Environmental management in practice: 2 Compartments, stressors and sectors
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
1999
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 317 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 041514907X |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of figures x
List of tables xii
List of boxes xiv
Notes on contributors xv
Prefa.ce and acknowledßements xix
List of abbreviations xxiii
List of units xxvi
PART I ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS AND STRESSORS 1
INTRODUCTION 3
Paul A. Compton
1 SOIL MANAGEMENT 6
James G. Cruieksbank
Summary 6
Academic objectives 6
Concepts 6
Reclamation of soil 8
Soil management and soil erosion 9
Soil water 13
Soil management, drainage and irrigation 14
Management and the importance of soil structure 16
The role of soil organic matter 17
Soil management and plant nutrition 18
Problems with soil chemistry 22
Conclusions 23
References 23
Suggested reading 23
Self-assessment questions 24
2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 25
Alfons Buekens
vi CONTENTS
Summary 25
Academic objectives 25
Introduction 25
Policies and strategies in waste management 26
Prevention and elimination of hazardous waste 35
Waste management in enterprises 37
Technical factors in waste management 41
Conclusions 52
References 52
Suggested reading 53
Self-assessment questions 53
3 SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCES 55
Main-waring B. Pescod and Paul L. Younger
Summary 55
Academic objectives 55
Water resources and the hydrological cycle 55
Water quality and pollution 58
Sustainability of water resources 64
Summary and conclusions 70
References 71
Suggested reading 72
Self-assessment questions 72
4 AIR, QUALITY MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT 74
Mickel Christolis, Nicos Manalis, Dimitra Brillaki and Nicolas Markatos
Summary 74
Academic objectives 74
Introduction 74
Air quality monitoring network design 77
Monitoring methods and instruments 85
Conclusions 93
References 93
Suggested reading 94
Self-assessment questions 95
5 NOISE POLLUTION: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CONTROL 96
Marc Van Overmeire, Filip J.R. Verbandt and Robert E. Jonckheere
Summary 96
Academic objectives 96
Introduction 96
Physical properties of sound 97
Measures of sound 97
Noise pollution 101
Effects of noise pollution 102
Noise control 104
CONTENTS vii
Acoustic legislation in the European Community 107
Conclusions 109
References 110
Suggested reading 110
Self-assessment questions 110
PART II THE SECTORAL APPROACH 111
INTRODUCTION 113
Dimitri Devuyst
6 ENERGY, ECONOMY AND THE CO2 PROBLEM 117
Hans W. Gottinger and Philip M.L. Barnes
Summary 117
Academic objectives 117
The scope of the problem 117
World fossil fuel use 122
International aspects 133
Policy and climate change modelling 140
Conclusions 141
References 141
Suggested reading 142
Appendix 143
Self-assessment questions 144
7 BEST AVAILABLE PRACTICES IN MINING ON LAND OF MINERALS 145
Alyson C. Warhust
Summary 145
Academic objectives 146
The limitations of environmental regulation and challenge for public policy 146
Technical change and corporate environmental trajectories 150
Policy implications for mineral producing countries 159
Note 164
Acknowledgements 164
References 164
Suggested reading 164
Self-assessment questions 165
8 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 166
Kerry Garrett
Summary 166
Academic objectives 166
The need for a sustainable agriculture 166
The meaning of sustainability in agriculture 168
Principles of sustainability in agriculture 169
Practices in sustainable agriculture 171
viii CONTENTS
Fostering sustainable agriculture 175
References 177
Suggested reading 177
Self-assessment questions 177
9 TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 179
Maurizio G. Paoletti
Summary 179
Academic objectives 179
From natural ecosystems to agro-ecosystems - how to deal with biodiversity 180
The farm as a complex system inserted into the landscape 187
Sustainable agriculture 190
References 194
Suggested reading 196
Self-assessment questions 196
10 SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE FISHERIES SECTOR 198
M.J. Peterson
Summary 198
Academic objectives 198
Fisheries subsectors and techniques 198
From fish biology to fish ecology 203
The economics of fisheries 206
From MSY to multidimensional fisheries management 208
Conclusions 215
References 215
Suggested reading 216
Self-assessment questions 216
11 SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY MANAGEMENT 217
Ivan Raev
Summary 217
Academic objectives 217
Definitions 217
Brief data on forests in the world 218
Ecological problems of forests 220
Sustainable management of forests 223
Conclusions 226
References 227
Suggested reading 228
Self-assessment questions 228
12 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE OPTIONS IN INDUSTRY 230
Giancarlo Barbiroli
Summary 230
Academic objectives 230
Introduction 231
CONTENTS ix
The strategic options of industry for sustainability 231
Steps and methods for assessing and selecting sustainable options 248
Appropriate technologies for developed and developing countries 249
Barriers to the diffusion of sustainable options 251
The efforts in R D to support technological evolution 252
Technological pluralism versus product diversification 253
Discussion 253
References 255
Suggested reading 256
Self-assessment questions 256
13 TRANSPORT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 258
David A. Hensher, Paul Hooper, Ross Robinson and Sophia Everett
Summary 258
Academic objectives 258
Introduction 258
Opportunities for environmental management - an integrating framework for planning
transport systems 259
Emerging directions 261
Managing the environmental effects of transport 265
Placing transport in a policy context 270
Emissions from commercial aircraft - a challenge in international management 270
Oil pollution in the Straits of Malacca - the impact of shipping 274
Concluding comments 278
References 278
Suggested reading 279
Self-assessment questions 280
14 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 281
Atanaska Nikolova and Luc Hens
Summary 281
Academic objectives 281
Background 281
Impacts of tourism development 282
Sustainable tourism development: recommendations for good practice 287
Conclusions 296
References 296
Suggested reading 297
Self-assessment questions 298
Glossary 299
Answers to self-assessment questions 307
Index 310
FIGURES
1.1 The soil system and the environment 7
1.2a The relationship between soil texture, water content on mass and water tension 13
1.2b Soil texture, available water capacity and unavailable water capacity 14
1.3 Soil structure divided into four categories, in addition to the structureless condition 16
1.4 Root penetration and water availability 17
1.5 The agronomic nitrogen cycle 20
1.6 Conversion of nitrogen forms in the soil 21
2.1 Tip operation 43
2.2 Various activities in municipal waste management 44
3.1 The key features of the hydrogeochemical cycle 58
5.1 The sound wave emitted by a tuning fork 97
5.2 Basic relationship between wavelength, frequency for constant sound velocity of 344 m/s 97
5.3 Phon curves (lines of equal loudness) 99
5.4 Sound measurements with A, B, C and D filters 99
5.5 Equal noisiness curves 100
5.6 Loss in hearing sensitivity due to exposure to noise 103
5.7 Emission, transmission and immission aspects of noise 104
5.8 Production of noise through mechanical vibration and its transmission paths 105
5.9 Safety programme for industrial noise abatement 109
6.1 The interactions, linkages and feedback loops in the climate system 119
6.2 Schematic illustration of two CO2 paths: A and B 120
6.3 Global fossil fuel use scenarios corresponding to CO2 paths A and B 122
6.4 Feasible fossil fuel production paths for a total ultimate cumulative consumption of
5,000 TWyr 123
6.5 Range of projected CO2 concentration for an ultimate consumption of 5,000 TWyr
and production functions (airborne fraction = 0.5) 124
7.1 Corporate environmental trajectories 152
9.1 The main centres of plant and animal domestications 181
9.2 Roman centuriation near Riese, Treviso, in north-eastern Italy 182
9.3 Increased invertebrate biomass after the introduction of living mulch in a Mediterranean
vineyard in Tuscany, Italy 183
9.4 Mulched and non-mulched vineyard in central Italy 184
9.5 Agro Nocerino (Nocera Infetiore, Naples) multilayer vegetation: some relics of a
multilayer agriculture 184
FIGURES xi
9.6 Tuscany s Renaissance-like landscape - fresco by Lorenzetti, 1438: II buon governo 185
9.7 Gallura rural landscape in Sardinia, Italy 185
9.8 Agro-ecosystem structure, evaluation and erosion 187
9.9 Flow chart model of interactions between agro-ecosystem structure and external and
internal inputs 188
9.10 Natural ecosystems contrasted with organisms and man-made systems 188
9.11 Poliphagus predators and herbivores affected by hedgerows in northern Italy 189
9.12 Comparative biomass and CO2 flux for the microflora and faunal decomposers in a
deciduous forest litter 190
9.13 Biodiversity assessment of differently farmed orchards 192
10.1 Some traditional fixed fishing gear 200
10.2 Contemporary ocean fishing gear 201
10.3 Gear for fish raising 204
10.4 Marine fish landings 206
10.5 Supply and price in capture fisheries 207
11.1 Structure and interaction of an ecosystem 218
12.1 Option generation: application of the general approaches 249
12.1 Scheme to select and assess production options 249
13.1 Truck emissions, truck fuel efficiency and improvements in truck productivity 265
13.2 Straits of Malacca, Lombok and Makassar 275
14.1 Process for preparing a comprehensive tourism development plan 295
TABLES
2.1 Some negative consequences associated with waste prevention 28
2.2 Benefits and limitations of waste elimination methods 29
2.3 Required information for acceptance of hazardous waste 36
2.4 Data relevant to solvent recycling 37
2.5 Data required when building a waste stream inventory 38
2.6 Parameters and other considerations in siting a landfill 43
2.7 Parameters for elution tests in the proposed EC Directive on landfill of waste 45
2.8 Content of a site specification plan 45
2.9 Preparatory works and facilities required 45
2.10 Micro flora in compost 48
2.11 Fuel properties of waste 51
2.12 Emission codes: a comparison 51
3.1 Average residence time for water in selected phases of the hydrological cycle 56
3.2 Analyses of shallow groundwaters - Canker Cleugh Catchment, Northumberland, UK 59
3.3 Major constituents of typical domestic wastewaters, and those from an arid region 61
3.4 North Sea pollution 63
3.5 GQA chemical grading for rivers and canals in England and Wales 64
3.6 Water uses and quality considerations 66
5.1 A sound at the threshold of hearing 98
5.2 Calculation of a noise dose 104
5.3 Average values of the attenuation of personal hearing protection 107
6.1 Energy and carbon content of recoverable fossil fuels 123
6.2 Economically recoverable additional world resources by cost category 123
6.3 Dates by which various CO2 levels are attained in constrained and unconstrained scenarios 125
6.4 Global electricity generation 132
6.5 Regional share of CO2 emissions in 1980 135
6.6 Share of carbon wealth by region 135
8.1 Stakeholder analysis of agriculture 168
8.2 Some dangers and benefits in the use of pesticides 172
8.3 Evolution of insecticides 173
8.4 Comparison of conventional, integrated and organic approaches in a mixed farming system 175
8.5 Comparative economic results for integrated farming in the Netherlands, 1982-1984 175
8.6 European organisations promoting the principles of integrated farming 176
9.1 Pesticide use in different major crops in the USA 183
TABLES xiii
9.2 Phases in agricultural evolution and their characteristics 191
9.3 Farming systems that can increment biodiversity in agro-ecosystems 192
11.1 Gross primary productivity and biomass of vegetation 219
11.2 Forest area on Earth 219
11.3 World timber stock 220
11.4 Emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from man-made sources in selected
countries in Europe, 1990 221
11.5 Approximate share of forests in 16 European countries affected by pollution 222
12.1 Successful case studies of cleaner production in the world 235
12.2 Structure of the various indicators for measuring the manifold aspects of efficiency of
production processes 237
12.3 Economic performance of different types of cleaner production 250
13.1 Global trends in motor vehicle emissions 262
13.2 Estimated emission levels by transport mode and transport proportion of total emissions,
1992-1993 263
13.3 Annual road vehicle growth rates 264
13.4 Carbon dioxide emissions for selected countries, 1990 264
13.5 Estimates of external costs and subsidies for typical urban passenger trips 269
13.6 Summary of potential impact of policy instruments 271
14.1 Strategies of tourism development: selected elements 282
14.2 Possible practices of sustainable tourism and responsibility as identified by the tourism
industry 290
BOXES
1.1 Hungary: soil management problems 11
1.2 Phosphorus and nitrogen in agricultural soils - Ireland 19
2.1 Work from Waste project 29
2.2 Solid waste management for developing countries - Turkey 32
3.1 Mine water pollution in the High Andes 62
3.2 Wastewater treatment and agricultural re-use in Tunisia 68
4.1 Air quality monitoring network design - Athens, Greece 86
5.1 Equations for calculating different types of noise disturbance 101
5.2 Traffic noise in the urban environment 106
5.3 Industrial noise 108
6.1 Energy supply technologies 127
6.2 World food problem 134
7.1 Smelter emissions: Inco Ltd 157
7.2 Smelter emissions: Kennecott, Utah, USA 157
7.3 Gold extraction: Homestake s McLaughlin Gold Mine, California, USA 158
7.4 Water treatment: Homestake s mine at Lead, South Dakota, USA 159
7.5 Water treatment: Exxon s mine, Los Bronces, Chile 159
8.1 Case study 1: China 170
8.2 Case study 2: ESA scheme in Northern Ireland 176
9.1 The sago culture in New Guinea - the Asmat case 186
9.2 Amazonian forested areas 187
10.1 New Zealand s ITQs 211
10.2 Indonesia s and Malaysia s zone systems 213
10.3 The EU Common Fisheries Policy 214
11.1 Forest vegetation in Bulgaria as an accumulator of CO2 225
12.1 Case study 1: Nestle Amsterdam 245
12.2 Case study 2: Yantai Second Distillery 247
13.1 Case study 1: Urban passenger transport policies and impact on CO2 - Perth, West Australia 272
13.2 Case study 2: Management strategies for the Straits of Malacca 277
14.1 Case study 1: Tourism pressure on sand beach quality - Slantchev Briag, Bulgaria 285
14.2 Case study 2: The ECOMOST project 292
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| title_short | Environmental management in practice |
| title_sort | environmental management in practice compartments stressors and sectors |
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