Fundamentals of ecotoxicology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boca Raton [u.a.]
Lewis Publ.
2003
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 458 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1566705983 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Newman, Michael C. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Fundamentals of ecotoxicology |c Michael C. Newman ; Michael A. Unger |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton [u.a.] |b Lewis Publ. |c 2003 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Titel: Fundamentals of ecotoxicology
Autor: Newman, Michael C.
Jahr: 2003
Contents
Section One
General...............................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1 Introduction
I Historic Need for Ecotoxicology.............................................................................................3
II Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise..............................................................................5
III Ecotoxicology.........................................................................................................................11
IV Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science......................................................................................12
IV.A Introduction.................................................................................................................12
IV.B Science, Technology, and Practice..............................................................................14
IV.B.l Scientific Goal...............................................................................................14
IV.B.2 Technological Goal........................................................................................16
IV.B.3 Practical Goal................................................................................................18
V Summary.................................................................................................................................19
Selected Readings............................................................................................................................20
Chapter 2 Environmental Contaminants
I Introduction.............................................................................................................................21
II Environmental Fate of Contaminants.....................................................................................24
II.A Contaminant Partitioning.............................................................................................25
II.B Degradation..................................................................................................................26
III Major Classes of Contaminants.............................................................................................27
III.A Metals and Metalloids................................................................................................27
m.A.1 Aluminum..................................................................................................28
m.A.2 Arsenic.......................................................................................................28
m.A.3 Cadmium....................................................................................................28
m.A.4 Chromium..................................................................................................28
m.A.5 Copper........................................................................................................29
ffl.A.6 Lead...........................................................................................................29
IH.A.7 Mercury......................................................................................................29
ffl.A.8 Nickel.........................................................................................................29
ffl.A.9 Selenium....................................................................................................29
m.A.10 Zinc............................................................................................................30
III.B Inorganic Gases...........................................................................................................30
III.C Nutrients......................................................................................................................30
in.D Organic Compounds...................................................................................................33
III.D.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons...........................................................34
III.D.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.........................................................................35
III.D.3 Polybrominated Biphenyls........................................................................37
III.D.4 Chlorofluorocarbons..................................................................................37
ni.D.5 Organochlorine Alkenes............................................................................37
III.D.6 Chlorinated Phenols...................................................................................38
III.D.7 Chlorination Products................................................................................38
III.D.8 Organochlorine Pesticides.........................................................................38
III.D.9 Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDD)
and Dibenzofurans (PCDF).......................................................................40
IH.D.10 Organophosphate Insecticides...................................................................41
III.D.ll Carbamate Insecticides..............................................................................41
III.D.12 Pyrethroid Insecticides..............................................................................42
III.D.13 Aromatic Herbicides..................................................................................43
III.E Organometallic Compounds.......................................................................................45
HI.E.l Organolead...................................................................................................45
III.E.2 Organomercury.............................................................................................45
III.E.3 Organotins....................................................................................................45
III.F Emerging Contaminants of Concern...........................................................................46
III.F.l Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE or BDE).......................................46
ffl.F.2 Alkylphenols.................................................................................................47
ffl.F.3 Perfluorooctane Sulfonates (PFOS).............................................................47
IV Summary.................................................................................................................................50
Selected Readings............................................................................................................................50
Section Two
Bioaccumulation...............................................................................................................................51
Chapter 3 Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxification, Elimination, and Accumulation
I Introduction.............................................................................................................................53
H Uptake.....................................................................................................................................55
II.A Introduction..................................................................................................................55
n.B Reaction Order.............................................................................................................58
HI Biotransformation and Detoxification....................................................................................58
ffl.A General........................................................................................................................58
ffl.B Metals and Metalloids................................................................................................59
in.C Organic Compounds...................................................................................................61
IV Elimination.............................................................................................................................61
FV.A Elimination Mechanisms............................................................................................61
FV.B Modeling Elimination.................................................................................................64
V Accumulation..........................................................................................................................69
VI Summary.................................................................................................................................72
Selected Readings............................................................................................................................72
Chapter 4 Factors Influencing Bioaccumulation
I Introduction.............................................................................................................................75
LA General..........................................................................................................................75
IB Bioavailability................................................................................................................76
II Chemical Qualities Influencing Bioavailability.....................................................................78
n.A Inorganic Contaminants...............................................................................................78
n.A.l Bioavailability from Water............................................................................78
n.A.2 Bioavailability from Solid Phases................................................................79
II.B Organic Contaminants..................................................................................................82
DLB.l Bioavailability from Water............................................................................82
II.B.2 Bioavailability from Solid Phases.................................................................85
HI Biological Qualities Influencing Bioaccumulation................................................................86
HI.A Temperature-Influenced Processes.............................................................................86
m.B Allometry....................................................................................................................87
m.C Other Factors...............................................................................................................89
IV Summary.................................................................................................................................93
Selected Readings............................................................................................................................94
Chapter 5 Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer
I Introduction.............................................................................................................................95
II Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food..............................................................................96
II.A Assimilation from Food...............................................................................................96
II.B Trophic Transfer...........................................................................................................97
II.B.l Defining Trophic Position.............................................................................97
II.B.2 Estimating Trophic Transfer.........................................................................99
III Inorganic Contaminants........................................................................................................102
III.A Metals and Metalloids..............................................................................................102
III.B Radionuclides............................................................................................................107
IV Organic Compounds.............................................................................................................108
V Summary...............................................................................................................................110
Selected Readings..........................................................................................................................110
Section Three
Toxicant Effects..............................................................................................................................Ill
Chapter 6 Molecular Effects and Biomarkers
I Introduction...........................................................................................................................113
II Organic Compound Detoxification......................................................................................114
H.A Phase 1........................................................................................................................114
II.B Phase II.......................................................................................................................116
in Metallothioneins...................................................................................................................117
IV Stress Proteins......................................................................................................................123
V Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response........................................................................124
VI DNA Modification................................................................................................................126
VII Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts..................................................................127
Vm Summary...............................................................................................................................129
Selected Readings..........................................................................................................................129
Chapter 7 Cells, Tissues, and Organs
I Introduction...........................................................................................................................131
II General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology...........................................................................132
II.A Necrosis......................................................................................................................132
II.B Inflammation..............................................................................................................133
H.C Other General Effects................................................................................................134
HI Gene and Chromosome Damage.........................................................................................134
IV Cancer...................................................................................................................................139
V Gills as an Example.............................................................................................................145
VI Summary...............................................................................................................................148
Selected Readings..........................................................................................................................148
Chapter 8 Sublethal Effects to Individuals
I General..................................................................................................................................149
II Selyean Stress.......................................................................................................................150
III Growth..................................................................................................................................150
IV Development.........................................................................................................................152
IV.A Developmental Toxicity and Teratology...................................................................152
IV.B Sexual Characteristics...............................................................................................155
IV.C Developmental Stability............................................................................................160
V Reproduction.........................................................................................................................161
VI Physiology............................................................................................................................162
VII Behavior................................................................................................................................164
VIII Detecting Sublethal Effects..................................................................................................168
IX Summary...............................................................................................................................171
Selected Readings..........................................................................................................................172
Chapter 9 Acute and Chronic Lethal Effects to Individuals
I General..................................................................................................................................173
LA Overview.....................................................................................................................173
I.B Acute, Chronic, and Life-Stage Lethality...................................................................173
I.C Test Types....................................................................................................................174
n Dose-Response.....................................................................................................................175
n.A Basis for Dose-Response Models..............................................................................175
II.B Fitting Data to Dose-Response Models.....................................................................177
II.C Incipiency...................................................................................................................182
H.D Mixture Models..........................................................................................................183
ffl Survival Time.......................................................................................................................194
ULA Basis for Time-Response Models............................................................................194
m.B Fitting Survival-Time Data.......................................................................................195
DI.C Incipiency..................................................................................................................198
ELD Mixture Models........................................................................................................198
IV Factors Influencing Lethality...............................................................................................198
IV.A Biotic Qualities.........................................................................................................198
IV.B Abiotic Qualities.......................................................................................................200
V Summary...............................................................................................................................201
Selected Readings..........................................................................................................................201
Chapter 10 Effects on Populations
I Overview...............................................................................................................................203
II Epidemiology........................................................................................................................204
HI Population Dynamics and Demography..............................................................................207
III.A Overview...................................................................................................................207
III.B General Population Response...................................................................................208
III.C Metapopulation Dynamics........................................................................................210
III.D Demographic Change...............................................................................................215
III.E Energy Allocation by Individuals in Populations.....................................................224
IV Population Genetics..............................................................................................................226
IV.A Change in Genetic Qualities.....................................................................................228
IV.B Acquisition of Tolerance...........................................................................................229
IV.C Measuring and Interpreting Genetic Change............................................................231
V Summary...............................................................................................................................233
Suggested Readings.......................................................................................................................233
Chapter 11 Effects to Communities and Ecosystems
I Overview...............................................................................................................................235
LA Definitions and Qualifications.....................................................................................235
I.B Context.........................................................................................................................236
I.C General Assessment of Effect.....................................................................................236
II Interactions Involving Two or a Few Species......................................................................238
II.A Predation and Grazing...............................................................................................238
II.B Competition................................................................................................................240
III Community Qualities...........................................................................................................240
III.A General......................................................................................................................240
III.B Structure....................................................................................................................241
III.B.l Community Indices....................................................................................241
III.B.2 Approaches to Measuring Community Structure......................................249
III.C Function....................................................................................................................252
IV Ecosystem Qualities.............................................................................................................254
V Summary...............................................................................................................................255
Suggested Readings.......................................................................................................................255
Chapter 12 Landscape to Global Effects
I General..................................................................................................................................257
II Landscapes and Regions......................................................................................................261
III Continents and Hemispheres................................................................................................263
IV Biosphere..............................................................................................................................269
IV.A General......................................................................................................................269
IV.B Global Movement of Persistent Organic Pollutants.................................................269
IV.C Global Warming........................................................................................................270
V Summary...............................................................................................................................274
Suggested Readings.......................................................................................................................275
Section Four
Risk from Pollutants......................................................................................................................277
Chapter 13 Risk Assessment of Contaminants
I Overview...............................................................................................................................279
LA Logic of Risk Assessment...........................................................................................279
I.B Expressions of Risk.....................................................................................................282
I.C Risk Assessment..........................................................................................................283
II Human Risk Assessment......................................................................................................284
H.A General.......................................................................................................................284
II.B Hazard Identification (Data Collection and Data Evaluation)..................................285
n.C Exposure Assessment.................................................................................................286
n.D Dose-Response Assessment.......................................................................................286
II.E Risk Characterization.................................................................................................288
n.F Summary.....................................................................................................................289
III Ecological Risk Assessment.................................................................................................290
m.A General......................................................................................................................291
III.B Problem Formulation................................................................................................291
III.C Analysis.....................................................................................................................293
III.C.1 Exposure Characterization.........................................................................293
in.C.2 Ecological Effects Characterization..........................................................294
III.D Risk Characterization...............................................................................................295
HUE Summary...................................................................................................................295
IV Conclusion............................................................................................................................300
Suggested Readings.......................................................................................................................301
Chapter 14 Risks from Exposure to Radiation
I Introduction...........................................................................................................................303
II Fundamentals of Radioactivity.............................................................................................303
H.A Types of Radiation.....................................................................................................304
II.B Concentrations, Decay Constants, and Half-Life......................................................305
II.C Radionuclide Detection..............................................................................................306
II.D Effects.........................................................................................................................306
III Dose......................................................................................................................................307
IV Environmental Transport......................................................................................................309
IV.A Models Using Rate Constants..................................................................................310
IV.B Screening Level Models...........................................................................................310
IV.C Models Using Equilibrium Conditions and Dose-Conversion Factors....................312
IV.C.l Inhalation Pathway.....................................................................................312
IV.C.2 Ingestion Pathway......................................................................................313
IV.C.3 External Irradiation....................................................................................314
V Derivation of Risk Factors...................................................................................................315
V.A Epidemiological Studies.............................................................................................315
V.B Dose-Response Relationships....................................................................................315
V.B.1 Threshold Option.........................................................................................317
V.B.2 Linear versus Linear-Quadratic...................................................................318
V.C Currently Accepted Risk Factors...............................................................................318
VI Risks to Humans from Exposure to Radiation....................................................................319
VII Ecological Effects from Radioactive Contamination..........................................................320
VIH Confidence in Risk Analyses...............................................................................................322
IX Summary...............................................................................................................................323
X Acknowledgments................................................................................................................324
Selected Readings..........................................................................................................................324
Section Five
Summary........................................................................................................................................325
Chapter 15 Conclusions
I Overview...............................................................................................................................327
II Practical Importance of Ecotoxicology................................................................................327
HI Scientific Importance of Ecotoxicology...............................................................................328
Study Questions ........................................................................................................................329
Appendix 1 International System (SI) of Units Prefixes..........................................................337
Appendix 2 Miscellaneous Conversion Factors........................................................................339
Appendix 3 Summary of U.S. Laws and Regulations..............................................................341
Appendix 4 Summary of European Union Laws and Regulations...........................................345
Appendix 5 Derivation of Units for Simple Bioaccumulation Models....................................349
Appendix 6 Equations for the Estimation of Contaminant Exposure......................................351
Glossary.........................................................................................................................................355
References.....................................................................................................................................385
Index..............................................................................................................................................433
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| spelling | Newman, Michael C. Verfasser aut Fundamentals of ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman ; Michael A. Unger 2. ed. Boca Raton [u.a.] Lewis Publ. 2003 458 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Unger, Michael A. Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017434937&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology |
| title_auth | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology |
| title_exact_search | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology |
| title_full | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman ; Michael A. Unger |
| title_fullStr | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman ; Michael A. Unger |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman ; Michael A. Unger |
| title_short | Fundamentals of ecotoxicology |
| title_sort | fundamentals of ecotoxicology |
| topic | Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umwelttoxikologie |
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