Use Roles First, Then
Traits .143/.. Finding a Level: People Habitually Use
Subtypes 143/ Immediate Access: People Rely Heavily
on Visual, Physical Cues 144/ Early Labeling: People Use
Primacy 145/ Salience: People Use Schema Cues that Catch
Attention 145/ Accessibility: People Use Schemas that Are
Already Primed 145/ Mood: People Use Schemas Congruent
with Their Current Feelings 146/ Power: People Use Schemas
Relevant to Controlling Their Outcomes 146/ Conclusion 147
Schema Acquisition and Development 147
Schema Change 149
Pressures toward Maintaining the Status Quo 149/ Pressures
toward Change 152
Goals and Schema Use 155
Increasing the Cost of Being W rong 156/ Increasing the Cost
of Being Indecisive 160/ Perceiver Intent 163/ Summary 164
Social Identity Tlieory 165
Individual Differences in Schema Use 168
Self-Schemas and Perceiving Others 168/ Chronicity and
Construct Use 169/ Gender Schemas 170/ Political
Expertise 171/ Orientations to Social Interaction 172/
Assumptive Worlds 172/ Summary 173
Critiques and Shortcomings of the Schema Approaches 173
Summary 177
6 SOCIAL COGNITION AND THE SELF 180
The Representation of the Self 181
Self-Schemas 182/ Possible Selves and Self-Discrepancies 189/
Self-Complexity 193/ Summary 194
Self-Regulation 195
The Working Self-Concept 195/ Self-Efficacy and Personal Control
197/ Attentional Processes in Self-Regulation 204
Motivational Processes and Self-Regulation 211
The Need for Accuracy 211/ Self-Enhancement 212/
Self-Evaluation Maintenance 216/ The Need for
Consistency 218/ Reconciling Accuracy, Self-Enhancement, and
Consistency 223
Awareness of the Self 226
Self-Presentation and Impression Management 229
Making a Positive Impression 230/ Muddying the Waters:
Attribute Ambiguity 233/ Managing a Poor Impression 234/
Self-Handicapping and Other Forms of Self-Defeating
Behavior 235/ Self-Affirmation and Compensatory
Self-Inflation 238/ Impression Management: Closing
Comments 240
Summary 241
PROCESSES OF SOCIAL COGNITION 243
7 SOCIAL ENCODING: ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 245
What Captures Our Attention? 247
Salience: A Property of Stimuli in Context 247/ Vividness: An
Inherent Property of Stimuli 254/ Accessibility: A Property of
Categories in Our Heads 257/ Summary 265
Consciousness, Control, and Automaticity 266
Consciousness 266/ Automaticity 271/ Control 277
The Unthinking Mind 282
Unconsciousness 282/ Mindlessness 283/ The Gibsonian or
Ecological Approach to Social Perception 287
Summary 292
8 PERSON MEMORY 295
Basic Models of Memory 296
Associative Networks 296/ Alternative Memory Models 306/
Summary 311
Contents of Person Memory 311
Memory for Traits: Information Stored in Propositional
Codes 312/ Memory for Behavior: A Temporal Code? 313/
Memory for Appearance: An Analog Code? 315/ Affect: A
Fourth Code? 320/ Concrete and Abstract Information
in Memory 320
Organization of Social Information in Memory 324
Organization by Person 324/ Organization by Group 326/
Summary 327
Memory, Judgment, and Goals 328
The Basic Problem of Memory and Judgment 328/ Goals and
Memory 330/ Conclusion 339
Some Normative Implications 339
A Note on Social Group Memory 340/ Accuracy 341/
Efficiency 342
Summary 343
9 SOCIAL INFERENCE 346
The Process of Forming Inferences 349
Gathering Information 349/ Sampling Information 350/
Regression 353/ The Dilution Effect 355/ Bayes Theorem 357/
Underutilizing Base-Rate Information 359/ The Conjunction
Error 362/ Integrating Information 365/ Assessing Covariation
368/ Illusory Correlation 373/ Learning from the Past
376/ Decision-Framing Effects 377/ Motivated
Inference 378/ Summary 379
Heuristics: A Rapid Form of Reasoning 381
The Representativeness Heuristic 382/ The Availability
Heuristic 384/ The Simulation Heuristic 386/ Anchoring and
Adjustment 389/ Heuristics: A Postscript 391/ Statistical
Heuristics and Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas 391
Inference: An Overall Evaluation 394
Is the Inference Process Fraught with Error? 395/ Are Inferential
Errors Inconsequential or Self-Correcting? 39Z/ Are Inferential
Errors Ever Consequential? 399
Improving the Inference Process 399
Awareness of Cognitive Processes 399/ Can We Improve the
Inference Process? 402/ Teaching Reasoning 403
Summary 404
BEYOND COGNITION
407
10 AFFECT AND COGNITION 409
Differentiating among Affects, Preferences, Evaluations, Moods,
Emotions 410
Early Theories 415
Physiological Theories of Emotion 416
Facial Feedback Theory 416/ Vascular Theory 418/ Hard
Interface: Emotions Stored in the Muscles? 418/ Excitation
Transfer 419/ Summary and Comment on Physiological
Contributions to Emotion 421
Social Cognitive Foundations of Affect 422
Emotion as Arousal plus Cognition 423/ Emotion in Close
Relationships 425/ Cognitive Structures and Affect 426/
Appraisal Theories 435/ Summary 439
Affective Influences on Cognition 439
Mood and Helping 440/ Mood and Memory 442/ Mood and
Judgment 446/ Mood and Decision-making Style 449/ Mood
and Persuasion 449/ Summary 450
Affect versus Cognition 450
The Separate Systems View 451/ Evidence from Mere Exposure
Research 452/ Evidence from Person Perception and
Attribution Research 453/ Objections 454
Summary 457
11 COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO ATTITUDES 462
Background 463
Comparing Older and Newer Approaches to Attitudes 465
Cognitive Features of Tivo Consistency Tlteories 467
Dissonance Theory and Selective Perception 467/ Dissonance
Theory and Selective Learning 471/ Balance Theory and
Selective Recall of Information about Others 472/ Attitudes
Organize Memory 474/ Summary 475
Types of Attitude Processing 475
Heuristic vs. Systematic Processing of Attitudes 475/ Peripheral
vs. Central Routes to Persuasion 477/ Automatic Activation of
Attitudes 492/ Conclusions 494
Cognitive Analyses of Attitudes within Social Contexts 495
Attributional Analyses of Communicators and Their Messages
495/ Persuasive Arguments Theory: Attitude Change in
Groups 498
Attitude Change and the Self 500
Implicit Theories about Attitude Stability and Change 501/
Conviction and Importance 502/ Return of the Functional
Approaches 503
Summary 507
12 BEHAVIOR AND COGNITION 510
Self-Regulation Revisited 510
When Are Cognitions and Behavior Related? 514
Which Behaviors Are Related to Cognition? 515/ Measuring
Cognitions and Behaviors 517/ Which Cognitions Predict
Behavior? 520
How Is Behavior Related to Cognition? 524
Action Identification 524/ Situational Factors Mediate
Cognition-Behavior Consistency 530/ Individual Differences
Mediate Consistency 532
Using Behavior to Test Hypotheses about Others 539
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: When Behavior Creates Reality 543/
Some Thoughts on Cognition-Affect-Behavior Relations 550
Summary 551
13 CONCLUSION 553
What Is Missing and How to Fill the Gaps 554
The Future of Social Cognition Research 558
REFERENCES 559
AUTHOR INDEX 701
SUBJECT INDEX 705
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fiske, Susan T. 1952- Taylor, Shelley E. 1946- |
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| author_sort | Fiske, Susan T. 1952- |
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| bvnumber | BV024653708 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)831353070 (DE-599)BVBBV024653708 |
| dewey-full | 302.12 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 302 - Social interaction |
| dewey-raw | 302.12 |
| dewey-search | 302.12 |
| dewey-sort | 3302.12 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Psychologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Fiske, Susan T. 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)1028926960 aut Social cognition Susan T. Fiske ; Shelley E. Taylor 2. ed. New York [u.a.] McGraw-Hill 1991 XVIII, 717 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill series in social psychology Taylor, Shelley E. 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)113727720 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018065097&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Fiske, Susan T. 1952- Taylor, Shelley E. 1946- Social cognition |
| title | Social cognition |
| title_auth | Social cognition |
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| title_full | Social cognition Susan T. Fiske ; Shelley E. Taylor |
| title_fullStr | Social cognition Susan T. Fiske ; Shelley E. Taylor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Social cognition Susan T. Fiske ; Shelley E. Taylor |
| title_short | Social cognition |
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