Electrochemical sensor analysis:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam <<[u.a.]>>
Elsevier
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry
49 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LIV, 974 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0444530533 9780444530530 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electrochemical sensor analysis |c ed. by S. Alegret ... |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam <<[u.a.]>> |b Elsevier |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a LIV, 974 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |v 49 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Alegret, Salvador |4 edt | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Wilson & Wilson's comprehensive analytical chemistry |v 49 |w (DE-604)BV000900805 |9 49 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018335759&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-018335759 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804140306134728704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Electrochemical sensor analysis
Autor: Alegret, Salvador
Jahr: 2007
Contents
Contributors to Volume 49....................................................................vii
Volumes in the Series...................................... xix
Editors Preface.......................................... xlix
Series Editors Preface..................................... liii
Part 1 FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS
POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS
Chapter 1. Clinical analysis of blood gases and electrolytes by
ion-selective sensors
Andrzej Lewenstam
1.1 Introduction..........................................................5
1.2 General characteristics of clinical analysis of electrolytes and
gases......................................................................................6
1.2.1 Clinical sample, analytical matrix................................6
1.2.2 Types and design of ion-sensors and gas-sensors used in
clinical analysis..........................................................8
1.3 Electrochemical measurement in clinical analysis..................10
1.4 Application of sensors from the producer s point of view. ... 12
1.5 Sensors used in routine clinical measurements: a brief
overview................................................................................14
1.5.1 Hydrogen ISSs (pH electrodes)....................................14
1.5.2 Sodium ISSs............................... . 14
1.5.3 Potassium ISSs..........................................................15
1.5.4 Lithium ISSs..............................................................15
1.5.5 Calcium ISSs..............................................................15
1.5.6 Magnesium ISSs..........................................................16
1.5.7 Chloride ISSs..............................................................16
1.5.8 Carbon dioxide GSSs..................................................17
1.5.9 Bicarbonate ion-selective electrodes............................17
1.5.10 Oxygen GSSs..............................................................17
1.5.11 Reference electrodes....................................................16
xxiii
Contents
1.6 Application of sensors: the user s point of view........... 18
1.6.1 Direct and indirect measurement of sodium, potassium
and chlorides............................... 18
1.6.2 Direct measurement: calcium, magnesium, lithium, pH
and blood gases.............................
1.7 The prospects for use of new ion or gas-selective sensors . . .
1.8 Conclusions......................................
Acknowledgments.....................................
References..........................................
20
21
21
22
22
Chapter 2. Ion-selective electrodes in trace level analysis of heavy
metals: potentiometry for the XXI century
Aleksandar Radu and Dermot Diamond
2.1 Introduction: historical milestones....................
2.2 Potentiometry and its place among analytical techniques ... 26
2.3 The state-of-the-art of potentiometric sensors............ 28
2.4 Polymeric membrane ISEs with liquid inner contact....... 80
2.4.1 Problems of the past.........................
2.4.2 Frequent bias in the determination of the selectivity
coefficient and the limit of detection.............. 82
2.4.3 Determination of the true (unbiased) selectivity
coefficients................................. 34
2.4.4 Determination of the LOD..................... 37
2.4.5 Describing the potential response of ISEs.......... 37
2.4.6 Practical recipes............................. 39
2.5 Polymeric membrane ISEs with solid inner contact........ 43
2.6 Ion-selective electrodes in trace level analysis............ 45
2.7 Future directions................................. 47
Acknowledgment..................................... 49
References.......................................... 49
Chapter 3. Enantioselective, potentiometric membrane electrodes:
design, mechanism of potential development and
applications for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Stadcn
3.1 Overview..................................................53
3.2 Potential development for EPME.................... 54
3.2.1 Membrane configuration..................... 54
3.2.2 Mechanism of potential development and chiral
recognition..............................................54
xxiv
Contents
3.3 Design of EPME....................................................................57
3.3.1 Design of carbon paste based
EPMEs........................................................................57
3.3.2 Design of PVC-based EPMEs......................................58
3.3.3 Design of molecularly imprinted polymers based
enantioselective sensors..............................................58
3.4 Application of EPMEs in enantioanalysis..............................59
3.4.1 EPMEs based on cyclodextrins....................................59
3.4.2 EPMEs based on maltodextrins..................................63
3.4.3 EPMEs based on antibiotics........................................65
3.4.4 EPMEs based on crown ethers....................................67
3.4.5 EPMEs based on fullerenes........................................68
3.5 Conclusions............................................................................68
References....................................................................................69
Chapter 4. Ion sensors with conducting polymers as ion-to-electron
transducers
Johan Bobacka and Ari Ivaska
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................73
4.1.1 Principle of ion-to-electron transduction in
conventional ISEs......................................................73
4.1.2 Principle of ion-to-electron transduction in conducting
polymer-based ISEs....................................................74
4.1.3 Design and fabrication of conducting polymer-based
ISEs............................................................................74
4.1.4 Conducting polymers used as ion-to-electron
transducers................................................................76
4.1.5 Conducting polymers used as ion-selective
membranes................................................................76
4.2 Application............................................................................77
4.2.1 Analytical performance of solid-contact ISEs..............77
4.2.2 Conducting polymer-based pH sensors........................78
4.2.3 Polypyrrole-based nitrate sensor................................79
4.2.4 Sensors for surfactants................................................79
4.2.5 Pharmaceutical analysis..............................................79
4.2.6 ISEs for measurements in non-aqueous solvents .... 80
4.2.7 Solid-state ion sensors with low detection limits..........80
4.2.8 Conducting polymer-based reference electrode............80
4.3 Conclusions............................................................................81
Acknowledgments..........................................................................81
References....................................................................................82
XXV
Contents
Chapter 5. Light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS), recent
trends and applications
Torsten Wagner and Michael J. Schoning ^
5.1 Introduction....................................
5.2 Theoretical background.............................
5.3 Applications of LAPS..............................
5.3.1 Characterisation of LAPS......................
5.3.2 Biological applications based on LAPS............ 101
5.3.3 Alternative applications and materials for LAPS
devices.........................................
5.4 Conclusions......................................
117
References............................*............. x±l
VOLTAMMETRIC (BIO)SENSORS
Chapter 6. Stripping-based electrochemical metal sensors for
environmental monitoring
Joseph Wang
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................131
6.2 Principles..............................................................................132
6.2.1 Anodic stripping voltammetry....................................132
6.2.2 Potentiometric stripping analysis................................134
6.2.3 Adsorptive stripping voltammetry..............................134
6.3 Working electrodes for stripping analysis: from mercury
electrodes to disposable strips........................................................135
6.4 Bismuth-based metal sensors................................................136
6.5 In situ metal sensors..............................................................138
6.6 Remote metal sensors............................................................138
6.7 Conclusions............................................................................139
Acknowledgments....................................................................140
References..................................................................140
Chapter 7. Graphite-epoxy electrodes for stripping analysis
Arben Merko^i and Salvador Alegret
7.1 Introduction............................................^4g
7.1.1 In Situ generation of mercury..............................144
7.1.2 Mercury-free modified electrodes......................144
7.1.3 Bismuth electrodes.................... 144
7.1.4 Composite electrodes.................. ..... i45
7.2 Construction and surface characterization of composite
electrodes............„
............................... 146
xxvi
Contents
7.2.1 Construction..............................................................146
7.2.2 Surface characterization..............................................147
7.3 Stripping analysis with non-modified composites....................148
7.3.1 Detection in the absence of bismuth............................148
7.3.2 Detection in the presence of bismuth in solution .... 152
7.4 Stripping analysis with graphite-epoxy electrodes modified
with bismuth nitrate......................................................................154
7.4.1 Responses in standard solutions..................................155
7.5 Conclusions............................................................................158
Acknowledgments..........................................................................159
References....................................................................................159
Chapter 8. Voltammetric sensors for the determination of antioxidant
properties in dermatology and cosmetics
Coline Guitton, Audrey Ruffien-Ciszak, Pierre Gros and Maurice Comtat
8.1 Voltammetric methods..........................................................163
8.2 Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems: a rapid
survey....................................................................................166
8.2.1 Oxygen reactive species..............................................166
8.2.2 Antioxidant protection system....................................167
8.2.3 Voltammetry for the evaluation of antioxidant global
capacity................................................................................168
8.3 Electrochemistry for the study of skin and cosmetics
antioxidant properties............................................................169
8.3.1 State-of-the-art............................................................169
8.3.2 Cyclic voltammetry in cosmetic creams and on skin
surface........................................................................170
8.3.3 Evaluation of global antioxidant capacity....................173
8.3.4 Influence of electrode materials..................................174
8.3.5 Principal antioxidants involved in anodic responses . . 176
8.3.6 Evolution of the antioxidant global properties as a
function of time....................................................................177
8.4 Conclusions............................................................................179
References....................................................................................179
Chapter 9. Sensoristic approach to the evaluation of integral
environmental toxicity
Luigi Campanella and Tania Gatta
9.1 Biosensors of integral toxicity................................................181
9.2 Photosensors of environmental permanence..........................183
9.3 Biosensors for the determination of radicals..........................184
References..........................................
xxvii
Contents
Chapter 10. Pep tide-modified electrodes for detecting metal ions
J. Justin Gooding
10.1 Introduction.................................... ^
10.1.1 The binding of metals by amino acids and
peptides.................................
10.1.2 Using peptides to detect metal ions............. 192
10.1.3 Peptide-modified electrodes as metal ion selective
sensors.................................. 1^3
10.2 Application..................................... 1®®
10.2.1 Interfacial design.......................... 195
10.2.2 The detection of copper ions at Gly-Gly-His-modified
electrodes................................ 198
10.2.3 Peptide-modified electrodes for other metals:
towards multianalyte arrays.................. 203
10.3 Conclusions..................................... 207
Acknowledgments..................................... 208
References...............................................208
Chapter 11. Reproducible electrochemical analysis of phenolic
compounds by high-pressure liquid chromatography with
oxygen-terminated diamond sensor
Chiaki Tcrashima and Akira Fujishima
11.1 Introduction........................................................................211
11.2 Applications........................................................................214
11.2.1 Electrode characterization....................................214
11.2.2 Electrochemical oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenol . . . 216
11.2.3 Deactivation of diamond electrodes..........................219
11.2.4 Regeneration of diamond
electrodes........................................................219
11.2.5 Flow injection analysis........................................221
11.2.6 Hydrodynamic voltammetry....................................223
11.2.7 Chromatographic separation....................................224
11.2.8 Column-switching HPLC......................225
11.3 Conclusions......................................228
References....................................................229
GAS SENSORS
Chapter 12. Chemical sensors for mercury vapour
Vladimir M. Mirsky and Majlinda Vasjari
12.1 Introduction . .
............................... 235
xxviii
Contents
12.2 Mercury-gold interaction....................................................236
12.3 Transducers for mercury sensors based on thin
gold layers............................................................................238
12.4 Selectivity improvement......................................................242
12.5 Calibration..........................................................................245
12.6 Conclusion..........................................................................248
Acknowledgment..........................................................................249
References....................................................................................249
ENZYME BASED SENSORS
Chapter 13. Application of electrochemical enzyme biosensors for food
quality control
Beatriz Serra, Angel Julio Reviejo and Jose Manuel Pingarron
13.1 Introduction.................................... 255
13.2 Food quality control.............................. 255
13.3 Process control applications........................ 288
13.4 Conclusions and some remarks from the commercial
point of view.................................... 288
References.......................................... 289
Chapter 14. Electrochemical biosensors for heavy metals based on
enzyme inhibition
Aziz Amine and Hasna Mohammadi
14.1 Introduction.................................... 299
14.2 Parameters affecting the enzyme inhibition system....... 301
14.3 Analytical characterization of biosensors-based enzyme
inhibition...................................... 302
14.4 Conclusions..................................... 306
14.5 Future perspectives............................... 307
References.......................................... 307
Chapter 15. Ultra-sensitive determination of pesticides via
cholinesterase-based sensors for environmental analysis
Frank Davis, Karen A. Law, Nikos A. Chaniotakis, Didier Fournier,
Tim Gibson, Paul Millner, Jean-Louis Marty, Michelle A. Sheehan,
Vladimir I. Ogurtsov, Graham Johnson, John Griffiths,
Anthony P.F. Turner and Seamus P.J. Higson
15.1 Introduction.................................... 311
15.2 Application..................................... 314
xxix
Contents
15.2.1 Synthesis of the acetylcholinesterase............ 314
15.2.2 Immobilisation of the enzymes............... 314
15.2.3 Use of microelectrodes...................... 317
15.2.4 Multiple pesticide detection.................. 320
15 2 5 Signal processing for pesticide detection......... 323
15.3 Conclusions....................................
References.........................................
Chapter 16. Amperometric enzyme sensors for the detection of
cyanobacterial toxins in environmental samples
M. Campas and J.-L. Marty
16.1 Introduction........................................331
16.1.1 Cyanobacterial toxins: the overview........... 331
16.1.2 Cyanobacteria growth and blooms-toxin release .. . 336
16.1.3 Analytical methods for microcystin and anatoxin-a(s)
detection................................. 336
16.1.4 Environmental and health effects-guideline values . 337
16.2 Application..................................... 338
16.2.1 Protein phosphatase-based biosensor for
electrochemical microcystin detection .......... 338
16.2.2 Acetylcholinesterase-based biosensor for
electrochemical anatoxin-a(s) detection.......... 344
16.3 Conclusions.................................... 346
Acknowledgments.................................... 347
References......................................... 347
Chapter 17. Electrochemical biosensors based on vegetable tissues and
crude extracts for environmental, food and pharmaceutical
analysis
Orlando Fatibello-Filho, Karina O. Lupetti, Oldair D. Leite and
Iolanda C. Vieira
17.1 Introduction................................................357
17.1.1 Electrochemical biosensors based on vegetable
tissues..................qcq
............................... o5o
17.1.2 Electrochemical biosensors based on crude extracts
(homogenates)................................gg2
17.2 Application....................
17.2.1 Preparation of a typical electrode based on a slice of
plant material. ... 0/ o
1900 T • ........................ dbb
17.2.2 Preparation of typical carbon paste electrode based
on tissue powder.............
XXX
Contents
17.2.3 Preparation of typical carbon paste electrode based
on tissue crude extract............................................368
17.2.4 Operational properties of electrodes........................368
17.3 Conclusions..........................................................................374
Acknowledgments..........................................................................374
References....................................................................................374
AFFINITY BIOSENSORS
Chapter 18. Immunosensors for clinical and environmental
applications based on electropolymerized films: analysis of
cholera toxin and hepatitis C virus antibodies in water
and serum
Serge Cosnier and Michael Holzinger
18.1 Introduction........................................................................381
18.2 Immobilization techniques..................................................384
18.2.1 Affinity immobilization based on biotin-avidin
interactions............................................................384
18.2.2 Photoaffinity immobilization....................................387
18.2.3 Photochemical immobilization................................389
18.3 Detection techniques for immobilized analytes....................392
18.3.1 Chemiluminescence catalyzed by enzyme labeling. . 392
18.3.2 Amperometric detection via enzyme labeling............394
18.3.3 Photoelectrochemical detection without labeling step 396
18.4 Conclusion..........................................................................399
References....................................................................................399
Chapter 19. Genosensor technology for electrochemical sensing of
nucleic acids by using different transducers
Arzum Erdem
19.1 Introduction..........................................................................403
19.2 Applications of electrochemical genosensor technologies .... 404
19.3 Conclusion............................................................................408
Acknowledgments..........................................................................409
References....................................................................................409
Chapter 20. DNA-electrochemical biosensors for investigating DNA
damage
Ana M. Oliveira Brett, Victor C. Diculescu, Ana M. Chiorcea-
Paquim and Silvia H.P. Serrano
20.1 Introduction..................................
xxxi
Contents
20.2 AFM images of DNA-electrochemical biosensors ....
20.3 DNA-electrochemical biosensors for detection of DNA
20.4 DNA damage produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) . . 418
20.4.1 Quercetin................................................................419
20.4.2 Adriamycin............................................................424
20.4.3 Nitric oxide..............................................................428
20.5 Conclusion..........................................................................422
References....................................................................................433
Chapter 21. Electrochemical genosensing of food pathogens based on
graphite-epoxy composite
Maria Isabel Pividori and Salvador Alegret
21.1 Introduction.................................... 439
21.1.1 Contamination of food, food pathogens and food
safety................................... 439
21.1.2 Food pathogen detection and culture methods .... 440
21.1.3 Rapid detection methods to detect food
pathogens................................ 442
21.1.4 Biosensing as a novel strategy for the rapid detection
of food pathogens.......................... 443
21.2 DNA electrochemical biosensors..................... 444
21.2.1 Immobilization of DNA and detection features .... 444
21.2.2 Transducer materials for electrochemical DNA
biosensing................................ 446
21.2.3 Electrochemical genosensing of food pathogens based
on DNA dry-adsorption on GEC as electrochemical
transducer............................... 448
21.2.4 Electrochemical genosensing of food pathogens based
on DNA wet-adsorption on GEC as electrochemical
transducer....................................................45
21.2.5 Electrochemical genosensing of food pathogens based
on Av-GEB biocomposite as electrochemical
transducer......................................452
21.2.6 Electrochemical genosensing of food pathogens based
on magnetic beads and m-GEC electrochemical
transducer................................454
21.3 Conclusions.................
Acknowledgments...........................................
References.....................
.................................. 461
xxxii
Contents
Chapter 22. Electrochemical immunosensing of food residues by
affinity biosensors and magneto sensors
Maria Isabel Pividori and Salvador Alegret
22.1 Introduction.................................... 467
22.1.1 Contamination of food, food residues, and food safety 467
22.1.2 Pesticides and drug residues detection methods . . . 469
22.1.3 Rapid detection methods for the food residues.
Immunochemical methods................... 471
22.1.4 Antibodies as immunological reagents.
Immobilization strategies.................... 474
22.1.5 Biosensing as a novel strategy for the rapid detection
of food residues............................ 477
22.2 Electrochemical biosensing of food residues based on
universal affinity biocomposite platforms.............. 479
22.2.1 Transducer materials for electrochemical
immunoassay and analytical strategies.......... 479
22.3 Electrochemical biosensing of food residues based on magnetic
beads and M-GEC electrochemical transducer............ 484
22.3.1 Transducer material for electrochemical
immunoassay, magnetic beads, and analytical
strategies................................ 484
22.4 Conclusions..................................... 487
Acknowledgments..................................... 489
References.......................................... 489
THICK AND THIN FILM BIOSENSORS
Chapter 23. Screen-printed electrochemical (bio)sensors in biomedical,
environmental and industrial applications
John P. Hart, Adrian Crew, Eric Crouch, Kevin C. Honeychurch
and Roy M. Pemberton
23.1 Introduction.................................... 497
23.2 Biomedical..................................... 499
23.2.1 Glucose.................................. 499
23.2.2 Mediators for H202......................... 499
23.2.3 Mediators capable of direct electron transfer with
GOD.................................... 503
23.2.4 The use of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)........ 503
23.2.5 Cholesterol............................... 504
23.2.6 Lactate.................................. 506
23.2.7 Ascorbic acid, steroid and protein hormones...... 508
xxxiii
Contents
23.2.8 Immunoglobulins....................................................508
23.2.9 Miscellaneous proteins, peptides and
amino acids..............................................................508
23.2.10 Nucleic acids and purines........................................508
23.2.11 Pharmaceuticals......................................................519
23.3 Environmental....................................................................521
23.3.1 Biosensors for metal ion detection..........................521
23.3.2 Voltammetric sensors for metal ion detection..........524
23.3.3 Molecularly imprinted polymer-modified SPCEs . . . 527
23.3.4 Organophosphates (OPs)..........................................529
23.3.5 Polychlorinated biphenyls........................................532
23.3.6 Explosives and their residues..................................533
23.3.7 Food toxins..............................................................535
23.4 Conclusions..........................................................................541
Acknowledgments..........................................................................542
References....................................................................................542
Chapter 24. Mediated enzyme screen-printed electrode probes for
clinical, environmental and food analysis
Francesco Ricci, Danila Moscone and Giuseppe Palleschi
24.1 Introduction.................................. ¦ • 559
24.1.1 Prussian blue as electrochemical mediator....... 560
24.2 Application..........................................563
24.2.1 Prussian blue modified screen-printed electrodes as
sensitive and stable probes for H2O2 and thiol
measurements............................ 463
24.2.2 Biosensor applications of PB-modified screen-printed
electrodes................................ 571
24.3 Conclusions..................................... 578
References.......................................... 580
Chapter 25. Coupling of screen-printed electrodes and magnetic beads
for rapid and sensitive immunodetection: polychlorinated
biphenyls analysis in environmental samples
S. Centi, G. Marrazza and Marco Mascini
25.1 Introduction.................................... 585
25.1.1 Polychlorinated biphenyls compounds........... 585
25.1.2 Analytical methods for PCBs detection.......... 587
25.2 Application..................................... 590
25.2.1 Immunoassay scheme for PCBs detection........ 590
xxxiv
Contents
25.2.2 Immunochemical reagents: design of immunogen
and enzyme labelled compound................................592
25.2.3 Dose-response curves for some PCB
mixtures..................................................................594
25.2.4 PCB pollution in environment and food
samples....................................................................596
25.3 Conclusions..........................................................................599
Acknowledgment..........................................................................599
References....................................................................................599
Chapter 26. Thick- and thin-film DNA sensors
Maria Begona Gonzalez-Garcfa, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Abedul
and Agustfn Costa-Garcia
26.1 Introduction.................................... 603
26.1.1 Genosensors on thick- and thin-film electrodes .... 604
26.1.2 Pretreatments followed with real samples........ 616
26.1.3 Experimental conditions for hybridisation
reaction................................. 618
26.2 Applications.................................... 620
26.2.1 Enzymatic genosensor on gold thin-films to detect a
SARS virus sequence....................... 620
26.2.2 Genosensors on streptavidin-modified thick-film
carbon electrodes to detect Streptococcus pneumoniae
sequences................................ 626
26.2.3 Genosensor on streptavidin-modified screen-printed
carbon electrodes for detection of PCR products . . . 634
26.3 Conclusions..................................... 636
References.......................................... 637
Chapter 27. Screen-printed enzyme-free electrochemical sensors for
clinical and food analysis
Khiena Z. Brainina, Alisa N. Kositzina and Alia Ivanova
27.1 Introduction and application........................ 643
27.1.1 Immunosensor........................................................645
27.1.2 Non-enzymatic urea sensor......................................650
27.1.3 Sensor and method for AOA measurement..............655
27.2 Conclusion..........................................................................6(52
Acknowledgment..........................................................................664
References....................................................................................664
xxxv
Contents
Chapter 28. Analysis of meat, wool and milk for glucose, lactate and
organo-phosphates at industrial point-of-need using
electrochemical biosensors
A.L. Hart
28.1 Introduction....................................
28.1.1 Terms...................................
28 1 2 Electrochemical biosensors in an industrial
context.................................. 668
28.2 Electrochemical biosensors for milk, meat and wool...... 671
28.2.1 Milk and dairy products..................... 671
28.2.2 Meat.................................... 675
28.2.3 Wool.................................; • ¦ 678
28.3 Testing biosensors , brief comments on experimental design
and statistics. ................................... 680
28.4 Conclusion..................................... 681
Disclaimer.......................................... 682
References.......................................... 682
Chapter 29. Rapid detection of organophosphates, Ochratoxin A, and
Fusarium sp. in durum wheat via screen printed based
electrochemical sensors
D. Compagnone, K. van Velzen, M. Del Carlo, Marcello Mascini and
A. Visconti
29.1 Introduction.................................... 687
29.1.1 Biotic and abiotic contaminants in durum
wheat................................... 687
29.1.2 Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for the
detection of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors....... 689
29.1.3 Screen-printed electrochemical DNA sensors for
identification of microorganisms............... 693
29.1.4 Screen-printed electrochemical immunosensors for
the detection of toxins...................... 697
29.2 Application..................................... 698
29.2.1 Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for the
detection of dichlorvos and pirimiphos-methyl .... 701
29.2.2 Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for the
detection of ochratoxin in durum wheat......... 709
29.2.3 Screen-printed electrochemical sensors for the
detection of Fusarium sp. DNA................ 711
29.3 Conclusions..............................................744
Acknowledgement....................................................715
References..........................................7^
xxxvi
Contents
NOVEL TRENDS
Chapter 30. Potentiometric electronic tongues applied in ion
multidetermination
Manel del Valle
30.1 Introduction........................................................................721
30.1.1 Artificial neural networks........................................726
30.2 Application..........................................................................736
30.3 Conclusions..........................................................................747
Acknowledgments..........................................................................749
References....................................................................................749
Chapter 31. Electrochemical sensors for food authentication
Saverio Mannino, S. Benedetti, S. Buratti, M.S. Cosio and
Matteo Scampicchio
31.1 Introduction........................................................................755
31.2 Application..........................................................................761
31.2.1 Crescenza cheese....................................................761
31.2.2 Honey......................................................................763
31.2.3 Wine........................................................................766
31.3 Conclusions..........................................................................769
References....................................................................................769
Chapter 32. From microelectrodes to nanoelectrodes
Pedro Jose Lamas, Maria Begona Gonzalez and Agustfn
Costa
32.1 Introduction........................................................................771
32.1.1 General considerations about electrodes with
reduced dimensions (ERD)......................................771
32.1.2 Methods for the construction of ERDs and
NEs........................................................................772
32.1.3 Applications of ERDs..............................................777
32.2 Application..........................................................................781
32.2.1 Construction of carbon UMEs..................................781
32.2.2 Pretreatment of the UMEs......................................782
32.2.3 Bare carbon UMEs..................................................784
32.2.4 Mercury thin films on carbon fibre
UMES (HgCFMEs)..................................................785
32.3 Conclusions..........................................................................793
References....................................................................................794
xxxvii
Contents
Chapter 33. DNA/RNA aptamers: novel recognition structures in
biosensing
Tibor Hianik g01
33.1 Introduction....................................
33.1.1 Structure of DNA/RNA aptamers..............
33.1.2 Folding of aptamers into three-dimensional
structure................................
33.2 Applications of aptamers in biosensing................
33.2.1 Immobilization of aptamers onto a solid support. . . 807
33 2 2 Detection of aptamer-ligand interactions........ 808
822
33.3 Conclusions.....................................
Acknowledgments.....................................
References..........................................
Chapter 34. Miniaturised devices: electrochemical capillary
electrophoresis microchips for clinical application
Mario Castano-Alvarez, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Abedul and
Agustin Costa-Garcla
34.1 Introduction........................................................................827
34.1.1 Microchip fabrication..............................................828
34.1.2 Microchip designs....................................................832
34.1.3 Electrochemical detection........................................833
34.2 Applications........................................................................843
34.2.1 Amperometric detector design..................................849
34.2.2 Microchip pretreatment..........................................850
34.2.3 Amperometric detector performance........................851
34.2.4 Separation performance..........................................855
34.3 Conclusions........................................................860
Acknowledgments..........................................................................860
References....................................................................................860
Chapter 35. Microchip electrophoresislelectrochemistry systems for
analysis of nitroaromatic explosives
Martin Pumera, Arben Merkogi and Salvador Alegret
35.1 Introduction .........................................g73
35.1.1 Detection techniques....................... 876
35.1.2 Separation techniques....................... 878
35.2 Applications of microfluidic devices for monitoring of
nitrated organic explosives........................g7g
35.3 Conclusion........................................gg2
Abbreviations........................................... gg2
xxxviii
Contents
Acknowledgments..................................... 883
References.......................................... 883
Chapter 36. Microfluidic-based electrochemical platform for rapid
immunological analysis in small volumes
Joel S. Rossier and Frederic Reymond
36.1 Introduction.................................... 885
36.1.1 Basic principle of the standard ELISA
technique................................ 886
36.1.2 Specific feature of ELISA in microtitre plates..... 887
36.1.3 Analysis time in diffusion-controlled assays
(Nernst-Einstein diffusion rule)............... 887
36.1.4 Capillary immunoassays..................... 889
36.2 Polymer microfluidic-based ELISAS with electrochemical
detection....................................... 890
36.2.1 Immuchip™: a disposable cartridge with polymer
microfluidic electrochemical cells.............. 890
36.2.2 Immuspeed™: a bench-top instrument for
microfluidic assays......................... 891
36.2.3 Principles of microfluidic ELISAs with
electrochemical detection.................... 891
36.2.4 Microfluidics control thanks to integrated
electrochemical flow sensors.................. 891
36.2.5 Enzymatic detection by means of amperometry . . . 892
36.3 IMMUSOFT™: a program for computer-driven microfluidic
assays......................................... 894
36.3.1 Method creator: establishment of assay protocols . . 895
36.3.2 Analysis menu: computerised assay realisation and
control.................................. 897
36.3.3 Results menu: measurement display and data
processing................................ 900
36.4 Performances exemplified with the immunoassay of alkaline
phosphatase.................................... 901
36.5 Conclusion and perspectives........................ 904
References.......................................... 904
Chapter 37. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in biosensor
research
Gunther Wittstock, Malte Burchardt and Carolina Nunes Kirchner
37.1 Introduction.................................... 997
xxxix
Contents
37.1.1 Instrument and probes.................... • • 908
37.1.2 The feedback mode: hindered diffusion and mediator
recycling..................................................................999
37.1.3 Generation/collection mode......................................9i3
37 2 Application of SECM in chemical and biochemical sensor
. QIC
research.......................................
37.2.1 Investigation of electrochemical sensor surfaces . . . 915
37.2.2 Investigation of immobilized enzymes......................916
37.2.3 Advanced interfacial architectures for sensors..........921
37.2.4 SECM as a readout for protein and DNA chip as well
as for electrophoresis gels........................................924
37.2.5 Application of chemo and biosensors as SECM probes 929
37.3 Conclusion..........................................................................932
Acknowledgments..........................................................................933
References....................................................................................934
Chapter 38. Gold nanoparticles in DNA and protein analysis
Maria Terra Castaneda, Salvador Alegret, and Arben Merko^i
38.1 Introduction........................................................................941
38.1.1 Current labelling technologies for affinity biosensors 942
38.1.2 Nanoparticles as labels............................................943
38.2 DNA analysis......................................................................944
38.2.1 Clinical....................................................................947
38.2.2 Environmental........................................................949
38.3 Proteins analysis............................................................95I
38.3.1 Clinical..................................................................95I
38.4 Conclusions..................................................955
Acknowledgements..........................................950
References.......................
Subject Index......
......................................................................yoy
Part 2 PROCEDURES (see CD-ROM)
POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS
Procedure 1. Measurement of ionized Mg2+ in human blood by ion-
Nina e!eCtr°de in aromatic blood electrolyte analyzer
m lvlst-Kutvonen, Jan Ost and Andrzej Lewenstam. ...
xl
Contents
Procedure 2. Determination of cesium in natural waters using
polymer-based ion-selective electrodes
Aleksandar Radu, Shane Peper and Dermot Diamond.......... el3
Procedure 3. Enantioanalysis of S-Captopril using an enantioselective,
potentiometric membrane electrode
Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden, Jacobus Frederick van Staden and
Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein................................. e21
Procedure 4. Determination of Ca(II) in wood pulp using a calcium-
selective electrode with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
as ion-to-electron transducer
Johan Bobacka, Mercedes Vazquez, Fredrik Sundfors, Konstantin
Mikhelson, Andrzej Lewenstam and Ari Ivaska............... e25
Procedure 5. Titration of trimeprazine base with tartaric acid in
isopropanol solution using polyaniline as indicator
electrode
Johan Bobacka, Viktor Lax, Tom Lindfors and
Ari Ivaska........................................... e29
Procedure 6. Determination of cadmium concentration and pH
value in aqueous solutions by means of a handheld
light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) device
Torsten Wagner, Joachim P. Kloock and Michael J. Schoning. . . . e35
VOLTAMMETRIC SENSORS
Procedure 7. Determination of lead and cadmium in tap water and
soils by stripping analysis using mercury-free
graphite-epoxy composite electrodes
Arben Merko?i, Ulku Anik-Kirgoz and Salvador Alegret........ e47
Procedure 8. Direct electrochemical measurement on skin surface
using microelectrodes
Audrey Ruffien-Ciszak, Pierre Gros and Maurice Comtat....... e53
Procedure 9. Direct electrochemical measurements in dermo-cosmetic
creams
Coline Guitton, Pierre Gros and Maurice Comtat............. e59
xli
Contents
Procedure 10. Biosensor for integral toxicity
Luigi Campanella and Tania Gatta.....
e69
Procedure 11. Photosensor of environmental permanence ^
Luigi Campanella and Tania Gatta.......................
Procedure 12. Biosensors for the determination of radicals
Luigi Campanella and Tania Gatta........................ e
Procedure 13. The determination of metal ions using peptide-modified
electrodes
Edith Chow and J. Justin Gooding........................ e83
CONTINUOUS MONITORING
Procedure 14. Deposition of boron-doped diamond films and their
anodic treatment for the oxygen-terminated diamond
sensor
Chiaki Terashima and Akira Fujishima.....................
GAS SENSORS
Procedure 15. Chemoresistor for determination of mercury vapor
Majlinda Vasjari and Vladimir M. Mirsky................... el05
ENZYME ELECTRODES
Procedure 16. Determination of gluconic acid in honey samples
using an integrated electrochemical biosensor based on
self-assembled monolayer modified gold electrodes
S. Campuzano, M. Gamella, Beatriz Serra, Angel Julio Reviejo and
Jose Manrrel Pingarron................................ ell3
Procedure 17. Preparation of Prussian blue modified screen-printed
electrodes via a chemical deposition for mass production
of stable hydrogen peroxide sensors
Francesco Ricci, Danila Moscone and Giuseppe Palleschi....... ell9
Procedure 18. Electrochemical sensor array for the evaluation of
astringency in different tea samples
Saverio Mannino and Matteo Scampicchio................ e!25
xlii
Contents
Procedure 19. Characterization of the PDO Asiago cheese by an
electronic nose
S. Benedetti and Saverio Mannino........................ el31
Procedure 20. Determination of methyl mercury in fish tissue using
electrochemical glucose oxidase biosensors based on
invertase inhibition
Aziz Amine and Hasna Mohammadi....................... el39
Procedure 21. Protein phosphatase inhibition-based biosensor for
amperometric microcystin detection in cyanobacterial cells
M. Campas, D. Szydlowska and Jean-Louis Marty............. el51
Procedure 22. Voltammetric determination of paracetamol in
pharmaceuticals using a zucchini (Cucurbita pepo)
tissue biosensor
Orlando Fatibello-Filho, Karina Omuro Lupetti, Oldair Donizeti
Leite and Iolanda C. Vieira.............................. el57
Procedure 23. Determination of total phenols in wastewaters using a
biosensor based on carbon paste modified with crude
extract of jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia L.)
Orlando Fatibello-Filho, Karina O. Lupetti, Oldair D. Leite and
Iolanda C. Vieira...................................... el63
Procedure 24. Construction of an enzyme-containing microelectrode
array and use for detection of low levels of pesticides
Frank Davis, Karen A. Law, Anthony P.F. Turner and Seamus
P.J. Higson.......................................... el69
AFFINITY SENSORS
Procedure 25. PCB analysis using immunosensors based on magnetic
beads and carbon screen-printed electrodes in marine
sediment and soil samples
S. Centi, G. Marrazza and M. Mascini...................... el77
Procedure 26. Construction of amperometric immunosensors for the
analysis of cholera antitoxin and comparison of the
performances between three different enzyme markers
Rodica E. Ionescu, Chantal Gondran, Serge Cosnier and Robert S.
Marks.............................................. el85
xliii
Contents
Procedure 27. Electrochemical detection of calf thymus double-
stranded DNA and single-stranded DNA by using a
disposable graphite sensor
Beste Gulmez, Hakan Karadeniz, Arzum Erdem and Mehmet
Ozsoz.............................................. e195
Procedure 28. Atomic force microscopy characterization of a DNA
electrochemical biosensor
Ana M. Chiorcea-Paquim and Ana M. Oliveira Brett........... e203
Procedure 29. Electrochemical sensing of DNA damage by ROS and
RNS produced by redox activation of quercetin,
adriamycin and nitric oxide
Victor C. Diculescu, Jose A.P. Piedade, Silvia H.P. Serrano and
Ana M. Oliveira-Brett.................................. e207
Procedure 30. Electrochemical determination of Salmonella spp. based
on GEC electrodes
Maria Isabel Pividori, Susana Campoy, Jordi Barbe and Salvador
Alegret............................................. e213
Procedure 31. Rapid electrochemical verification of PCR amplification
of Salmonella spp. based on m-GEC electrodes
Maria Isabel Pividori, Anabel Lermo, Susana Campoy, Jordi Barbe
and Salvador Alegret.................................. e221
Procedure 32. In situ DNA amplification of Salmonella spp. with
magnetic primers for the real-time electrochemical
detection based on m-GEC electrodes
Maria Isabel Pividori, Anabel Lermo, Susana Campoy, Jordi Barbe
and Salvador Alegret..........................................e227
Procedure 33. Electrochemical determination of atrazine in orange
juice and bottled water samples based on protein A
biocomposite electrodes
Emanuela Zacco, Roger Galve, Francisco Sanchez Baeza,
Maria Pilar Marco, Salvador Alegret and Maria Isabel
Pivid°ri............................................ e233
xliv
Contents
Procedure 34. Electrochemical determination of sulfonamide
antibiotics in milk samples using a class-selective
antibody
Emanuela Zacco, Roger Galve, Javier Adrian, Francisco Sanchez
Baeza, Maria Pilar Marco, Salvador Alegret and Maria Isabal
Pividori............................................ e237
THICK AND THIN FILM BIOSENSORS
Procedure 35. Preparation of electrochemical screen-printed
immunosensors for progesterone and their application
in milk analysis
Roy M. Pemberton and John P. Hart...................... e245
Procedure 36. Genosensor on gold thin-films with enzymatic
electrochemical detection of a SARS virus sequence
Patricia Abad-Valle, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Abedul and Agustin
Costa-Garcia.........................................
Procedure 37. Genosensor on streptavidin-modified thick-film carbon
electrodes for TNFRSF21 PCR products
David Hernandez-Santos, Maria Begona Gonzalez-Garcia and
Agustin Costa-Garcia.................................. e257
Procedure 38. Electrochemical immunosensor for diagnosis of the
forest-spring encephalitis
Khiena Z. Brainina, Alisa N. Kositzina, Maya Yu. Rubtsova, Boris
M. Sergeev and Svetlana Yu. Saraeva...................... e265
Procedure 39. Non-enzymatic urea sensor
Khiena Z. Brainina, Alisa N. Kositzina and Svetlana
Yu. Saraeva......................................... e271
Procedure 40. Potentiometric determination of antioxidant activity of
food and herbal extracts
Khiena Z. Brainina, Alia V. Ivanova, Elena N. Sharafutdinova and
Svetlana Yu. Saraeva.................................. e^77
Procedure 41. Convenient and rapid detection of cholinesterase
inhibition by pesticides extracted from sheep wool
Alan L.Hart......................................... e285
xlv
Contents
Procedure 42. Detection of dichlorvos in durum wheat
Michele Del Carlo..................................... e295
Procedure 43. Detection of pirimiphos-methyl in durum wheat
Michele Del Carlo..................................... e299
Procedure 44. Detection of Fusarium sp. via electrochemical sensing
Marcello Mascini. ..................................... e303
NOVEL TRENDS
Procedure 45. An electronic tongue made of coated wire potentiometric
sensors for the determination of alkaline ions: Use of
artificial neural networks for its response model
Manuel Gutierrez, Daniel Calvo and Manel del Valle.......... e311
Procedure 46. Determination of gold by anodic stripping voltammetry
in tap water
Pedro Jose Lamas Adrisana, Maria Begona Gonzalez Garcia and
Agustin Costa Garcia.................................. e331
Procedure 47. Detection of the aptamer-protein interaction using
electrochemical indicators
Tibor Hianik......................................... e335
Procedure 48. Separation and amperometric detection of hydrogen
peroxide and L-ascorbic acid using capillary
electrophoresis microchips
Mario Castano-Alvarez, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Abedul and
Agustin Costa-Garcla.................................. e343
Procedure 49. Analysis of nitroaromatic explosives with microchip
electrophoresis using a graphite-epoxy composite
detector
Martin Pumera, Arben Merkopi and Salvador Alegret.......... e351
Procedure 50. Determination of sub-pM concentration of human
interleukin-lB by microchip ELISA with
electrochemical detection
Patrick Morier, Frederic Reymond and Joel Stephane Rossier . . . e357
xlvi
Contents
Procedure 51. Kinetic analysis of titanium nitride thin films by
scanning electrochemical microscopy
Carolina Nunes Kirchner and Gunther Wittstock............. e363
Procedure 52. Analysis of the activity of p-galactosidase from
Escherichia coli by scanning electrochemical microscopy
(SECM)
Carolina Nunes Kirchner, Chuan Zhao and Gunther Wittstock. . . e371
Procedure 53. DNA analysis by using gold nanoparticle as labels
Maria Teresa Castaneda, Martin Pumera, Salvador Alegret and
Arben Merkopi....................................... e381
xlvii
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:57:53Z |
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| title | Electrochemical sensor analysis |
| title_auth | Electrochemical sensor analysis |
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| title_full | Electrochemical sensor analysis ed. by S. Alegret ... |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical sensor analysis ed. by S. Alegret ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical sensor analysis ed. by S. Alegret ... |
| title_short | Electrochemical sensor analysis |
| title_sort | electrochemical sensor analysis |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=018335759&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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