Cleaning-up the ganges: a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Delhi
Oxford Univ. Press
2000
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 300 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0195649451 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cleaning-up the Ganges
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the
Ganga Action Plan
A Markandya
M N Murty
OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Introduction
2 Major International River Clean-up Programmes:
Lessons for the Ganga Action Plan
Introduction 12
Some General Principles 13
The Restoration of the Tidal Thames: 15
Introduction 15
The Second Restoration of the River Thames 1950-80 18
Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOs) 20
Conclusions 22
The Decline and Ecological Restoration of the River Rhine 23
Geography 23
Recent History of Water Quality Control 25
The International Commission for the Protection of the
Rhine against Pollution (1CPR) 25
The Convention on Chemical Pollution (1976) 27
The Rhine Action Programme (RAP) 32
The Ecological Master Plan for the Rhine 35
The Causes of the Loss of Migratory Species 37
Success of Salmon 2000 39
The River Danube 40
Basic Characteristics of the Danube River Basin 40
Human Pressures on the Danube River 42
The Relationship between the River Danube and the Black
Sea 47
Policy and Action to Control Environmental Problems in the
Danube Basin 48
The Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin 48
The Strategic Action Plan for the Danube River Basin
(1995-2005) 50
Priority Activities and Costs 53
Conclusions 58
xiii
xiv
xix
viii / Contents
3 Methodology 60
Introduction 60
Identification of Benefits and Costs 60
Measuring Benefits and Costs 64
Shadow Prices and Social Benefits and Costs of GAP 68
4 Cost of the Ganga Action Plan 71
Capital Cost of the GAP 71
Operation and Maintenance Cost 72
Cost of Various Types of Schemes 77
Effluent Treatment Cost of Grossly Polluting Industrial Units in
Gangetic Basin 80
Conclusion 83
5 Measuring Non-user Benefits from Cleaning the Ganges 84
Introduction 84
Valuation of Environmental Benefits Using the Contingent
Valuation Method 85
Contingent Valuation of Non-user Benefits of the GAP 86
Salient Features of the Contingent Valuation Survey 86
The Questionnaire 87
The Sampling 95
Estimation Results 96
Mean Willingness-to-pay 97
Econometric Model without Water Quality 98
Econometric Model with Water Quality 104
Estimates of Mean Willingness-to-pay and Average Valuation
of Increases in River Quality 107
Aggregate Willingness-to-pay for Water Quality Levels and
Improvements 110
Conclusion 113
6 Measuring User Benefits from Cleaning-up the Ganges 116
Introduction 116
User Benefits of GAP and Their Measurement 116
Contingent Valuation of User Benefits of the GAP 117
Salient Features of the Contingent Valuation Survey 117
The Questionnaire 118
The Sampling 122
Estimation Results 122
Mean Willingness-to-pay 122
Econometric Model without Water Quality 123
Econometric Model with Water Quality 126
Estimates of Per-household WTP for Levels and Changes in
River Water Quality 132
Contents/ ix
Aggregate Willingness-to-pay for Water Quality Levels and
Improvements 135
Comparable Estimates of WTP for Cleaner Water Quality 139 -
Uruguay 139
The Philippines 139
China 140
Egypt 140
Colombia 140
Conclusions 141
7 The Health Impacts of the Ganga Action Plan 144
Introduction 144
The Health Benefits of Water Quality Improvement 144
General Principles 144
The Brandon-Hommann and Other World Bank Studies 145
The Verma-Srivastava Study 148
Valuing Health Benefits of Water Quality Improvements 149
The Brandon-Hommann Study 149
The Verma-Srivastava Study 152
Estimates of the Health Benefits of the Ganga Action Plan 153
AIIH amp;PH Study 153
Benefits of the GAP Due to Reductions in Working Days
Lost through Sickness 157
Study of Sewage Farm Workers 161
Benefit of Water Quality Improvement Measured by Savings
in Water Treatment 161
Conclusions 162
8 A Study of the Impact of the GAP Projects on Wastewater
Toxicants and their Effects on Agriculture, Health,
and the Environment 164
Introduction 164
River Water Quality with Reference to Some Selected Metals
and Pesticides 165
Upgrading the Ganga River Water Quality Database 165
Assessment of the Impact of Treated/Untreated Wastewater
Toxicants (Metals and Pesticides) Discharged by the Sewage
Treatment Plants (STPs) on Health, Agriculture, and Environ
mental Quality in the Wastewater Disposal Areas 167
Characterization of Untreated/treated Wastewater/Sludge
(STPs) 169
Impact of Wastewater Toxicants on Environmental Quality of
Disposal Areas 172
Metal and Pesticide Residue Levels in the Environment 172
Impact of Wastewater Toxicants 175
x / Contents
Impact of Wastewater Toxicants on Health 175
Biomonitoring of the Metals and Pesticides Levels (Human
Blood and Urine) in Exposed/Unexposed Populations 177
Environmental Exposure Risk Assessment of Metal and Pes
ticide 178
Impact of Wastewater Toxicants (Metals and Pesticides) on
Agriculture 179
Conclusions 181
Upgrading of the Ganga River Water Quality Database 181
Impacts of Wastewater Toxicants (Metals and Pesticides)
On Environmental Quality 181
On Health 182
On Agriculture 183
Impact of Stps Sludge 183
9 Fisheries on the River Ganga 184
Introduction 184
Fish Catch and Total Landings: Trends since 1985 185
Trends in Catch per Unit of Effort and Total Effort 189
Water Quality Changes 191
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 191
Acidity (pH) 193
Alkalinity 193
Phosphate 193
Nitrate 193
Conclusions 194
10 Agricultural Benefits of the Projects of the Ganga
Action Plan 195
Introduction 195
Irrigation Benefits 195
Benefits from Using the Sludge 201
Conclusions 205
11 Biodiversity of the Ganges: Impacts of the Ganga
Action Plan 206
Introduction 206
Species of International Conservation Significance Found in the
Ganga River 206--
Mammals 206
Birds 211
Reptiles 212
Species (Other Than Those in the Fishery Statistics) in the
Ganga River or Bank Side, Which Have Significant Commercial
Use Value 220
Contents/ xi
Overall Assessment of Ecosystem Health Not Captured Else
where 221
Primary Productivity 223
Phytoplankton 223
Zooplankton 227
Benthic Macroinvertebrates 229
Migratory Fish (hilsa) 231
Conclusions 233
12 Economic and Financial Evaluation of the Ganga
Action Plan 236
Introduction 236
Costs and Benefits 237
Cost Data 237
Shadow Prices 237
Benefits 238
Financial Estimates of Net Benefits 242
Economic Estimates of Net Benefits 244
Income Distribution Effects of the GAP 245
Beneficiaries of the GAP 245
Estimates of Income Distribution Weights for the Incomes of
the GAP Beneficiaries 247
Estimates of Social Benefits of the GAP 250
Financial Sustainability of the Ganga Action Plan 253
Are the Benefits of the GAP Enough to Justify the Costs? 253
The Polluter Pays Principle 254
The User Pays Principle 256
Voluntary Payments by the Beneficiaries 257
Government Budgetary Provision for the GAP 258
Conclusions 258
13 Conclusions 261
Scope of Study 261
Comparison with Other Studies 261
Methodology 262
Cost of Cleaning-up 263
Benefits from Cleaning-up 263
Health Benefits 265
Toxic Impacts 266
Agricultural Benefits 267
Fisheries 267
Biodiversity 267
Net Benefits of the GAP 268
Distribution Impacts of the GAP 268
Sustainability 269
Final View on the Study 270
vi i / Contents
Appendices 271
5 1 Welfare Measures of Non-user Benefits from the GAP 271
5 2 Derivation of an Index of River Water Quality 273
A Mathematical Modelling of the Ganga River Water Quality 274
Introduction 274
Water Quality Model Input Data 275
River Hydraulics and Hydrological Data 275
River Water Quality Data 275
River Loading with Urban Wastewater/Industrial Ef
fluents 275
Model Calibration 275
The Ganga River Water Quality with the GAP 277
The Ganga River Water Quality without the GAP 277
Water Quality Modelling of the Ganga River 277
Conclusions on Water Quality Impacts of the GAP 279
References 284
Index 292
|
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| spelling | Markandya, Anil Verfasser aut Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan A. Markandya ; M. N. Murty New Delhi Oxford Univ. Press 2000 XXII, 300 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Ganges (DE-588)4019227-1 gnd rswk-swf Ganges (DE-588)4019227-1 g Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 s DE-604 Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s Murty, Maddipati Narasimha Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017431397&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Markandya, Anil Murty, Maddipati Narasimha Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
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| title | Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan |
| title_auth | Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan |
| title_exact_search | Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan |
| title_full | Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan A. Markandya ; M. N. Murty |
| title_fullStr | Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan A. Markandya ; M. N. Murty |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cleaning-up the ganges a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan A. Markandya ; M. N. Murty |
| title_short | Cleaning-up the ganges |
| title_sort | cleaning up the ganges a cost benefit analysis of the ganga action plan |
| title_sub | a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan |
| topic | Umweltökonomie (DE-588)4061638-1 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umweltökonomie Umweltschutz Ganges |
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