Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals: new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2002
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 294 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 3527305270 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140511042207744 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals
Autor: Scheringer, Martin
Jahr: 2002
Contents
Preface VII
1 Connecting Environmental Chemistry and Ethics 1
1.1 Too Much Data - Too Little Data?................... 1
1.2 Evaluation: Descriptions and Value Judgments............ 5
1.3 Range-Based Assessment of Chemicals................. 8
1.4 Structure................................. 9
2 Unresolved Problems in Environmental Risk Assessment
for Chemicals 13
2.1 An Early Example of Chemical Pollution ............... 13
2.2 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: A Success Story
of Multi-Functional Chemicals...................... 14
2.3 A New Problem: Environmental Chemicals.............. 18
2.4 Difficulties and Open Questions..................... 23
3 Overcomplexity and Normative Indeterminacy
of Environmental Systems 29
3.1 Damage: Origin and Function of the Definition............ 29
3.2 Assessment Problems........................... 32
3.3 Overcomplexity.............................. 34
3.3.1 Environmental Systems..................... 34
3.3.2 Technical Systems........................ 37
3.3.3 Theoretical and Practical Consequences............ 37
3.4 Normative Indeterminacy........................ 41
3.4.1 Ecology and Ethics?....................... 41
3.4.2 Normative Indeterminacy: Justifications............ 44
3.5 Conclusion ................................ 48
4 Environmental Chemicals, Temporal and Spatial Range,
and Environmental Justice 51
4.1 The Problem of Value Judgments in Scientific Investigations..... 52
4.2 Principles of Justice and their Application
to Environmental Problems....................... 55
4.2.1 The Operationalization Problem................ 55
4.2.2 Physical Integrity as Indicator ................. 57
4.2.3 Indicators for the Measurement of Sustainable Development . 59
XII Contents
4.2.4 Syndromes of Global Change.................. 61
4.2.5 Principles of Justice, the Precautionary Principle, and Range 64
4.3 Spatial Range with Multiple Emitters................. 69
4.3.1 Combined Spatial Range..................... 69
4.3.2 Normative Relation ....................... 71
Persistence and Spatial Range as Measures
of Environmental Threat 75
5.1 Environmental Damage and Environmental Threat.......... 75
5.2 Methodological Implications....................... 79
5.2.1 Prevention and Reduction of Complexity ........... 79
5.2.2 Separating Persistence, Range, and Release Quantity..... 81
5.3 First Conclusions and Discussion.................... 83
5.3.1 Summary of the Concept .................... 83
5.3.2 Limitations............................ 86
5.3.3 Potential Misconceptions .................... 87
Methods for Calculating Persistence and Spatial Range 91
6.1 Spatial and Temporal Concentration Distributions..........91
6.1.1 Emission Patterns and Concentration Functions .......92
6.1.2 Existing Definitions of Persistence...............95
6.1.3 Spatial Concentration Distributions ..............96
6.2 Denning Persistence and Spatial Range ................98
6.2.1 Measures of Location and Dispersion..............98
6.2.2 Persistence............................100
6.2.3 Spatial Range...........................102
6.2.4 Including Transformation Products...............112
6.2.5 Releases from Multiple Sources.................116
Multi-Media Box Models for Persistence and Spatial Range 119
7.1 Evaluative Models and Simulation Models...............120
7.2 Evaluative Models without Transport .................126
7.2.1 General Approach........................126
7.2.2 Persistence Calculations.....................128
7.3 Evaluative Models with Transport ...................136
7.3.1 The Circular Model ChemRange ...............137
7.3.2 Models with Climatic Zones...................144
7.3.3 Models with Advective Transport................147
Characterizing Chemicals by Means of Persistence
and Spatial Range 153
8.1 Analysis of Range-Persistence Relationships..............153
8.1.1 Chemical-Specific Input Data..................153
8.1.2 Macro-Diffusive and Advective Transport...........153
8.1.3 Effect of Multi-Media Partitioning...............158
Contents XIII
8.2 Comparing and Ranking Chemicals...................160
8.3 Model Comparison and Uncertainty Analysis.............164
8.4 Multiple Sources.............................168
9 Persistent Organic Pollutants 173
9.1 Background and Open Questions....................173
9.2 Substance Properties and Process Descriptions............176
9.2.1 Chemical-Specific Input Data..................176
9.2.2 Process Descriptions.......................178
9.3 Calculations with ChemRange......................181
9.3.1 Including Oceanic Deposition..................181
9.3.2 Effect of Aerosol Particles....................183
9.4 Calculations with CliMoChem......................190
9.4.1 Cold Condensation and Global Distillation ..........191
9.4.2 Arctic Accumulation.......................193
9.4.3 Global Fractionation.......................195
9.4.4 Realistic Release Scenarios ...................197
10 Implications for the Assessment of Chemicals 199
10.1 Exposure-Based and Effect-Based Endpoints .............199
10.1.1 Assessment Approaches.....................199
10.1.2 Combining Exposure-Based and Effect-Based Assessment . . 203
10.1.3 Short-Range Chemistry.....................207
10.1.4 Long-Range Chemicals: Remaining Problems.........208
10.2 Risk or Precaution? ...........................211
10.3 Objectives for Chemicals Assessment and Chemicals Policy.....214
10.3.1 Environmental Research.....................214
10.3.2 Additional Problems Related to the Distribution
of Chemicals...........................217
10.3.3 Chemicals Policy.........................218
A Mathematical Treatment of Multi-Media Box Models 223
A.I Phase Exchange Processes........................223
A.I.I Phase Equilibrium........................223
A.1.2 Formulation of Exchange Processes...............226
A.1.3 Diffusive Processes........................227
A.1.4 Advective Processes.......................228
A.2 Transport in Ocean Water and Air...................230
A.3 Combination of All Processes......................231
A.3.1 Degradation and Transport within One Compartment .... 231
A.3.2 Degradation, Transport, and Phase Transfer..........232
A.4 Calculation of Persistence and Spatial Range.............233
A.4.1 Calculation of Steady-State Concentrations and Exposure . . 233
A.4.2 Calculation of Persistence....................235
A.4.3 Calculation of Spatial Range..................236
XIV Contents
A.5 Concentration Functions in Level IV Models..............236
A.5.1 General Approach........................236
A.5.2 CliMoChem............................238
B Glossary 241
References 251
Index 289
|
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| spelling | Scheringer, Martin Verfasser aut Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment Martin Scheringer Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2002 XIV, 294 S. graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 gnd rswk-swf Reichweite (DE-588)4049187-0 gnd rswk-swf Persistenz (DE-588)4136610-4 gnd rswk-swf Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 s Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 s Persistenz (DE-588)4136610-4 s Reichweite (DE-588)4049187-0 s 2\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018485686&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Scheringer, Martin Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 gnd Reichweite (DE-588)4049187-0 gnd Persistenz (DE-588)4136610-4 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd |
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| title | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment |
| title_auth | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment |
| title_exact_search | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment |
| title_full | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment Martin Scheringer |
| title_fullStr | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment Martin Scheringer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment Martin Scheringer |
| title_short | Persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals |
| title_sort | persistence and spatial range of environmental chemicals new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment |
| title_sub | new ethical and scientific concepts for risk assessment |
| topic | Bewertung (DE-588)4006340-9 gnd Reichweite (DE-588)4049187-0 gnd Persistenz (DE-588)4136610-4 gnd Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bewertung Reichweite Persistenz Umweltchemikalie Hochschulschrift |
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