Handbook of optical systems: 1 Fundamentals of technical optics
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
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Wiley-VCH
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. reprint |
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| Beschreibung: | XXII, 826 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 3527403779 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook of optical systems |n 1 |p Fundamentals of technical optics |c ed. by Herbert Gross |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS
EDITED BY HERBERT CROSS
VOLUME 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL OPTICS HERBERT GROSS
WILEY- VCH
WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA
IMAGE 2
VII
CONTENTS
PREFACE
1
2 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2
2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4 2.3.5 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.5
2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3 2.5.4 2.5.5 2.6
V
INTRODUCTION 1
PARAXIAL IMAGING 5 GENERAL REMARKS 7 PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 7
LINEAR COLLINEATION 9 IMAGE LOCATIONS 10 MAGNIFICATION 14 LENS EQUATION
25 NEWTONS EQUATION 19 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS 20
SINGLE SURFACE 21 REFRACTING PLANE SURFACE 21 REFRACTIVE SPHERICAL
SURFACE 22 MIRROR SURFACE 23
SINGLE LENS 24 PARAMETERS OF A LENS 24 CARDINAL ELEMENTS 25 THIN LENS 28
THICK LENS 29
GRAPHICAL IMAGE CONSTRUCTION 32 MULTIPLE-COMPONENT SYSTEMS 33 SYSTEM
CONSISTING OF TWO THIN COMPONENTS 33 SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF SEVERAL THIN
LENSES 36
INVARIANTS 36 HELMHOLTZ-LAGRANGE INVARIANT 36 ABBE INVARIANT Q 39
PARAXIAL INVARIANT 39
FURTHER INVARIANTS 40 MATRIX FORM OF THE HELMHOLTZ INVARIANT 40 MATRIX
CALCULUS 41
HANDBOOK OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS: VOL. 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF TECHNICAL OPTICS.
H. GROSS COPYRIGHT 2005 WILEY-VCH VERLAG GMBH & CO. KGAA, WEINHEIM
ISBN: 3-527-40377-9
IMAGE 3
VIII CONTENTS
2.6.1
2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5
2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3
2.8
3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1
3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5
3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8
3.2.9 3.2.10 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.5
3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.7
PARAXIAL ABCD MATRICES 41 PROPERTIES OF THE MATRICES 44 MATRICES OF
SIMPLE COMPONENTS 45 FINITE IMAGING WITH AN AFOCAL SYSTEM 48
DECOMPOSITIONS OF AN ABCD MATRIX 49 MATRICES DESCRIBING A MORE GENERAL
GEOMETRY 51 TWO-DIMENSIONAL 3X3 MATRICES 51 CENTERED 4X4 MATRICES 54
GENERAL 5X5 MATRICES 58 LITERATURE 59
INTERFACES 62 BASICS 62 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 62 THE LAW OF REFRACTION 63
THE LAW OF REFLECTION 66
THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS 67 DEFINITION OF THE AMPLITUDE COEFFICIENTS 67
REFLECTION 67
TRANSMISSION 69 PROPERTIES OF THE FRESNEL EQUATIONS 69 STOKES RELATIONS
72 AZIMUTHAL ANGLE 74
REFLECTIVITY AND TRANSMIRTIVITY 75 PHASE CHANGES 79 DESCRIPTION OF THE
REFRACTION IN THE K-SPACE 80 REFLECTION LOSSES IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 82
POLARIZATION EFFECTS AT INTERFACES 84 BREWSTER ANGLE 84 DEGREE OF
POLARIZATION 86 EVANESCENT WAVES 88 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 88
EVANESCENT SURFACE WAVES 92 DAMPED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 94
FRUSTRATED TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 95 NON-GEOMETRICAL EFFECTS AT
REFLECTION 96 THE GOOS-HAENCHEN EFFECT 96 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION OF A
GAUSSIAN BEAM 100
ABSORBING MEDIA 102 COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX 102 LAMBERT-BEER LAW 103
REFLECTION AT AN ABSORBING MEDIUM 104 METALS 105 REFLECTION AT METALS
105 LITERATURE 209
IMAGE 4
4
4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3
4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3
4.3.4 4.3.5
4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2
4.4.3 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6
4.5.7 4.5.8 4.5.9 4.5.10 4.6
4.6.1 4.6.2 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3
4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.9
CONTENTS IX
MATERIALS 111
BASICS 113 INTRODUCTION 113 OPTICAL PARAMETERS 113 NON-OPTICAL
PROPERTIES 114 DISPERSION 114 DEFINITION 114 WAVELENGTHS 11 6
CHARACTERIZING THE DISPERSION 117 OPTICAL CROWNS AND FLINTS 118
INTERPOLATION OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX 120 DISPERSION OF THE GROUP
VELOCITY 123
CHROMATIC COORDINATES ACCORDING TO BUCHDAHL 124 RELATIVE PARTIAL
DISPERSION 125 DEFINITION 125 LINE OF NORMAL DISPERSION 228 GLASSES WITH
ANOMALOUS PARTIAL DISPERSION 230
RELATIVE PARTIAL DISPERSION IN THE GLASS DIAGRAM 232 HOOGLAND DIAGRAM
133 TRANSMISSION 134 TRANSMISSION AND INTERNAL TRANSMISSION 234
TRANSMISSION EDGE 236 TRANSMISSION OF GLASSES AND PLASTICS 237 GLASSES
239 GENERAL REMARKS 239 GLASS DIAGRAM 239 GLASS RANGES 242 THERMAL
PROPERTIES 243
DATA SHEET 246 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS 247 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
GLASS 249
DELIVERABLE FORMS OF GLASS 249 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE CHOICE OF GLASS
IN OPTICAL DESIGN 249 SPECIAL GLASSES 250 CRYSTALS AND SPECIAL MATERIALS
252 MATERIALS FOR IR AND UV 152 QUARTZ 254
PLASTICS 257 GENERAL PROPERTIES 257 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 258 TRANSMISSION
260
GASES 262 GENERAL REMARKS 161 AIR 262
LIQUIDS AND CEMENTS 162
IMAGE 5
X CONTENTS
4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4
4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.11
5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6
5.3.7 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2
5.4.3 5.4.4 5.4.5 5.4.6 5.4.7 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.6 5.6.1
5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6.4 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.8
WATER 162 TECHNICAL LIQUIDS 163 IMMERSION OILS 166 OPTICAL CEMENTS 267
METALS 168 OPTICAL PARAMETERS 168 REFLECTIVITY OF METALLIC MIRRORS 169
LITERATURE 171
RAYTRACING 173 THE MEANING OF RAYTRACING 174 RAYTRACING SCHEME 174
RAYTRACING FORMULA SETS 178 GENERAL REMARKS 178 PARAXIAL Y-U-METHOD 178
PARAXIAL S-H- METHOD 179 MERIDIONAL S-U-METHOD 180 MERIDIONAL Q-U-METHOD
182 SET OF VECTOR FORMULAS 182 ITERATIVE CALCULATION OF THE INTERSECTION
POINT FOR ASPHERICAL SURFACES 186 RAYTRACING IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 189
DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOMETRY 189 TYPES OF SURFACE 1 94 PARTICULAR
PROPERTIES 206
OUTPUT QUANTITIES 207 ERRORS 208 APODIZATION 208 POLARIZATION RAYTRACING
209
SPECIAL COMPONENTS 220 IDEAL LENS 220 RAYTRACING IN GRIN MEDIA 211
RAYTRACING FOR DIFFRACTIVE ELEMENTS 215 KNIFE-EDGE DIFFRACTION MODEL IN
RAYTRACING 219 DIFFERENTIAL RAYS 220 GENERAL REMARKS 220 CODDINGTON
EQUATIONS 220 GENERAL DIFFERENTIAL RAYS 222 RAY TUBES 223 NON-SEQUENTIAL
RAYTRACING 224 GENERAL REMARKS 224 MONTE-CARLO RAYTRACING 226 LITERATURE
227
IMAGE 6
6
6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3
6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 6.1.8
6.1.9 6.1.10 6.1.11 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2
6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.4
6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.4.5 6.4.6 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.6
7 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2
7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.2 7.2.1
7.2.2 7.2.3
RADIOMETRY 229 INTRODUCTION 230 GENERAL REMARKS 230 DEFINITION OF THE
RADIOMETRIC QUANTITIES 230
PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 232 RADIOMETRIC AND PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITIES 233
SOLID ANGLE 233 DIFFERENTIAL FLUX 235 FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF RADIOMETRY 235
PROJECTION OF THE IRRADIANCE 236 IRRADIANCE 237 SPECTRAL DENSITIES OF
QUANTITIES 237 ENERGY, POWER AND PHOTONS 238 LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 239
CLASSICAL LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 239
GENERAL LAMBERTIAN RADIATOR 240 RADIATION TRANSFER 241 GENERAL REMARKS
241 POINT SOURCE OF LIGHT 242
RADIATION TRANSFER BETWEEN SURFACES 244 NUMERICAL RADIATION TRANSFER 247
RADIOMETRY OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS 248 OPTICAL SYSTEM 248
RADIATION TRANSPORT WITH INTERACTION 249 APLANATIC SYSTEMS 250 NATURAL
VIGNETTING 252 RADIOMETRY IN REAL OPTICAL SYSTEMS 259
RAY TUBE MODEL 260 DESCRIPTION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT IN THE PHASE SPACE
263 HELMHOLTZ - LAGRANGE INVARIANT 263 PHASE SPACE COORDINATES 264
PHASE SPACE REPRESENTATION OF RADIATION TRANSPORT 265 LITERATURE 267
LIGHT SOURCES 269 INTRODUCTION 271 CLASSIFICATION 271
EFFICIENCY 271 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 273 STANDARD LIGHT SOURCES 275
DAYLIGHT AND SUNLIGHT 276 THERMAL RADIATORS 278
PLANCKS FORMULA 278 OPTICAL EFFICIENCY 281 RADIATION TEMPERATURE 282
CONTENTS XI
IMAGE 7
XII CONTENTS
7.2.4 WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW 283
7.2.5 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW 284 7.2.6 RAYLEIGH-JEANS RADIATION FORMULA
284 7.2.7 WIENS LAW OF RADIATION 285 7.3 CLASSICAL LAMPS 285
7.3.1 INCANDESCENT BULBS 285 7.3.2 HALOGEN LAMPS 288 7.3.3 ELECTRICAL
ARC LAMPS / DISCHARGE LAMPS 288 7.3.4 XENON LAMPS 290 7.3.5
MERCURY-XENON LAMPS 291 7.3.6 HIGH-PRESSURE MERCURY LAMPS 291 7.4 DIODES
292
7.4.1 TYPES OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 292 7.4.2 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING
DIODES 294 7.4.3 SPECTRA OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 295 7.4.4 EMISSION
CHARACTERISTIC OF LEDS 297 7.4.5 WHITE LIGHT EMITTING DIODES 299 7.5
LASER LIGHT SOURCES 300
7.5.1 OVERVIEW 300 7.5.2 COMPARISON OF LASERS WITH CLASSICAL LIGHT
SOURCES 7.5.3 SEMICONDUCTOR LASER 303 7.5.4 GAS LASER 309
7.5.5 SOLID STATE LASER 309 7.5.6 EXCIMER LASER 311 7.6 MODEL
DESCRIPTIONS OF RADIATION SOURCES 314 7.6.1 MODELS OF LIGHT SOURCES 314
7.6.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SPATIAL EMISSION 315 7.6.3 SPECTRAL
CHARACTERISTIC 318 7.6.4 RAYTRACING MODEL DESCRIPTION OF SOURCES 319 7.7
LITERATURE 321
8 SENSOR TECHNOLOGY AND SIGNAL PROCESSING 323 8.1 INTRODUCTION 325
8.1.1 SIGNAL CHAIN 325
8.1.2 INFORMATION TRANSFER IN OPTICS 325 8.1.3 ADJUSTMENT OF THE BEAM
327 8.1.4 INFORMATION GAIN 328 8.1.5 SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION AND
RESOLUTION 331 8.1.6 DISCRETIZATION OF THE SIGNAL STRENGTH 333 8.2
SENSOR CHARACTERISTICS 335
8.2.1 GENERAL REMARKS 335 8.2.2 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO 336 8.2.3
PRECISION OF A SENSOR 337 8.2.4 DYNAMIC RANGE 339
8.2.5 TIME BEHAVIOR 340
300
IMAGE 8
8.2.6
8.2.7 8.3 8.3.1
8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.4 8.4.1
8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2
8.5.3 8.5.4 8.5.5 8.6 8.6.1
8.6.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2
8.8
9 9.1 9.2 9.2.1
9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.3
9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4
9.3.5 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2
DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY 342 DETECTION OF COLOR SIGNALS 343 SPECIAL TYPES
OF SENSOR 345 CLASSIFICATION 345 PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR 346 CCD ARRAYS
348 AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES 354 PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM 354
SAMPLING 357 FOURIER TRANSFORMATION 357 SAMPLING THEOREM 358 SAMPLING OF
A BAND-LIMITED SIGNAL 362
DETECTOR SAMPLING 362 SIGNAL PROCESSING 364 GENERAL REMARKS 364 POINT
OPERATIONS 364 NEAREST-NEIGHBOR OPERATIONS 365
FOURIER FILTER 365 SAVITZKY-GOLAY FILTER 368 NOISE 370 INTRODUCTION 370
TYPES OF NOISE 372
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENCE OF THE NOISE 374 CORRECTION OF THE BACKGROUND NOISE
375 SPECIAL METHODS OF DETECTION 376
HETERODYNE DETECTION 376 LOCK-IN PRINCIPLE 377 LITERATURE 378
THEORY OF COLOR VISION 379 INTRODUCTION 380 COLOR VISION OF THE HUMAN
EYE 380 SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE EYE 380 TRANSMISSION OF THE EYE 383
BEZOLD EFFECT AND RESTIMULATION 385 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHROMATIC SENSATION
386 PHENOMENOLOGCAL THEORY OF COLOR VISION 387 GRASSMANNS BASIC LAWS 387
LIGHT AND BODY COLOR 388 ADDITIVE COLOR MIXTURE 390 THREE-COLOR MIXTURE
390
MAXWELLS COLOR TRIANGLE 391 COLORIMETRY 394 GENERAL REMARKS 394
SPECTRAL MATCHING FUNCTIONS 394
CONTENTS XIII
IMAGE 9
XIV I CONTENTS
9.4.3 CONVERSION MATRICES 398
9.4.4 STANDARD SPECTRAL VALUE FUNCTIONS OF THE CIE STANDARD SYSTEM 399
9.4.5 NORMALIZED COLOR COORDINATES 400 9.5 COLOR TRIANGLE 402
9.5.1 BASIC PROPERTIES 402 9.5.2 COMPLEMENTARY COLORS 403 9.5.3 COLOR
SATURATION 405 9.5.4 HELMHOLTZ COLOR VALUES 408 9.5.5 MIXTURE OF COLORS
IN THE COLOR TRIANGLE 409 9.5.6 CLASSICAL COLOR TERMS 410 9.5.7 COLOR
TEMPERATURE 412 9.5.8 BRIGHTNESS 414
9.5.9 COLOR BODY 415
9.5.10 COLOR DIFFERENCES 416 9.6 ALTERNATIVE BASIC SYSTEMS 417 9.6.1 RGB
PRIMARY COLORS 417 9.6.2 IHS COLOR REPRESENTATION ACCORDING TO MUNSELL
421
9.6.3 U V´-CHROMATIRIRY CHART 423 9.7 LITERATURE 424
10 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 425
10.1 SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF LENSES 426 10.1.1 BENDING OF LENSES 426
10.1.2 POSITION PARAMETER 429 10.1.3 IDEAL LENS 430 10.1.4 VOLUME OF A
LENS 431 10.2 SPECIAL RAYS IN OPTICAL SYSTEMS 432 10.2.1 NUMERICAL
APERTURE AND STOP NUMBER 432 10.2.2 CANONICAL COORDINATES 434 10.2.3
BUNDLES AND RAY FANS 438 10.2.4 SPECIAL RAYS 439 10.2.5 PRINCIPAL PLANES
441 10.3 PUPILS 442
10.3.1 DIAPHRAGMS 442 10.3.2 DEFINITION OF PUPILS 444 10.3.3 SPHERICAL
PUPILS 446 10.3.4 PUPIL SAMPLING 448 10.3.5 VIGNETTING 452 10.3.6
VARIABLE PUPIL POSITION 454 10.3.7 SPECIAL STOP POSITIONS 455 10.3.8
INTERLINKED BUNDLES 458 10.3.9 PERSPECTIVE 458
10.4 DELANO DIAGRAM 463 10.4.1 DEFINITION 463 10.4.2 PROPERTIES OF THE
DELANO DIAGRAM 464
IMAGE 10
.
*
10.4.3
10.4.4 10.5 10.5.1 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.5.4 10.6
11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.3.1 11.3.2 11.3.3 11.3.4 11.3.5 11.4 11.5 11.5.1
11.5.2 11.5.3 11.5.4 11.6 11.6.1 11.6.2
11.6.3 11.7 11.8 11.8.1 11.8.2 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13
12 12.1 12.1.1 12.1.2
12.1.3 12.1.4 12.1.5
EXAMPLES 468 VIGNETTING 472 SPECIAL ASPECTS 474 CURVED OBJECTS 474
SCHEIMPFLUG IMAGING 475 ANAMORPHOTIC IMAGING 479 INTRODUCTION OF THICK
LENSES 480
LITERATURE 483
ABERRATIONS 485 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 486 DESCRIPTION OF ABERRATIONS
487 RAY ABERRATIONS 490
LONGITUDINAL ABERRATIONS 490 TRANSVERSE ABERRATIONS 491 SPOT DIAGRAMS
492 CAUSTICS 493
SEIDEL ABERRATIONS 494 THE SINE CONDITION 495 WAVE ABERRATIONS 497
DEFINITION 497 TILT 499 DEFOCUS 500 ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS 501
SPHERICAL ABERRATION 506 INTRODUCTION 506 APLANATIC SURFACES 507
APLANATIC LENSES 509 ASTIGMATISM 510 FIELD CURVATURE 511 IMAGE SURFACES
51 1 PETZVAL THEOREM 523 COMA 524 DISTORTION 526 CHROMATIC LONGITUDINAL
ABERRATIONS 528 CHROMATIC TRANSVERSE ABERRATIONS 520 LITERATURE 522
WAVE OPTICS 523 BASIC PRINCIPLES 524 WAVE EQUATION 524 TEA AND LPIA
APPROXIMATIONS FOR THIN COMPONENTS 525
KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL 527 FRESNEL APPROXIMATION 530 FRAUNHOFER INTEGRAL 532
CONTENTS XV
IMAGE 11
XVI CONTENTS
12.1.6 FRESNEL NUMBER 532
12.1.7 DIFFRACTION OF AN APERTURE 533 12.1.8 PARAXIAL APPROXIMATION 535
12.1.9 MODEL APPROXIMATIONS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS
12.1.10 SPOT MODEL CALCULATIONS 538 12.2 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION 539
12.2.1 IDEAL POINT IMAGE 539
12.2.2 SCALING FACTORS 542 12.2.3 TRANSVERSE AIRY DISTRIBUTION 543
12.2.4 AXIAL DISTRIBUTION 545 12.2.5 POINT-SPREAD FUNCTION AND
ABERRATIONS 546 12.3 FOURIER THEORY OF IMAGE FORMATION 548 12.3.1
SPATIAL FREQUENCY AND EXPANSION IN PLANE WAVES 548 12.3.2 PLANE WAVE
REPRESENTATION 549 12.3.3 PHASE EFFECT OF A LENS 550 12.3.4 RESOLUTION
MODEL 551
12.3.5 4-F-FOURIER MODEL 554 12.3.6 COMPLETE 6-F-FOURIER MODEL 557
12.3.7 COHERENT IMAGE FORMATION 559 12.3.8 INCOHERENT IMAGE FORMATION
560 12.4 TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 562 12.4.1 DEFINITION 562 12.4.2 OTF OF
IDEAL SYSTEMS 564 12.4.3 CONTRAST TRANSFER 565
12.4.4 SAGITTAL AND TANGENTIAL STRUCTURES 566 12.5 LITERATURE 568
13 PIANO-OPTICAL COMPONENTS 13.1 PLANE-PARALLEL PLATES 571 13.1.1 BEAM
DISPLACEMENT 571 13.1.2 ABERRATIONS 572
13.1.3 PLANE-PARALLEL PLATE IN A CONVERGENT BEAM 574 13.1.4 REFLECTIONS
AT PLANE-PARALLEL PLATES 576 13.2 DISPERSION PRISMS 576 13.2.1 GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS 577 13.2.2 DISPERSION BY A PRISM 578 13.2.3 THIN-PRISM
APPROXIMATION 579 13.2.4 SYMMETRIC PRISMS 580 13.2.5 PRISM MAGNIFICATION
580 13.2.6 ASTIGMATISM OF A WEDGE PRISM 582 13.2.7 CURVED SPECTRAL LINES
PRODUCED BY A PRISM 582 13.2.8 VARIABLE-ANGLE PRISMS 583 13.2.9
ACHROMATIC PRISM PAIRS 584
13.2.10 DIRECT-VISION PRISMS 585 13.2.11 DOUBLE AMICI PRISMS 586
536
IMAGE 12
13.2.12
13.2.13 13.2.14 13.3 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.3.4 13.3.5 13.3.6 13.3.7
13.3.8 13.4
13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.5 13.5.1 13.5.2 13.5.3 13.5.4 13.5.5
13.6 13.6.1 13.6.2 13.6.3 13.6.4 13.6.5 13.7
14 14.1 14.2 14.2.1 14.2.2
14.2.3 14.2.4 14.2.5 14.2.6 14.3
14.3.1 14.3.2 14.3.3 14.3.4
14.4
WERNICKE-TYPE DIRECT-VISION PRISMS 587 WADSWORTH PRISM MOUNTING 588 FERY
PRISMS 589 REFLECTION PRISMS 590
FUNCTION OF REFLECTION PRISMS 590 THE TUNNEL DIAGRAM 591 DIMENSIONING OF
PRISMS 592 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 595
IMAGE REORIENTATION 596 MATRIX CALCULATIONS FOR REFLECTION PRISMS 599
ROOF PRISMS 601 CLASSIFICATION OF THE REFLECTION PRISMS 604 CONSTRUCTION
DESIGNS FOR REFLECTION PRISMS 605 GENERAL CONSIDERATION 605
SINGLE PRISM TYPES 606 COMPOSITE PRISMS 624 PRISM SYSTEMS 630 SLIDING
PRISM PAIR 630
SCANNING BY ROTATING WEDGE PAIR 632 ANAMORPHOTIC PRISM PAIR 632 DOUBLE
DOVE PRISM 633
BEAM SPLITTERS 635 FILTERS 639 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 639
CHARACTERIZATION OF FILTERS 640 FILTER TYPES 643 INTERFERENCE FILTERS
644 ABSORPTION FILTERS 645
LITERATURE 645
GRATINGS 647 DIFFRACTION BY A SLIT 648 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS 651 GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS 651
INTERFERENCE FUNCTION 652 DIFFRACTION BY A GRATING 655 WIDTH OF THE
DIFFRACTION ORDERS 658 GRATING DISPERSION 659
GRATING EFFICIENCY 662 BLAZED GRATINGS 663 THE CONCEPT OF BLAZING 663
PARTICULAR CASE OF NORMAL INCIDENCE 666
LITTROW ARRANGEMENT 667 REAL BLAZED GRATINGS 668 FOURIER THEORY OF THE
GRATING DIFFRACTION 669
CONTENTS XVII
IMAGE 13
XVIII CONTENTS
14.4.1 14.4.2 14.4.3 14.4.4
14.5 14.5.1 14.5.2 14.5.3 14.6 14.6.1 14.6.2
14.6.3 14.6.4 14.6.5
14.6.6 14.7 14.8 14.8.1
14.8.2 14.9
15 15.1 15.1.1 15.1.2
15.1.3 15.1.4 15.1.5 15.2 15.2.1 15.2.2 15.2.3
15.2.4 15.3 15.3.1 15.4
15.5 15.5.1 15.5.2 15.6 15.6.1 15.6.2 15.6.3
15.7 15.7.1
EWALD MODEL OF THE GRATING DIFFRACTION 669 RECTANGULAR AMPLITUDE GRATING
671 GRATING STRUCTURE FUNCTION 672 FOURIER OPTICS OF THE BLAZED GRATING
672 TRANSMISSION GRATINGS 673
BLAZE CONDITION 673 CARPENTER PRISMS 674 DIFFRACTIVE LENSES 675 TYPES OF
GRATING 677
CLASSIFICATION 677 SINE PHASE GRATINGS 679 LAMINARY REFLECTION GRATINGS
680 ECHELETTE GRATINGS 681 RONCHI GRATINGS 682
DAMMAN GRATINGS 684 GRATINGS IN IMAGE FORMATION SYSTEMS 686 DIFFRACTION
BY A GRATING IN THE GENERAL CASE 688 NON-PARAXIAL DIFFRACTION BY A
GRATING 688
CONICAL DIFFRACTION BY A GRATING 690 LITERATURE 692
SPECIAL COMPONENTS 693 ASPHERICAL DEVICES 695 INTRODUCTION 695 CONIC
SECTIONS 695
POLYNOMIAL ASPHERICAL SURFACES 700 CONICAL SURFACES 703 PARAMETERS FOR
ASPHERICAL SURFACES 704 GRADIENT-INDEX LENSES 705
PARABOLIC LATERAL GRADIENT-INDEX 705 AXIAL LINEAR GRADIENT-INDEX MEDIA
707 GRADIUM MEDIA 708 SPHERICALLY CORRECTED GRADIENT-INDEX LENSES 711
DIFFUSING DISKS 714 DESCRIPTION OF THE EFFECT OF A DIFFUSING DISK 714
CYLINDER LENSES 717 SIMPLE CYLINDER LENSES 717 ROTATABLE PAIR OF
CYLINDER LENSES 71 7 ALVAREZ LENS 728
DYNAMIC LIGHT MODULATORS 719 GENERAL REMARKS 719 DIGITAL MIRROR DEVICE
720 LIQUID CRYSTAL DEVICES 722 FRESNEL LENSES 729 PRINCIPLE 729
IMAGE 14
15.7.2
15.7.3 15.7.4 15.7.5
15.7.6 15.7.7 15.8 15.8.1 15.8.2 15.8.3 15.9 15.9.1
15.9.2 15.9.3 15.9.4 15.10
16 16.1 16.2 16.2.1 16.2.2 16.3 16.3.1 16.3.2 16.3.3 16.4
16.4.1 16.4.2 16.4.3 16.5
16.5.1 16.5.2 16.6 16.6.1 16.6.2 16.6.3
16.7 16.7.1 16.7.2 16.7.3 16.7.4
16.8 16.8.1 16.8.2
BASIC EQUATIONS 730 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION 731 ABERRATIONS 732 STRAY
LIGHT 733
APPLICATIONS 734 RADIOMETRIC ASPECTS 735 LIGHT PIPES 737 LIGHT-GUIDING
RODS 737
SLAB HOMOGENIZER 738 TAPERS 747 AXICONS 751
REFRACTIVE AXICONS 751 REFRACTIVE AXICON WITH LENS 752 REFLECTIVE
AXICONS 753 AXICON FOR AN AXIAL PROFILE FORMATION 755 LITERATURE 757
OPTICAL MEASUREMENT AND TESTING TECHNIQUES 759 OVERVIEW 76 1 MEASUREMENT
OF THE FOCAL LENGTH 761 MEASUREMENT WITH A COLLIMATOR 761 GAUSS METHOD
762 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES 763
AUTOCOLLIMATOR 763 INTERFEROMETRIC TEST OF PRISM ANGLES 764 ALIGNMENT
TELESCOPE 768 CENTERING 769
MEASURING CENTERING IN REFLECTION 769 MEASURING CENTERING IN
TRANSMISSION 770 INTERFERENCE METHOD 771 MEASURING THE INDEX OF
REFRACTION 773
REFRACTOMETER 773 TOEPLERS SCHLIEREN METHOD 775 SURFACE-SHAPE
MEASUREMENT 776 TRIANGULATION 776
FRINGE PROJECTION 776 OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY 778 TESTING OF
SURFACE RADII AND SHAPES 780 NEWTON INTERFEROMETER 780 TWYMAN-GREEN
INTERFEROMETER 782
FIZEAU INTERFEROMETER 784 EVALUATION OF THE FRINGES 785 MEASURING
WAVEFRONTS 786 HARTMANN-SHACK WAVEFRONT SENSOR 786
HARTMANN TEST 790
CONTENTS XIX
IMAGE 15
XX. CONTENTS
16.9 MEASUREMENT OF THE OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION 793
16.9.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 793 16.9.2 MEASUREMENT BY EDGE IMAGING 794
16.9.3 MEASUREMENT BY LINE IMAGING 796 16.9.4 MEASUREMENT OF GRATING
STRUCTURES 797 16.10 BEAM-QUALITY MEASUREMENT 799 16.10.1 OVERVIEW 799
16.10.2 KNIFE-EDGE METHOD 800 16.10.3 SCANNING-SLIT METHOD 802 16.10.4
RONCHI TEST 803 16.11 COHERENCE MEASUREMENT 807 16.11.1 YOUNGS
EXPERIMENT 807 16.12 POLARIZATION MEASUREMENT 808 16.13 STRAY-LIGHT
MEASUREMENT 810
16.14 COLOR MEASUREMENT 811 16.14.1 OVERVIEW 811 16.14.2 SPECTRAL
PHOTOMETRY 812 16.15 LITERATURE 813
INDEX 815
|
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| id | DE-604.BV023887677 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:38:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527403779 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-017503858 |
| oclc_num | 633627361 |
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| owner_facet | DE-634 |
| physical | XXII, 826 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross 1. reprint Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2007 XXII, 826 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 gnd rswk-swf Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 s DE-604 Gross, Herbert Sonstige oth Gross, Herbert 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)134121201 oth (DE-604)BV019743683 1 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017503858&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook of optical systems Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078181-1 |
| title | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_auth | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_exact_search | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_full | Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross |
| title_fullStr | Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook of optical systems 1 Fundamentals of technical optics ed. by Herbert Gross |
| title_short | Handbook of optical systems |
| title_sort | handbook of optical systems fundamentals of technical optics |
| topic | Technische Optik (DE-588)4078181-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Technische Optik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017503858&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT grossherbert handbookofopticalsystems1 |