Geophysical methods:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Prentice-Hall
1989
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 605 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0133525686 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Sheriff, Robert Edward |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geophysical methods |
| 264 | 1 | |a Englewood Cliffs, NJ |b Prentice-Hall |c 1989 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 605 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140318993416192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | GEOPHYSICAL
METHODS
ROBERT E SHERIFF
University of Houston
PRENTICE HALL
Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 07632
Contents
PREFACE XVII
INTRODUCTION 1
1 1 Integrated Interpretation 1
1 2 Types of Tools Available 2
1 3 Generalizations about Geophysical Data 5
1 4 Principles of Measurement 7
1 5 Quantitative Aspects of Measurement 8
1 6 Systeme International 9
1 7 Dimensional Analysis 11
1 8 Mapping and Contouring 13
1 9 Reporting 21
1 10 Uses of Geophysics 23
1 11 Geophysical Activity Statistics 24
vi Contents
2 GEODESY AND DETERMINING LOCATION 27
2 1 Measurements of the Earth 27
2 2 The Figure of the Earth 30
2 3 Artificial Earth Satellites 33
2 4 Locating Positions on the Earth s Surface 35
2 5 Distance Measurement 36
2 6 Elevation Measurement 40
2 7 Orientation Determination 41
2 8 Angle Measurement 43
2 9 Doppler Measurement of Velocity 45
2 10 Acoustic Positioning 45
2 11 Radiopositioning 46
2 12 Satellite Positioning 48
2 13 Inertial Systems 48
2 14 Map Projections 49
2 15 Practical Matters 51
3 GRAVITY THEORY, MEASUREMENT, AND DATA
CORRECTION 52
3 1 Gravitational Force, Acceleration, and Potential 52
3 2 Gravity Measurement 54
3 3 Land Gravity Surveying 56
3 4 Marine and Airborne Measurements 57
3 5 Gravity Measurement in Boreholes 59
3 6 Corrections to Gravity Data 61
3 7 Accuracy of Gravity Surveys 64
3 8 Density 65
3 9 Determinations from Gravity Anomalies 68
3 10 Anomalies Due to Simple Models 70
Contents vii
4 GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION 73
4 1 Isolation of Anomalies 73
4 2 Methods of Residualizing 74
4 3 Other Operations on Gravity Data 84
4 4 Interpretation of an Actual Gravity Survey 88
4 5 Use of Gravity Data in Planning Further Work 94
4 6 Isostasy 94
4 7 Gravity Anomalies Across Interesting Features 100
4 8 Earth Tides 104
5 MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE EARTH 111
5 1 Introduction 111
5 2 Differences Between Gravity and Magnetic Fields
5 3 Description of the Earth s Magnetic Field 112
5 4 Time-Varying Aspects of the Earth s Magnetic Field
5 5 Types of Magnetic Effects 117
5 6 Paleomagnetism 119
6 MAGNETIC EXPLORATION 125
6 1 Sources of Magnetic Anomalies 125
6 2 Magnetometers 127
6 3 Carrying Out a Magnetic Survey 129
6 4 Magnetic Anomalies 135
6 5 Interpretation of Magnetic Anomalies 139
6 6 Magnetic Data Processing 143
7 RADIOACTIVITY METHODS 147
7 1 Radioactivity 147
7 2 Important Radioisotopes 149
viii Contents
7 3 Age Dating 152
7 4 Interaction of Radiation with Matter 153
7 5 Radioactivity Surveying 156
8 HEAT FLOW 160
8 1 Introduction 160
8 2 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 161
8 3 Measurement of Heat Flow 162
8 4 Heat-Flow Observations about the Earth 164
8 5 Temperature Distribution in the Earth 167
8 6 Heat Generation in the Earth 168
8 7 Thermal History of the Earth 169
8 8 Geothermal Exploration 169
8 9 Temperature Logging 170
8 10 Miscellaneous Geothermal Anomalies 170
9 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS 175
9 1 Introduction 175
9 2 Electrical Properties of Rocks 175
9 3 Self-Potential Method 177
9 4 Apparent Resistivity 178
9 5 Direct Current and Low-Frequency Resistivity
Methods 181
9 6 Telluric Current Methods 186
9 7 Induced Polarization Methods 189
9 8 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 192
9 9 Electromagnetic Surveying 194
9 10 Electromagnetic Field Methods 196
9 11 Airborne Electromagnetic Methods 201
9 12 Magnetotelluric Methods 201
9 13 Uses of the Electrical Methods 208
Contents ix
10 INTRODUCTION TO SEISMIC METHODS 209
10 1 Fundamentals of Wave Motion 209
10 2 Applying Snell s Law to Various Velocity Situations
10 3 Surface Waves 220
10 4 Abbreviated History of Earthquake Observations 223
10 5 Abbreviated History of Refraction Seismology 224
10 6 Abbreviated History of Seismic Reflection
Techniques 224
11 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY 228
11 1 Earthquakes 228
11 2 History of Earthquake Studies 230
11 3 Instrumentation for Observation of Earthquake Waves
11 4 Observations about Earthquakes 236
11 5 Destruction Associated with Earthquakes 238
11 6 Nomenclature for Earthquake Modes 238
11 7 Inversion of Time-Distance Curves 244
11 8 Conclusions from Body Wave Studies 247
11 9 Conclusions from Surface Wave Studies 249
11 10 Earthquake Prediction 252
11 11 Free Oscillations 254
11 12 Tsunamis 256
12 SEISMIC REFRACTION 257
12 1 Reflection Versus Refraction Methods 257
12 2 Geometry of Head Wave Travel 257
12 3 Local High-Velocity Masses 261
12 4 Diving Waves 262
12 5 Refraction Interpretation 264
x Contents
12 6 Refraction Acquisition and Processing 267
12 7 Use of Refraction in Regional Studies 270
12 8 Use of Refraction in Petroleum Exploration 272
12 9 Use of Refraction in Engineering, Groundwater, and
Mining 275
13 ACQUISITION OF SEISMIC DATA 278
13 1 Land Operations 278
13 2 Seismic Sources on Land 280
13 3 Detection of Seismic Waves 282
13 4 Mobility on Land 288
13 5 Marine Operations 289
13 6 Profilers 295
13 7 Communicating Field Layout Information 300
13 8 Three-Dimensional Exploration 301
13 9 Vertical Seismic Profiling 301
13 10 Shear Wave Methods 304
13 11 Channel Waves 310
14 SEISMIC REFLECTIONS 311
14 1 Reflection Process 311
14 2 Convolutional Model of the Seismic Trace 313
14 3 Reflections as Composite Events 324
14 4 Uses of Synthetic Seismograms 325
14 5 Nature of Reflections 326
14 6 Seismic Wave Amplitude 327
14 7 Absorption 329
14 8 Vertical Resolution 330
14 9 Horizontal Resolution 331
Contents xi
15 CORRECTIONS TO SEISMIC DATA 336
15 1 Types of Corrections 336
15 2 Low-Velocity (Weathering) Layer 338
15 3 High Velocity Near the Surface 341
15 4 Methods of Determining Static Corrections 344
15 5 Datumizing 345
16 GEOMETRY OF SEISMIC WAVES 346
16 1 Raypath Geometry 346
16 2 Geologic Section Compared to Seismic Section 351
16 3 Synclinal Curvature Effects 355
16 4 Three-Dimensional Effects of Syncline 358
16 5 Modeling 359
17 WAVE THEORY AND DIFFRACTIONS 363
17 1 Wave Equation 363
17 2 Boundary Conditions for the Wave Equation:
Partitioning at Interfaces 364
17 3 Huygens s Principle 366
17 4 Diffraction From Edges 367
17 5 Diffractions Smooth the Appearance of Sharp Features
17 6 Other Properties of Diffractions 370
17 7 Phantom Diffractions 372
18 SEISMIC VELOCITY 375
18 1 Velocity in a Homogeneous Isotropic Medium 375
18 2 Model of a Clastic Rock 376
18 3 Experimental Data on Velocity in Porous Rocks 377
18 4 Applications of Rock Velocity Model 384
xii Contents
18 5 Velocity in Nonporous Rocks 387
18 6 Shear Waves 388
19 SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING 389
19 1 Objectives of Processing 389
19 2 Processing Operations 391
19 3 Seismic Processing Procedures 401
19 4 Interactive Processing 412
20 MATHEMATICS OF SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING 413
20 1 Definitions 413
20 2 Basic Data Manipulations 414
20 3 Convolution 414
20 4 Deconvolution of Singing 417
20 5 Recursive Filtering for Deghosting 419
20 6 Cross-Correlation 420
20 7 Extracting a Vibroseis Signal by
Cross-Correlation 421
20 8 Autocorrelation 423
20 9 Optimum (Wiener) Filtering 423
20 10 - Fourier Analysis 424
20 11 Phase Relations 425
21 MIGRATION 426
21 1 Definition 426
21 2 Wavefront Charts 426
21 3 Migration of Diffractions 429
21 4 Wave-Equation Migration 431
21 5 Variations of Wave-Equation Migration 434
21 6 Examples of Migration 435
Contents xiii
21 7 Summary of Two-Dimensional Migration Methods
and Assumptions 440
21 8 Three-Dimensional Migration 441
22 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 442
22 1 Objectives 442
22 2 Review of Basics 443
22 3 Procedures 445
22 4 Interpretation Example 451
22 5 Pitfalls 451
22 6 Integrating Well Data into an Interpretation 454
22 7 Deducing Geologic History 456
22 8 Drawing Conclusions from Reflection Data 458
22 9 Interactive Interpretation 460
23 SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES 461
23 1 Introduction 461
23 2 Structural Style 461
23 3 Faulting 464
23 4 Examples of Faulting 468
23 5 Fold and Flow Structures 472
23 6 Reefs and Other Sedimentary Structures 477
23 7 Unconformities and Channels 482
24 PITFALLS DUE TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL EFFECTS AND
SHALLOW FEATURES 485
24 1 Effects on Conventional Seismic Lines 485
24 2 Line Bends and Crooked-Line Processing 495
24 3 Three-Dimensional Data Sets 496
24 4 Deep Effects of Shallow Features 496
24 5 Water-Depth Effects 496
xiv Contents
24 6 Filled Channels 500
24 7 Salt Pillows 500
24 8 Gas Effects 501
24 9 Complicated Structure 504
25 SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY 506
25 1 Seismic Stratigraphic Methods 506
25 2 Underlying Principles 507
25 3 Seismic Sequence and Facies Analysis 508
25 4 Sea-Level Changes (Land Subsidence and
Emergence) 510
25 5 Reflection Character Analysis 518
25 6 Seismic Logs 520
25 7 Stratigraphic Traps 520
25 8 Hydrocarbon Indicators 521
25 9 Effects of Changing Acoustic Impedance 522
25 10 Other Hydrocarbon Indicators 524
25 11 Summary of Hydrocarbon Indicators 527
25 12 Development Seismology 529
26 BOREHOLE MEASUREMENTS 530
26 1 Introduction 530
26 2 Classification of Logging Methods 531
26 3 Electrical Logs 531
26 4 Logs Utilizing Passive Natural Radiation 536
26 5 Logs Utilizing Induced Nuclear Reactions 537
26 6 Acoustic Logs 538
26 7 Other Logs 540
26 8 Synergistic Logs 542
Contents xv
27 REMOTE SENSING 544
27 1 Electromagnetic Radiation 544
27 2 Aerial and Satellite Photography 546
27 3 Image Interpretation 547
27 4 Landsat Imagery 547
27 5 Thermal Infrared Imaging 550
27 6 Radar Imagery 554
27 7 Image Processing 557
27 8 Uses of Remote-Sensing Data 563
28 THE EARTH AS A WHOLE 564
28 1 Layered Earth 564
28 2 Continental Crust 565
28 3 Oceanic Crust 568
28 4 Mantle 570
28 5 Core 574
28 6 Plate Tectonics 576
28 7 Mechanics of Plate Motion 578
28 8 Plate Tectonics and Continental Margins 582
REFERENCES 584
INDEX 591
|
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| spelling | Sheriff, Robert Edward Verfasser aut Geophysical methods Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall 1989 XVIII, 605 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd rswk-swf Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 gnd rswk-swf Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 s Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 s DE-188 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018346055&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Geophysical methods |
| title_auth | Geophysical methods |
| title_exact_search | Geophysical methods |
| title_full | Geophysical methods |
| title_fullStr | Geophysical methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geophysical methods |
| title_short | Geophysical methods |
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| topic | Methode (DE-588)4038971-6 gnd Geophysik (DE-588)4020252-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Methode Geophysik |
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