Ecology of the English chalk:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Acad. Press
1980
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 573 S. |
| ISBN: | 0126518505 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 003 | DE-604 | ||
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| 041 | |a und | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Smith, C. J. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecology of the English chalk |
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Acad. Press |c 1980 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 573 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140601067700224 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Ecology of the English chalk
Autor: Smith, C. J
Jahr: 1980
Contents
FOREWORD.....................v
PREFACE......................vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND NOMENCLATURE.......ix
Chapter 1. The Making of the Chalk Landscape
1.1. The Geology of Chalk.................1
1.1.1. The origin of chalk...............1
1.1.2. The composition of chalk.............3
1.1.3. Chalk stratigraphy...............11
1.2. The Evolution of the Chalk Landscape...........17
1.2.1. The Tertiary Era................17
1.2.2. The Pleistocene glaciations.............24
1.2.3. Modern exposures of raw chalk...........32
1.2.4. The superficial deposits..............35
1.3. The Prehistory of the Chalk Country............40
1.3.1. Late- and Postglacial times to the Climatic Optimum.....40
1.3.2. Neolithic to Roman times.............44
1.4. The Historical Period.................53
1.4.1. Anglo-Saxon to mediaeval times...........53
1.4.2. The last 400 years................55
Chapter 2. The Climate of the English Chalklands
2.1. Macroclimate...................58
2.2. Regional Variations in Climate..............62
2.3. Local Climates, Topoclimates and Microclimates........67
2.3.1. Some definitions................67
2.3.2. Local climates.................68
2.3.3. Topoclimates.................71
2.3.4. Microclimates.................88
Chapter 3. Soils of the Chalk
3.1. Soil Classification..................91
3.2. Raw Chalk....................93
3.3. The Rendzinas...................94
3.3.1. Types of rendzina................94
3.3.2. Humic rendzinas................95
3.3.3. Non-humic brown and grey rendzinas.........98
3.3.4. Colluvial and gleyic rendzinas............102
3.4. Brown Calcareous Earths: the Coombe Series and Others.....103
3.5. Concluding Comments on the Soil Survey..........104
3.6. Physical Properties of Chalk Soils.............104
3.6.1. Water relations and temperature regimes........104
3.6.2. Chalk soil water relations.............106
3.6.3. Soil temperature regimes.............113
3.7. The Chemistry of Chalk Soils..............117
3.7.1. The soil atmosphere...............117
3.7.2. The pH of calcareous soils............. 7
3.7.3. Calcium...................119
3.7.4. Potassium..................121
3.7.5. Phosphorus .................122
3.7.6. Sulphur...................124
3.7.7. Magnesium..................125
3.7.8. Micronutrients.................126
3.8. Microbiology of Chalk Soils............... 30
3.8.1. The nutrients involved..............130
3.8.2. Nitrogen: general information............130
3.8.3. Nitrogen relations of chalk soils...........132
3.8.4. Mineralisation of P and S.............139
Chapter 4. The Colonisation of Exposed Chalk
4.1. Exposure of Raw Chalk................141
4.2. Pioneer Plants of Inland Chalk Exposures..........141
4.2.1. Lower plants.................141
4.2.2. Higher plants.................142
4.3. The Animals of Open Chalk Habitats............160
4.4. The Wet Chalk Habitat...............163
4.5. Succession....................163
4.5.1. The natural process...............163
4.5.2. The development of a grassland sward.........164
4.6. Anthropogenic Modifications..............168
4.7. Coastal Cliffs and Landslips...............169
4.7.1. Coastal cliffs.................169
4.7.2. Landslips..................174
Chapter 5. Chalk Grassland: I. Climatic and Edaphic Influences
5.1. The Origin and Physiognomy of Chalk Grassland........177
5.2. Types of Chalk Grassland...............182
5.2.1. Descriptive surveys...............182
5.2.2. Phytosociology................190
5.3. Climatic Influences..................191
5.3.1. Typical chalk grassland..............191
5.3.2. Continental and oceanic influences..........192
5.3.3. Maritime chalk grassland.............204
5.4. Edaphic Influences.................208
5.4.1. Community boundaries..............208
5.4.2. Calcicoles and calcifuges..............209
5.4.3. Grasslands of formerly cultivated chalk downland......231
5.5. Small-scale Differences in Plant Distribution.........239
5.5.1. Descriptive surveys...............239
5.5.2. Association analysis...............240
5.5.3. Pattern analysis................241
5.5.4. Multivariate analysis...............244
Chapter 6. Chalk Grassland: II. Biotic Influences
6.1. Introduction ...................249
A.2. The Dynamics of the Grazed Chalk Grassland Sward.......249
6.2.1. The time factor.................249
6.2.2. Phenology..................250
6.2.3. Demography.................254
6.3. Grazing Animals and Birds...............257
6.3.1. Sheep...................257
6.3.2. Cattle and other domestic livestock..........259
6.3.3. The rabbit..................261
6.3.4. Other mammals................268
6.3.5. Downland birds................269
6.4. The Invertebrate Fauna of Grazed Chalk Grassland.......271
6.4.1. Sources of information..............271
6.4.2. Molluscs...................271
6.4.3. Isopods...................279
6.4.4. Ants....................279
6.4.5. Other invertebrates...............286
6.5. Ungrazed Grassland.................293
6.5.1. The cessation of grazing..............293
6.5.2. Short-term changes...............293
6.5.3. Longer term changes..............297
6.5.4. Succession, eutrophication and stability.........307
6.6. Chalk Meadowland and the Grass-verge Habitat........309
Chapter 7. Chalk Scrub
7.1. What is Scrub?...................310
7.2. Secondary Succession................313
7.2.1. The woody vegetation..............313
7.2.2. The herbaceous vegetation.............320
7.3. The Establishment of Scrub...............321
7.3.1. Mechanisms of invasion..............321
7.3.2. The source and dispersal of fruits and seeds........321
7.3.3. Germination sites................328
7.3.4. Seedling establishment..............329
7.4. Juniper Scrub...................329
7.4.1. Ecology of juniper...............329
7.4.2. The decline of juniper scrub.............333
7.5. Hawthorn Scrub..................337
7.6. Dogwood Scrub..................338
7.7. The Animal Life of Chalk Scrub.............339
7.7.1. Changes in the fauna...............339
7.7.2. Invertebrates of the herbaceous flora..........339
7.7.3. Animals of the woody flora.............340
7.8. Hedges.....................348
7.8.1. The origin of hedges...............348
7.8.2. Hedge ecology.................349
Chapter 8. Woodlands on the Chalk
8.1. Introduction....................351
8.2. Succession and Climax.................351
8.2.1. Pioneer woodland................351
8.2.2. Mature woodland................354
8.3. Beech woods ...................355
8.3.1. Trees, shrubs and climbers.............355
8.3.2. The herbaceous vegetation (including lower plants).....358
8.3.3. Wood edge, glade and clearing............369
8.3.4. The regeneration of beech.............374
8.3.5. Degeneration.................378
8.4. Ashwoods on Chalk.................378
8.5. Other Deciduous Woodlands..............381
8.6. The Age and Origin of the Deciduous Woods.........381
8.7. Evergreen Woodlands................383
8.7.1. Plantations..................383
8.7.2. Yew-woods..................383
8.7.3. Box-woods..................386
8.8. The Animal Life of the Woods..............387
8.8.1. The mammals.................387
8.8.2. Woodland birds................388
8.8.3. The invertebrates................390
8.9. The Woodland Ecosystem...............391
Chapter 9. Economic Aspects of the Chalklands
9.1. Resources....................394
CONTENTS xv
9.2. Chalk as a Resource.................394
9.3. Farming on the Chalk.................398
9.3.1. Introduction.................398
9.3.2. Historical background..............400
9.3.3. More recent experiments on the improvement of chalk downland
pastures.....................410
9.3.4. Modern arable farming on the Chalk..........423
9.3.5. Concluding comments..............439
9.4. Forestry on the Chalk.................440
9.4.1. The historical background.............440
9.4.2. Modern forestry practice on chalk soils.........442
Chapter 10. Conservation
10.1. Introduction....................457
10.2. External Threats to Chalkland Habitats...........458
10.2.1. Industrial and urban expansion...........458
10.2.2. Expansion and intensification of agriculture and forestry . . . 459
10.2.3. The effects of public access.............463
10.3. Nature Conservation.................469
10.3.1. Attitudes..................469
10.3.2. The development of the nature conservation movement . . . 471
10.3.3. Factors involved in the establishment of nature reserves . . 480
10.3.4. The management of chalk grassland for conservation . . 484
10.3.5. The management of scrub.............490
10.3.6. Woodland conservation.............492
10.4. The Future....................496
REFERENCES....................499
INDEX.......................529
|
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| id | DE-604.BV024588308 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T22:02:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0126518505 |
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| publisher | Acad. Press |
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| spelling | Smith, C. J. Verfasser aut Ecology of the English chalk London Acad. Press 1980 XV, 573 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018561721&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Smith, C. J. Ecology of the English chalk |
| title | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_auth | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_exact_search | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_full | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_fullStr | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_short | Ecology of the English chalk |
| title_sort | ecology of the english chalk |
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