Sustainable energy in China: the closing window of opportunity
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C
World Bank
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Directions in development: energy and mining
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LIII, 273 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0821367536 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Foreword xiii
by Qingtai Chen
Foreword xv
by David Dollar
Foreword xvii
by Christian Delvoie
Preface xix
About the Authors xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxix
Executive Summary xxxi
The Problems China Faces xxxii
Sustainability: A Challenging but Feasible Goal xxxvi
The Path to Sustainability xxxix
Sequencing the Steps to Sustainability xlvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
An Impressive Foundation of Past Achievements 1
Growing Concerns about China s Energy Future 2
The Four Pillars of Energy Sustainability 5
The Closing Window of Opportunity 6
Structure of the Report 7
vi Contents
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
China s Energy Future:
The Challenge of Recent Trends 11
Sustained Consumption Growth, 1980-2000 13
High Growth Forecast for 2000 to 2020 19
Recent Signs of an Unsustainable
Energy Growth Path 22
The Urgency for Policy Action 30
Reining in Future Energy Consumption 35
Achievements in Energy Efficiency 37
Concerns about Energy Consumption Trends
of the 1 Oth Five-Year Plan 41
Bold New Directions of the 11 th Five-Year Plan 41
The Closing Window of Opportunity
for Reducing Long-Term Energy Intensity 43
The Missing Link: An Improved Policy
and Institutional Framework 63
Greening the Energy Sector 67
Pollution Levels Still a Major Concern 69
Environmental Impacts of the Energy Scenarios 72
The Energy Path to Greener Development 74
Securing Energy Supply 87
China s Growing Sense of Insecurity 89
Options for Securing Oil and Gas Supply 96
Options for Securing Electricity Supply 115
Choosing the Right Mix and Amount
of Energy Supply Security Measures 119
Getting the Fundamentals Right 127
Furthering the Reform Agenda
and Developing a Sound Pricing Framework 129
Energy Pricing in Competitive Markets 131
Setting Sound Regulated Tariffs 133
Taxing Energy Commodities 136
Measures to Mitigate the Environmental
Effects of Energy Use 138
Energy Commodity Price Policy:
Status and Necessary Changes 141
Contents vìi
Chapter 7 Shaping the Future toward Sustainability 149
At the Threshold of Change toward
Sustainability in Energy Structure and Policy 151
Characteristics of a Comprehensive Policy
for Energy Sustainability 154
Four Guiding Pillars for Sustainability Policy 156
Building Blocks to Put the Energy Sector
on a Sustainable Path 157
The Sequence of Steps to Sustainability 170
Appendix A Gross Domestic Product and Energy
Consumption in China, 1980-2005 181
Appendix B Biomass Energy Use in China 187
Summary 187
Biomass Resources 187
Current Status of Development 188
Prospects for Biomass in China s Energy Balance 188
Adverse Effects on the Natural Environment
and on Human Health from Biomass Use 189
Policies Designed to Encourage the Use
of Modern Biomass Technologies 190
Appendix C The Chinese System for Energy Statistics:
History, Current Situation, and Ways
to Improve the System 192
The Groundwork Established in the 1980s 192
Retrenchment in the 1990s 193
The Current Situation and Its Weaknesses 193
Conclusions and Recommendations 194
Appendix D Energy Costs as a Proportion of Gross
Domestic Product: Estimates for China,
Japan, and the United States 198
Appendix E Feedback from the Dissemination Workshop 201
Feedback 1 : China s Energy Economy Presents
Many Challenges 201
Feedback 2: The Energy Statistical System
Needs Revision 202
viîi Contents
Feedback 3: The Target 20 Percent Energy-Intensity
Reduction during the 1 lth Five-Year Plan Will
Be Difficult to Achieve 203
Feedback 4: Economic Well-Being, Energy
Consumption, and Environmental Concerns
Should Be Addressed 204
Feedback 5: Energy Technology Leapfrogging
Requires Clarification 205
Feedback 6: International Cooperation
and Technology Transfer Are Needed 206
Appendix F life-Cycle Costs of Electricity Generation
Alternatives with Environmental Costs
Factored In 208
Appendix G International Experience of Insecurity
of Energy Supply 212
Concerns about Oil Imports 212
Gas Supply Concerns 219
Concerns about Electricity Supply Failures 224
Coal Supply, Competitiveness,
and Environmental Concerns 226
Appendix H Strategic Oil Reserves for China 228
International Practice 228
Commercial Stocks 229
Rationale for Stockpiling 229
Rationale for a Particular Level of Stocks 230
Decisions to Draw Down Stocks 230
Costs 230
A Strategic Oil Reserve for China? 231
Quality of Estimates 232
Appendix I Predominant Approaches for Setting
Regulated Tariffs for Gas and Electricity
Transmission and Distribution
Period between Full Tariff Cases
Three Simple Rules Necessary
for Determining Tariffs
Revenue Requirements
233
234
234
235
Contents ix
Rules for Determining Tariffe 238
Tariff Adjustments between Major
Tariff Proceedings 239
Concluding Comments 239
Appendix J Lessons from International Experience:
Relevant Examples of Losses Derived
from Unsound Energy Pricing 241
Crude Oil and Products 243
Natural Gas 243
Electricity 244
Effects on General Economic Performance
of Nonmarket Energy Pricing 244
Conclusions 246
Appendix K Gas Price Formation and Gas Subsector Reform 248
Market Pricing Works 248
Market Prices Can Work for Gas 248
The Current Gas Pricing System Is Not Tenable 249
The Target: Wholesale Competition 249
Transition Could Be Phased 249
Anticipated Outcomes 254
Appendix L Pricing System to Support Adequate
Implementation of State Council Document
No. 5 on Power Subsector Reform 256
Bid-Price Pool 258
Environmental Costs 258
Transmission Pricing 258
Final Consumer Pricing 259
Index 261
Boxes
1.1 The Evolving Definition of Energy Security 3
2.1 China s Coal Production Prospects through 2020 28
3.1 The Potential Benefits of Technical Retrofitting:
The Case of the Jinan Iron and Steel Group Corporation 54
3.2 Reconciling Automotive Industrial Policy
and Energy Sustainability 58
x Contents
3.3 Energy Efficiency in Buildings 60
4.1 Key Elements for Environmental Improvement
in the Green Growth Scenario 73
4.2 China s Clean Development Fund:
Leveraging Carbon Finance for Technology Transfer 82
5.1 Bank Involvement in China s Coal Subsector 94
5.2 Examples of Domestic Energy Development
Incentives in Other Industrial Countries 98
5.3 Repatriating Equity Oil:
Is There a Better Way to Provide Security? 102
5.4 The IEA s Approach to Short-Term Oil Emergencies 111
5.5 The Shell Group s Latest Energy Security Scenarios 113
5.6 Strengthening China s Energy Security:
China s Special Concern 120
7.1 Effective Energy Institutions Involve Significant
Staffing and Budgets 152
7.2 The U.S. Energy Policy Act of 2005 160
7.3 Key Elements of a Program for a 20 Percent
Improvement in Energy Efficiency 162
7.4 Creation of a Strong Energy Ministry Reflects
International Practice 164
7.5 China and the International Energy Agency 167
G. 1 The 2003-06 Oil Price Spike—How Significant Is It
in the Security Debate? 216
G.2 Causes of the First 21st Century Oil Shock 217
G.3 Regional and Liquefied Natural Gas Supply Issues 220
G.4 Canadian Views on the Security of Gas Supply 223
J. 1 Impacts of Selected Failed Policies 242
J.2 The Present Gas Supply-and-Demand Situation
in North America 245
Figures
2.1 Energy Intensity and Energy/GDP Elasticity, 1980-2005 16
2.2 Net Oil Imports, 1990-2005 27
2.3 GDP per Kilogram of Oil Equivalent of Energy Use 31
3.1 China s Per Capita Energy Consumption and GDP
Compared with Selected Countries and the World Average 44
3.2 China s Projected Growth Path of Energy Demand,
1980-2020, Compared with That of Other Countries 45
Contents xi
3.3 China s Energy Intensity and Major Development
Periods, 1954-2005 46
3.4 Tunneling a Less Intensive Energy Path to Higher
Per Capita Income 47
3.5 Energy-Intensive Industries to Double Output by 2020 53
3.6 Projected Truck Fleet by 2020 55
3.7 Increase in Vehicle Population 56
4.1 Expected Growth in Global Carbon Dioxide
Emissions through 2020 72
4.2 Funding the Technological Leapfrogging 84
5.1 Energy Insecurity: Generic Causes, Effects,
and China s Special Concerns 90
7.1 Designing and Implementing a Coordinated Energy Policy 158
F. 1 Levelized Cost Comparison of IGCC and Subcriticai
600-Megawatt with FGD Units: Capital Cost Ratio 210
F.2 Levelized Cost Comparison of IGCC and Subcriticai
600-Megawatt with FGD Units: Change of Capital
Cost of IGCC 211
I.I Three Simple Rules for Determination of Tariffs 235
K.1 The Gas Supply Chain: Structure, Contracting, and
Pricing Prior to Introduction of Wholesale Competition 250
K.2 The Gas Supply Chain: Structure, Contracting, and
Pricing after the Introduction of Wholesale Competition 255
Tables
2.1 Primary Energy Production and Consumption,
1980-2000 14
2.2 Final Energy Consumption by Economic Sector
and Fuel, 1980-2000 18
2.3 Key Policy Elements Affecting the Projections
of the DRC and ERI s Scenarios for 2020 20
2.4 Projections of China s Primary Energy Consumption,
2000-20 21
2.5 Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Fuel, 2000-20 23
2.6 China s Primary Energy Production
and Consumption, 2000-05 24
2.7 China s Oil Consumption and Trade, 1990-2005 26
3.1 Change in China s Energy Intensity by End-Use
Sector, 1980-2000 38
xii Contents
3.2 Improvements in the Efficiency of Key Energy-Using
Equipment and Comparison with International
Standards, 1980-2000 39
3.3 Sectoral Composition of China s GDP, 1980-2000 40
3.4 Energy Demand/GDP Elasticities of Major Industrial
Countries, 1961-2002 47
3.5 Household Appliances per 100 Households, 1995-2002 62
4.1 Projections of Key Air Pollutants in the Energy Scenarios
for 2000-20 and Government Caps 74
5.1 Oil and Gas Reserves in the Middle East
and Russian Federation 99
5.2 Assessment of Relative Difficulty, Cost, and Degree
of Control of Key Measures for Short-Term Oil
Supply Security 104
6.1 Fuel Taxation in Selected Countries 137
6.2 A Classification of Market-Based and
Regulatory Instruments 140
7.1 Shaping the Future: The Issues, Guiding Pillars,
Building Blocks, and Sequencing Steps to Sustainability 176
B. 1 Development of Biomass Energy in China 189
C.1 Final Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2000 195
C.2 Final Energy Consumption by Fuel Type, 1980-2000 196
C.3 Conversion Factors for Tables C.1 and C.2 196
D.I Total Primary Energy Consumption and Fuel Shares
in China, 2005 199
D.2 Total Primary Energy Consumption and Fuel Shares
in Japan, 2005 199
D.3 Total Primary Energy Consumption and Fuel Shares
in the United States, 2005 200
F. 1 Main Technical Indices of IGCC and Subcriticai
600-Megawatt with FGD Units 209
G.1 Major Global and Regional Oil Supply Crises since 1950 213
G.2 Some Major Electricity Failures of the Past 40 Years 225
K.1 A Phased Approach to the Introduction
of Wholesale Competition 251
L.1 New Tariff Requirements 259
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| geographic_facet | China |
| id | DE-604.BV023802066 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:37:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0821367536 |
| language | English |
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| series2 | Directions in development: energy and mining |
| spelling | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity Noureddine Berrah ... Washington, D.C World Bank 2007 LIII, 273 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Directions in development: energy and mining Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 s DE-604 Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s Berrah, Noureddine Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017444265&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014736-8 (DE-588)4326464-5 (DE-588)4014715-0 (DE-588)4009937-4 |
| title | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity |
| title_auth | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity |
| title_exact_search | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity |
| title_full | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity Noureddine Berrah ... |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity Noureddine Berrah ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable energy in China the closing window of opportunity Noureddine Berrah ... |
| title_short | Sustainable energy in China |
| title_sort | sustainable energy in china the closing window of opportunity |
| title_sub | the closing window of opportunity |
| topic | Energieversorgung (DE-588)4014736-8 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd Energiepolitik (DE-588)4014715-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Energieversorgung Nachhaltigkeit Energiepolitik China |
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