Introduction to air transport economics: from theory to applications
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Aldershot <<[u.a.]>>
Ashgate
2008
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 358 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780754670797 9780754670810 0754670813 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Titel: Introduction to air transport economics
Autor: Vasigh, Bijan
Jahr: 2008
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgments xvii
List of Abbreviations xix
Preface xxiii
1 The Evolving Air Transport Industry 1
The airline industry 1
The financial condition of the airline industry 7
Airline industry consolidation 14
Factors affecting world air traffic growth 19
The economic impact of the air transport industry 20
The outlook for the air transport industry 22
Summary 24
2 Principles of Economics 27
Fundamentals of economics 28
The economic way of thinking 29
The economics of government 43
Summary 47
3 Market Demand Analysis and Demand and Supply for Airline Services 49
Basis for demand 50
Demand schedule 50
Demand curve 51
Demand function 51
Determinants of demand for air transportation 54
Characteristics of demand for air transportation 58
Source of demand 60
Elasticity of demand 61
Supply of airline services 68
Factors affecting the supply of airline services 69
Characteristics of supply for airline services 72
Airline supply and demand equilibrium 72
Summary 74
Appendix: Advanced pricing and elasticity application 74
v
4 Cost and Production Analysis: The General Concepts 77
Cost classifications 79
Cost functions 82
Economics of scale, scope, and density 89
Airline industry cost structure 92
Airline economies of scale, scope, and density 99
Airline break-even analysis 101
Operating leverage 102
Airline operating leverage 104
Summary 105
5 Aviation Infrastructure: Operations and Ownership 107
The air traffic control system 108
Institutional problems in US air traffic control 113
ATC in a government corporation 114
Political obstacles to reform 114
Airport ownership and management 115
Summary 121
Appendix: Airport codes 121
6 International Economics and Aviation 123
International economics and trade 124
The logic of production possibility, absolute advantage, comparative
advantage and free trade 131
Trade protections and trade barriers 138
Foreign currency and exchange rates 140
Summary 143
Appendix: International free trade agreements 143
7 International Aviation: Open Skies and Global Alliances 153
A brief history of international aviation agreements 154
Bilateral air service agreements 155
Open skies agreements 160
Open skies in Europe 163
Open skies in Asia 164
Global airline alliances 166
Summary 175
8 Market Structure and Monopolistic Markets 179
Perfect competition 180
Monopoly 186
Price/output decision for monopolies 193
Monopoly pricing and consumer well-being 196
Market structure in the aviation industry 197
Summary 202
Appendix: The relationship between monopoly pricing and elasticity
of demand 202
9 Hybrid Market Structure and the Aviation Industry 205
Monopolistic competition 206
Oligopolies 209
Examples of oligopoly 212
Contestability theory 213
Kinked demand curve theory 215
Cournot theory 217
Profitability issues 219
Competition and antitrust issues 222
Industry consolidation 225
Beyond market concentration considerations 229
Antitrust, market evolution, and cooperation 231
Summary 232
Appendix: A mathematical example of a pricing decision 232
10 Aviation Forecasting and Regression Analysis 237
Aviation forecasting applications 238
Qualitative forecasting methods 239
Quantitative forecasting methods 242
Descriptive statistics 243
Time-series analysis 246
Regression analysis 259
Data sources 273
Summary 277
11 Pricing Policy and Revenue Management 279
The importance of revenue management 280
Pricing policy before and after deregulation 281
Price discrimination 285
Revenue management "fences" 289
Revenue management control types 292
Spoilage and spillage 294
Leg-based EMSR model 296
Overbooking 303
Other issues associated with revenue management 305
Summary 306
12 Low-cost, Start-up Airlines: A New Paradigm 307
The Emergence of low-cost carriers 308
Characteristics of low-cost carriers 309
Cost structure comparison 319
Incumbent carriers' response to low-cost carriers 323
The future of low-cost carriers 327
Summary 328
Appendix: Select airline two-letter codes 328
13 The Economics of Aviation Safety and Security 331
The history of aviation safety 333
Incentives for aviation safety 336
Causes of aviation accidents 339
Classification of accidents by phase of flight 344
Classification of accidents by region 345
The basic economics of safety 347
Is it possible to take the politics out of safety regulation? 348
Safety prevention 350
Summary 351
Index 353
List of Figures
1.1 World airline operating profits 2
1.2 Cost comparisons between LCC and legacy airlines 10
1.3 Evolution of the US airline industry 16
2.1 Movement along a given air travel market demand curve 30
2.2 Shift of an air travel market demand curve 31
2.3 Movement along a given air travel market supply curve 32
2.4 A shift of an air travel market supply curve 33
2.5 Movement of an air travel market supply curve by itself 33
2.6 Price movements 34
2.7 Shift of demand curve 36
2.8 Shift of supply curve 36
2.9 Movement of both supply and demand on the supply demand curve 37
2.10 Supply shortage 39
2.11 The impact of landing fees on airport congestion 40
2.12 Marginal cost system-wide curve, marginal cost individual aircraft curve,
and marginal benefit curve 42
2.13 Per capita GDP values in countries ranked in descending order of
economic freedom 46
3.1 Demand curve for the New York to Los Angeles flight 52
3.2 Conceptual log-linear demand curve 53
3.3 Change in quantity demanded 55
3.4 Change in demand 55
3.5 US airline industry passenger enplanements since 1970 59
3.6 Seasonality of Chicago to Seattle enplanements 59
3.7 Pricing decision based on elasticity 64
3.8 Supply curve 70
3.9 Impact of deregulation on supply 71
3.10 Supply and demand for Directjet's flights from New York to Seattle 73
4.1 Fixed cost function 85
4.2 Variable cost function 85
4.3 Total cost function 86
4.4 Average and marginal cost functions 87
4.5 Hub-and-spoke route network 90
4.6 Point-to-point route network 91
4.7 US airline CASM breakdown 93
4.8 US airline fuel efficiency, 2006 95
4.9 US airline average stage length, 2006 95
ix
4.10 Correlation between fuel efficiency and average stage length, 2006 96
4.11 US crew costs per block hour, 2006 97
4.12 US airline maintenance costs per flight hour, 2006 98
4.13 Comparison of actual and break-even load factors for US airlines, 2006 102
5.1 The short-term economic effects of air traffic delay 109
5.2 The cost of delay with inelastic supply 111
5.3 Costs of delay over time 112
5.4 Market reaction to changes in supply 113
5.5 Demand for airport services 116
5.6 Recent examples of airport privatizations, 2000-2006 117
6.1 World merchandise trade distributed among regions 125
6.2 Imports and exports in the United States, 1970-2006 130
6.3 Production possibility curve 132
6.4 Production possibility frontier (with and without trade) 135
6.5 The effects of international trade barriers to a domestic market 139
6.6 The effects of trade quotas on a domestic market 140
6.7 Demand for dollars 142
6.8 A comparison of regional trade agreements and their representative
GDP 149
6.9 A comparison of regional trade agreements and their membership
numbers 149
6.10 A comparison of regional trade agreements and their representative
populations 150
7.1 Freedom of air passage 158
7.2 Global airline alliances: countries served as of June 2007 169
7.3 Global airline alliances: destinations served as of June 2007 170
7.4 Global airline alliances: aircraft fleet as of June 2007 170
7.5 Concentration of the top ten global airports by alliance and market
share 174
8.1 Market equilibrium: industry 182
8.2 Market equilibrium: firm 182
8.3 Short-run loss in perfect competition 183
8.4 Industry level 184
8.5 Firm level 184
8.6 Industry adjustment 185
8.7 Firm adjustment 185
8.8 Profit maximization for a monopolist 194
8.9 Loss scenario for a monopolist 194
8.10 Equilibrium price under monopoly and perfect competition 195
8.11 Commercial jet engine manufacturing market share by engine
deliveries 200
8.12 Commercial jet engine manufacturing market share by in-service
engines 201
9.1 Short-run equilibrium: monopolistic competitive market 207
9.2 Progression of demand curve: perfect competition to monopoly 208
9.3 Longer-run equilibrium: monopolistic competitive market 209
9.4 Price competition and market reaction 215
9.5 Kinked demand curve 216
9.6 Initial output decision for the first firm 217
9.7 First-round Cournot theory 218
9.8 Marginal revenue and marginal cost for Directjet 233
9.9 Total revenue, cost, and profit for Directjet 234
10.1 US airline industry: revenue passenger miles 247
10.2 Graphical representation of trend line for the time series 254
10.3 Graphical relation between consumption and income (1) 260
10.4 Graphical relation between consumption and income (2) 261
10.5 Graphical relation between consumption and income, with trend line 265
10.6 Residuals of the regression plotted against time from SPSS 269
11.1 Demand curve for a Directjet Airlines flight 283
11.2 Uniform pricing for a Directjet Airlines flight 283
11.3 Multiple pricing for a Directjet Airlines flight 284
11.4 Demand curve 286
11.5 Pricing policy and price discrimination 288
11.6 Distinct control 293
11.7 Serial nesting 294
11.8 Parallel nesting 294
11.9 Spoilage 295
11.10 Spillage 295
11.11 Overbooking 296
11.12 CPD and EMSR: fare class 1 297
11.13 CPD and EMSR: fare class 2 297
11.14 Optimal booking limit and protection level in two nested fare classes 298
11.15 Decision tree 299
11.16 Optimal booking limit and protection level in three nested fare classes 303
12.1 Crew costs per block hour, 2006 310
12.2 Aircraft utilization (block hours per day), 2006 316
12.3 Average aircraft stage length in miles, 2006 317
12.4 Correlation between operating CASM and aircraft utilization, 2006 317
12.5 Correlation between operating CASM and departures per aircraft per
day, 2006 318
12.6 Correlation between operating CASM and fuel efficiency, 2006 318
12.7 Cost per available seat mile for US 737-300 operators, 2000-2006 319
12.8 Cost per available seat mile for US 737-700 operators, 2000-2006 320
12.9 Cost per available seat mile for US Airbus 319 operators, 2000-2006 321
12.10 Cost per available seat mile for US Airbus 320 operators, 2000-2006 322
12.11 Comparison of LCCs'and legacy carriers'CASM, 1996-2005 322
12.12 Average departures per aircraft per day, 2006 325
13.1 Commercial aircraft accidents per million departures in the
United States 335
13.2 Commercial aviation fatalities per million departures in the
United States with a five-year moving average 336
13.3 Commercial aviation fatalities per million aircraft miles in the
United States with a five-year moving average, 1996-2005 340
13.4 Commercial aircraft hull loss by manufacturer per million departures,
1959-2005 342
13.5 Commercial aircraft hull loss by maunufacturer per million departures,
1959-2005, excluding Boeing 707s and DC-8s 342
13.6 Classification of aviation fatalities, 1987-2005, according to ICAO
taxonomy 345
13.7 Worldwide commercial accidents and fatalities, 1996-2005, categorized
by phase of flight 346
13.8 Hull losses per million departures by regions, 1996-2006 346
List of Tables
1.1 World airlines passenger and cargo traffic 3
1.2 International passenger traffic and traffic growth 4
1.3 Aircraft in service by region 5
1.4 Total passenger traffic 6
1.5 Cargo traffic at major international airports 7
1.6 Schedule airlines'financial performance 9
1.7 The financial performance of the airline industry 10
1.8 The top 25 airlines by operating profitability 11
1.9 The top 25 airlines by operating profit margin 12
1.10 The top 25 airlines by net profit margin 13
1.11 US airline industry domestic market share 15
1.12 Major US airports concentration 18
1.13 The economic impact of selected airports 23
1.14 Regional economic growth forecast 24
3.1 Hypothetical demand schedule for the New York to Los Angeles flight 51
3.2 Updated demand schedule for the New York to Los Angeles flight 54
3.3 Relation between price changes and total revenue for different states of
elasticity 65
3.4 Estimated price elasticities of demand for various goods and services 65
3.5 Supply schedule for New York to Los Angeles 69
4.1 Average cost and revenue for US airlines in 2005 78
4.2 Average cost and revenue for US airlines in 2006 79
4.3 Cost classifications 83
4.4 Cost classifications 84
4.5 US airline CASM breakdown 92
4.6 US airline operating leverage, 2005 104
6.1 Top ten exporting countries in world merchandise trade, 2005 124
6.2 Top ten importing countries in world merchandise trade, 2005 125
6.3 Top ten US trading partners, 2006 126
6.4 Production possibilities 133
6.5 Opportunity cost 133
6.6 Comparative advantage 134
6.7 Production costs without trade 134
6.8 Production costs with trade 135
6.9 Regional trade agreements and their scope 148
7.1 Global alliance membership, 2006 168
7.2 Global airline alliances: facts and figures 169
xiii
7.3 Concentration of the top ten global airports by alliance in terms
of ASMs 174
8.1 Market continuum 180
8.2 Total revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue 183
8.3 Profit-maximizing price for various price elasticities 196
9.1 Market continuum 206
9.2 Large aircraft manufacturers' market share 213
9.3 Cournot theory progression 218
9.4 Market share of Internet browsers 226
9.5 US airlines' available seat miles, 2005 227
9.6 Four-firm concentration ratio 228
9.7 US domestic Herfindahl Indices, 1998-2005 229
9.8 Pre-merger market share 230
9.9 Post-merger market share 230
10.1 Advantages and limitations of qualitative forecasting 240
10.2 Advantages and limitations of quantitative forecasting 243
10.3 Variance calculation of class average (1) 244
10.4 Variance calculation of class average (2) 245
10.5 Time-series data of bookings for a Directjet flight 248
10.6 Three-day and five-day moving average forecasts 249
10.7 Exponential smoothing forecasts, using two different smoothing
constants 251
10.8 Expanded data set for Directjet 252
10.9 Mean squared error calculation for moving average forecasts 255
10.10 Mean squared error calculation for weighted moving average forecasts 256
10.11 Mean squared error calculation for exponential smoothing forecasts 256
10.12 Mean absolute deviation calculation for moving average forecasts 257
10.13 Mean absolute deviation calculation for weighted moving average
forecasts 258
10.14 Mean absolute deviation calculation for exponential smoothing forecasts 258
10.15 Data set for the relation between consumption and income (1) 259
10.16 Data set for the relation between consumption and income (2) 261
10.17 Residual values for forecasts of consumption 263
10.18 Coefficient of determination calculation 264
10.19 Data set for the relation between consumption and income (3) 265
10.20 Data set for forecasting demand for the Orlando-Los Angeles flight 267
10.21 Model summary of demand forecast for the Orlando-Los Angeles
flight from SSPS 268
10.22 ANOVA for the demand forecast for the Orlando-Los Angeles flight 270
10.23 Coefficients' significance for the demand forecast for the Orlando-Los
Angeles flight from SSPS 271
10.24 Correlation matrix for independent variables from SSPS 272
11.1 Load factor for People Express 281
11.2 Consumer surplus 285
11.3 Fare class advance purchase restrictions 290
11.4 Fare class Saturday Night stay restrictions 290
11.5 Fare class frequent-flyer mileage 291
11.6 Fare class refundable restrictions 291
11.7 Fare class change fee restrictions 292
11.8 Historical demand for Directjet's three fare classes 300
11.9 Mean and standard deviation 301
11.10 Optimal booking limit for Directjet's three fare classes 302
12.1 Low-cost carriers: operating profit 308
12.2 Aircraft fleets for major North American operators, 2006 313
12.3 Seating capacity of North American Boeing operators 313
12.4 Seating capacity of North American Airbus and Embraer operators 313
12.5 Common-size income statement comparison between low-cost and legacy
carriers 324
13.1 US fatality rates for various modes of transportation 334 |
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| author | Vasigh, Bijan Fleming, Ken Tacker, Thomas |
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| geographic | USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA |
| id | DE-604.BV024622696 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-14T15:00:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780754670797 9780754670810 0754670813 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018594603 |
| oclc_num | 192134288 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-83 DE-1051 |
| owner_facet | DE-83 DE-1051 |
| physical | XXIV, 358 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Ashgate |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vasigh, Bijan Verfasser aut Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications Bijan Vasigh ; Ken Fleming and Thomas Tacker Aldershot <<[u.a.]>> Ashgate 2008 XXIV, 358 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Luftverkehr swd Verkehrswirtschaft swd Aeronautics and state United States Aeronautics, Commercial United States Finance Airlines Deregulation United States Airlines United States Cost of operation Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 gnd rswk-swf Luftverkehrspolitik (DE-588)4242795-2 gnd rswk-swf Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd rswk-swf Linienluftverkehr (DE-588)4168271-3 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Linienluftverkehr (DE-588)4168271-3 s Luftverkehrspolitik (DE-588)4242795-2 s Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 s 1\p DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 s 2\p DE-604 Fleming, Ken Verfasser aut Tacker, Thomas Verfasser (DE-588)1160625409 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018594603&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Vasigh, Bijan Fleming, Ken Tacker, Thomas Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications Luftverkehr swd Verkehrswirtschaft swd Aeronautics and state United States Aeronautics, Commercial United States Finance Airlines Deregulation United States Airlines United States Cost of operation Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 gnd Luftverkehrspolitik (DE-588)4242795-2 gnd Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd Linienluftverkehr (DE-588)4168271-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4201191-7 (DE-588)4242795-2 (DE-588)4036597-9 (DE-588)4168271-3 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications |
| title_auth | Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications |
| title_full | Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications Bijan Vasigh ; Ken Fleming and Thomas Tacker |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications Bijan Vasigh ; Ken Fleming and Thomas Tacker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications Bijan Vasigh ; Ken Fleming and Thomas Tacker |
| title_short | Introduction to air transport economics |
| title_sort | introduction to air transport economics from theory to applications |
| title_sub | from theory to applications |
| topic | Luftverkehr swd Verkehrswirtschaft swd Aeronautics and state United States Aeronautics, Commercial United States Finance Airlines Deregulation United States Airlines United States Cost of operation Deregulierung (DE-588)4201191-7 gnd Luftverkehrspolitik (DE-588)4242795-2 gnd Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd Linienluftverkehr (DE-588)4168271-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Luftverkehr Verkehrswirtschaft Aeronautics and state United States Aeronautics, Commercial United States Finance Airlines Deregulation United States Airlines United States Cost of operation Deregulierung Luftverkehrspolitik Linienluftverkehr USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018594603&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vasighbijan introductiontoairtransporteconomicsfromtheorytoapplications AT flemingken introductiontoairtransporteconomicsfromtheorytoapplications AT tackerthomas introductiontoairtransporteconomicsfromtheorytoapplications |