Soil microbiology and biochemistry:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
San Diego [u.a.]
Acad. Press
1996
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 340 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0125468067 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Soil microbiology and biochemistry |c E. A. Paul ; F. E. Clark |
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| 264 | 1 | |a San Diego [u.a.] |b Acad. Press |c 1996 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804139088304930816 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Soil microbiology and biochemistry
Autor: Paul, Eldor A.
Jahr: 1996
Contents
Preface xiii
Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry
in perspective
Definition and Scope 2
Pioneering Contributions 2
Soil Microbiology in the Early Twentieth Century 3
Progress and Diversification 4
Literature of Soil Biology 6
Entering the Twenty-first Century 7
References and Suggested Reading 8
Soil as a Habitat for Organisms
and Their Reactions
Soil Genesis 12
Structural Aspects of Soil 13
Soil Atmosphere 16
Soil Water 20
Redox Potential 24
Soil pH 25
CONTENTS
Soil Temperature 27
Interactions of Environmental Factors 30
References and Suggested Reading 32
Methods for studying Soil Microorganisms
Introduction 36
Collection of Soil Samples 36
Microscopy 38
Cell Counting by Direct Microscopy 41
Calculation of Biovolume and Biomass 43
Chemical Analyses: Signal Molecules 43
Cytoplasmic Constituents 43
ATP 46
Microbial Membrane Components and Fatty Acids 46
Ergosterol 49
Lipopolysaccharides and Cell Walls 49
Growth Rates from Signature Molecules 50
Nucleic Acid Analyses 50
DNA and RNA in Soil 52
The Polymerase Chain Reaction 53
Application of DNA Analyses to Soil 55
Guanine and Cytosine (G+C) Content 57
Thymidine Incorporation into DNA 58
Phylogenetic Analysis of Soil RNA and DNA 58
Physiological Analyses 60
Cultural Studies 60
Isolation and Characterization of Specific Organisms 61
Measurement of Respiration 62
Enzymes and Their Measurements 63
References and Suggested Reading 65
Components of the Soil Biota
Bacteria 71
Nutritional and Other Characteristics 73
Purple Bacteria 74
Green Sulfur Bacteria 76
Contents VII
Actinomycetes 76
Sporogenic Bacilli 78
Cyanobacteria 81
Archaea 82
Extreme Halophiles 84
Methanogens 84
Extreme Thermophiles 84
Thermoacidophilic Crenarchaeotes 86
Eucarya 86
Protozoa 86
Ciliates 86
Zooflagellates 88
Amoebas 88
Slime Molds 89
Chromista 89
Oomycetes 90
Algae 90
Fungi 92
Chytridiomycetes 95
Zygomycetes 95
Ascomycetes 95
Basidiomycetes 96
Deuteromycetous Fungi 97
Lichenized Fungi 98
Animalia 99
Nematodes 100
Mites 101
Collembolans 101
Millipedes 102
Centipedes 102
Annelid Worms 102
Winged Insects 103
Faunal Participation in Soil Dynamics 103
References and Suggested Reading 106
Occurrence and Distribution
of Soil Organisms
Geographical and Geological Differences in Biota 110
Microorganisms beneath the Rooting Zone 111
VIII Contents
Distribution of Organisms within the Soil Profile 113
Association of Organisms with Plant Roots 115
Substrates Supplied by Roots 117
Rhizosphere Effects Other Than through Substrate Additions 119
Association of Organisms with Plant Leaves and Seeds 122
Plant Litter 123
Influences of Management Practices on Soil Organisms 124
Soil Tillage 124
Biocides and Other Chemicals 125
Clear Cutting and Controlled Burning 126
References and Suggested Reading 127
6
Carbon Cycling and Soil Organic Matter
Global Carbon Cycle 130
Constituents of Organic Residues 132
Carbohydrates 132
Lignin 135
Nitrogenous Components 138
Lipids 141
Cell Walls of Microorganisms 142
Plant Solubles, Roots, and Root Exudates 143
Formation of Soil Organic Matter 145
Components of Organic Matter 148
Fulvic Acids 149
Humic Acids and Humin 150
Quantity and Distribution of Organic Matter in Soils 152
References and Suggested Reading 154
Dynamics of Residue Decomposition and Soil
Organic Matter Turnover
Pool Sizes and Reaction Kinetics 158
Establishing Pool Sizes 159
Reaction Kinetics 160
Dynamics of Decomposition 164
Modeling of Plant and Soil Data 166
Contents [X
The Rothamsted Model 167
Models Using Plant Residue Components 168
The Century Model 170
Decomposition in the Absence of Oxygen 173
Methane-Producing Bacteria 173
Methane-Consuming Bacteria 175
Methane Cycling in Soils 176
Sample Calculations Involving Reaction Kinetics and Soil
Microbial Activity 177
References and Suggested Reading 178
8
Ammonification and Nitrification
The Nitrogen Cycle 182
Mineralization of Nitrogen 182
Nitrogen Metabolism 184
Assimilation of Nitrogen 184
Fate of Ammonium 188
Estimation of Available Soil Nitrogen 190
Nitrification 190
Nitrifying Organisms and Their Biochemical Reactions 191
Heterotrophic Nitrification 193
Factors Affecting Nitrification 194
Effects of Nitrification 195
Inhibition of Nitrification 195
References and Suggested Reading 196
The Fate of Nitrate
Nitrate Removals 200
Denitrification 200
Organisms Capable of Denitrification 201
Factors Controlling Denitrification 202
Nitrate and Carbon Availability 203
Soil Moisture 204
Soil pH and Temperature 205
Chemodenitrification 205
CONTENTS
Magnitude of Nitrogen Loss by Denitrification 206
Procedures for Measuring Denitrification 207
Assimilatory Reduction of Nitrate 208
Nitrate Removal by Leaching 209
Erosional Losses of Nitrate 210
Loss of Nitrogen Oxides to the Atmosphere 211
Nitrous Oxide 211
Nitric Oxide 212
Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides with Methane 213
References and Suggested Reading 214
1O
Closing the Nitrogen Cycle:
return of Nitrogen to the Soil
Global Distribution and Transfers 216
Organisms and Associations in Nitrogen Fixation 218
Free-Living Associative Nitrogen Fixers 219
Cyanobacteria 221
Diazotrophs Associated with Grasses 223
Phototrophic Associations 224
Actinorhizal Associations 226
Fixation in Symbiotic Systems 230
Establishment of the Symbioses 232
Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation 236
Nitrogen Fixation in Ecosystem Functioning and Management 239
Inoculation 240
References and Suggested Reading 242
11
Mycorrhizal Relationships
Forms and Distribution of Mycorrhiza 246
Mycorrhiza of Orchidaceae and Monotropaceae 247
Arbutoid Mycorrhiza 248
Ericoid Mycorrhiza 248
Ectomycorrhiza 249
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 252
Physiology and Function of Mycorrhiza 256
Contents XI
Nutrient Uptake 257
Other Effects 259
Carbon Flow in Mycorrhizal-Plant Associations 259
The Study of Mycorrhiza 262
References and Suggested Reading 263
12
The Commercialization of Soil Organisms
Introduction 266
Ecological Impacts of Introduced Organisms 267
Persistence of Added Organisms 268
Gene Transfer in Soil 268
Biological Containment 270
Biocontrol 271
Antagonism 271
Competition 273
Exploitation 273
Biocontrol by Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria 274
Bioremediation 274
Bioremediation Technology 277
Degradation of Pesticides and Other Anthropogenic Organics 277
Manipulation of Catabolic Pathways 278
Composting 281
Organisms and the Process of Composting 282
Characteristics of Composts 284
References and Suggested Reading 285
13
Phosphorus Transformations
Global Aspects 290
The Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle 292
Solution Phosphorus 293
Solubilization of Inorganic Phosphorus 294
Soil Organic Phosphorus 294
Fluxes of Phosphorus in the Plant Root-Soil System 296
References and Suggested Reading 298
Contents
14
Sulfur Transformations in soil
Role of Sulfur in the Environment 300
Forms of Sulfur in Nature 301
Sulfur Constituents in Microorganisms 303
Mineralization of Organic Sulfur 304
Oxidation of Inorganic Sulfur Compounds 307
Chemotrophic Sulfur Bacteria 308
Heterotrophic Sulfur Microorganisms 309
Dissimilatory Reduction of Inorganic Sulfur 310
References and Suggested Reading 312
15
Microbial Transformations of metals
Introduction 316
Transformations of Iron 316
Transformations of Iron in Nature 318
Anaerobic Corrosion of Iron Pipes 319
Microbial Participation in Ore Leaching 319
Transformations of Manganese 321
Transformations of Mercury 323
Abiotic Transfers and Transformations 324
Biotic Transformations 324
Biomethylations of Other Potentially Toxic Metals 325
References and Suggested Reading 327
INDEX 329
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:38:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0125468067 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIII, 340 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Paul, Eldor Alvin 1931- Verfasser (DE-588)133548643 aut Soil microbiology and biochemistry E. A. Paul ; F. E. Clark 2. ed. San Diego [u.a.] Acad. Press 1996 XIII, 340 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bodenchemie (DE-588)4146134-4 gnd rswk-swf Bodenbiologie (DE-588)4007358-0 gnd rswk-swf Bodenbiologie (DE-588)4007358-0 s Bodenchemie (DE-588)4146134-4 s DE-604 Clark, Francis E. 1910- Verfasser (DE-588)138916551 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017534770&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Paul, Eldor Alvin 1931- Clark, Francis E. 1910- Soil microbiology and biochemistry Bodenchemie (DE-588)4146134-4 gnd Bodenbiologie (DE-588)4007358-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4146134-4 (DE-588)4007358-0 |
| title | Soil microbiology and biochemistry |
| title_auth | Soil microbiology and biochemistry |
| title_exact_search | Soil microbiology and biochemistry |
| title_full | Soil microbiology and biochemistry E. A. Paul ; F. E. Clark |
| title_fullStr | Soil microbiology and biochemistry E. A. Paul ; F. E. Clark |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soil microbiology and biochemistry E. A. Paul ; F. E. Clark |
| title_short | Soil microbiology and biochemistry |
| title_sort | soil microbiology and biochemistry |
| topic | Bodenchemie (DE-588)4146134-4 gnd Bodenbiologie (DE-588)4007358-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bodenchemie Bodenbiologie |
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