Marine biology: an ecological approach
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Menlo Park, Calif. [u.a.]
Addison Wesley
1997
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 481 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0673994511 |
Internformat
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| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Menlo Park, Calif. [u.a.] |b Addison Wesley |c 1997 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 481 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | amine WIOMD
An Ecological Approach Fourth Edition
James W Nybakken
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories
An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc
Menlo Park, California • Reading, Massachusetts • New York • Harlow, England
Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam
Contents
Preface xi
Properties of Water 1
Chemical Composition 1
Physical and Chemical Properties 2
Seawater 4
Basic Oceanography 7
Geography and Geomorphology
of the Oceans 7
Temperature and Vertical Stratification 9
Water Masses and Circulation 10
Some Ecolosical Principles 16
Terms and Definitions 16
Ecosystem Components 16
Biogeochemical Cycles 17
Biotic Structure of Ecosystems 19
Ecological Control and Regulation __21
Larvae and Larval Ecology 22
Larval Types and Strategies 22
Larval Ecology and Community
Establishment 25
Life History Strategies 27
Comparison of Terrestrial and Marine
Ecosystems 28
Physical and Chemical Differences 28
Life History Differences 30
Structural and Functional Differences 30
Division of the Marine Environment 32
Major Subdivisions of the World Ocean 32
Review Questions 34
Bibliography 34
CHAPTER 2 Plankton And Plankton
Communities 36
Terms and Definitions 36
The Phytoplankton 37
Diatoms 37
Dinoflagellates 39
The Smaller Phytoplankton 39
The Zooplankton 41
Copepods 41
Other Zooplankton 43
Flotation Mechanisms 48
Principles 48
Reduction of Overweight 48
Changes in Surface of Resistance
Water Movements 50
Primary Production 52
Primary Productivity 52
Measurement of Primary Productivity
Standing Crop 55
Factors Affecting Primary Productivity
Physical and Chemical Factors 56
Light 56
Nutrients 59
Turbulence and Critical Depth 62
Geographical Variations in Productivity
Temperate Seas 63
Tropical Seas 65
Polar Seas 66
Productivity in Inshore and Coastal
Waters 66
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Marine
Environment 1
vi CONTENTS
The Ocean Ecosystem: The Classic
Model 67
Grazins 67
Copepod Cycles 69
Copepod Influence on Atlantic and Pacific
Plankton Community Ecology 71
Vertical Migration 74
Seasonal Succession in
Phytoplankton 76
The Ocean Ecosystem: A Changins
Model 78
Microorganisms and Productivity 78
Nanoplankton, Respiration, and Grazing 80
Bacteria, Particulate, and Dissolved Organic
Matter 80
The Marine Planktonic Food Web 82
Spatial Distribution of Plankton 82
The Major Plankton Biomes 85
Review Questions 86
Bibliography 87
CHAPTER 3 Oceanic Nekton 90
Composition of the Oceanic Nekton 91
Environmental Conditions 93
Adaptations of Oceanic Nekton 93
Buoyancy 93
Locomotion 95
Surface of Resistance and-Body Shape 96
Defense and Camouflage 100
Sensory Systems 103
Echolocation 103
Reproduction and Life Cycle 105
Migrations 109
Special Adaptations of Marine Birds and
Mammals 111
Ecology of Nekton 114
Feeding Ecology and Food Webs 114
Ecological Significance of Cetacea 120
Review Questions 122
Bibliography 122
CHAPTER 4 Deep-Sea Biology 124
Zonation 124
Sampling the Deep Sea 126
Environmental Characteristics 128
Light 128
Pressure 129
Salinity 132
Temperature 132
Oxygen 133
Food 133
Adaptations of Deep-Sea Organisms 135
Bioluminescence in the Deep Sea 141
Community Ecology of the Benthos 145
Faunal_ Composition 145
Community Structure 147
Diversity 147
Life History Patterns 150
Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep
Communities 151
Midwater Community Ecology 158
Deep Scattering Layers 158
Species Composition and Distribution 159
Food and Feeding 159
Life History Patterns of Midwater
Organisms 161
Review Questions 162
Bibliography 163
CHAPTER 5 Shallow-Water Subtidal Bent hie
Associations 165
Coverage and Definitions 165
Environmental Conditions 165
Unvegetated Sedimentary Environments 167
Sampling 167
Infaunal Associations 168
CONTENTS vii
Community Pattern and Structure 169
Community Structure and Change 171
Vertical Distribution and Competition 175
Community Patterns, Stability,
and Variability 176
Rocky Subtidal Communities 180 ,
Kelp Beds and Forests 185
Structure and Distribution 186
Ecology and Life Cycle 188
Seagrass Communities 194
Composition and Distribution 194
Environmental Conditions 194
Productivity 196
Structure and Biological
Interactions 197
Relationships to Other Systems 199
Ecology 199
Some Special Communities 202
A Sea Pen Community 202
A Sea Pansy Community 204
Benthic Biofogy of Polar Seas 204
Physical Conditions of the Arctic and Antarctic
Regions 204
Biological Comparisons of Arctic and Antarctic
Seas 208
Ecological Communities of Polar Seas 209
Sea Ice Communities 209
An Antarctic Soft-sediment Community 212
An Antarctic Hard-bottom Community 214
Review Questions 215
Bibliography 215
CHAPTER 6 Intertidal Ecology 219
Environmental Conditions 219
Tides 219
Temperature 223
Wave Action 224
Salinity 225
Other Factors 225
Adaptations of Intertidal Organisms 225
Resistance to Water Loss 225
Maintenance of Heat Balance 226
Mechanical Stress 227
Respiration 228
Feeding 228
Salinity Stress 228
Reproduction 228
Rocky Shores 229
Zonation 229
Causes of Zonation 231
Physical Factors 232
Biological Factors 234
Tropical Intertidal Shores 245
Patchiness 247
Succession 250
Horizontal Distribution Patterns 251
Age Structure 252
Interactions Among Factors: A Summary 252
Tide Pools 252
Sandy Shores 255
Environmental Conditions 256
Adaptations of Organisms 259
Types of Organisms 261
Feeding Biology 262
Community Organization on Open Sand
Beaches 264
Community Organization on Protected Sand
Flats 267
Muddy Shores 271 o
Physical Factors 271
Adaptations of Organisms 272
Types of Organisms 272
Feeding Biology and Trophic
Structure 273
Zonation and Community Structure 276
Intertidal Fishes 276
Birds 277
Review Questions 280
Bibliography 280
viii CONTENTS
/N S / /A / /-N /S N / vjr Nly- /w v/w ^
CHAPTER 7 Meiofauna 285
Definitions 285
Environmental Characteristics 286
Composition of the Interstitial
Assemblages 288
Sampling and Extracting Meiofauna 293
Adaptations 295
Life History 296
Ecology 297
Meiofauna-Macrofauna Interactions 300
Species Richness, Distribution,
and Dispersal 301
Review Questions 302
Bibliography 302
•v A/V/ V/S v/ A / / / /X / /v /, /V / »„ V / V A/ fSSV /V Vs/ / /S/V / N/ /
CHAPTER 8 Estuaries And Salt
Marshes 304
Types of Estuaries 304
Physical Characteristics of Estuaries 305
Salinity 305
Substrate 309
Temperature 310
Wave Action and Currents 310
Turbidity 311
Oxygen 311
The Biota of Estuaries 312
Faunal Composition 312
Estuarine Vegetation 313
Estuarine Plankton 315
Adaptations of Estuarine Organisms 315
Morphological Adaptations 315
Physiological Adaptations 316
Behavioral Adaptations 318
Ecology of Estuaries 318
Productivity, Organic Matter, and Food
Sources 318
Food Webs 320
Plankton Cycles 322
Salt Marshes 324
Definition and Characterization 324
Environmental Characteristic 324
Composition and Distribution 325
Physiognomy and Zonation 326
, Causes of Zonation 328
Productivity 331
Interactions and Food Webs 333
Review Questions 335
Bibliography 335
CHAPTER 9 Tropical
Communities 338
Coral Reefs 338
Reef Distribution and Limiting
Factors 339
Structure of Corals 341
Types of Reefs 341
Origin of Reefs 342
Composition of Reefs 344
Coral Distribution and Reef Zonation 345
Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Reefs 348
Productivity 349
Biology of Hermatypic Corals 351
Nutrition _ 351
Growth and Calcification 352
Sexual Maturity, Reproduction,
and Recruitment 354
Species Interactions and Ecology
of Reefs 355
Competition 356
Predation 357
Grazing 359
Regional Differences 362
Bacteria in Reef Systems 362
Role of Algae in Reef Systems 363
Ecology of Reef Fishes 364
Coral Reef Cryptofauna
and Bioerosion 373
Catastrophic Mortality and Recovery
of Reefs 374
Long-term Dynamics 376
CONTENTS ix
Mangrove Forests 377
Structure and Adaptations 378
Distribution 379
Physical Conditions of Mangrove
Forests 380
Zonation 382
Associated Organisms 384
Succession and Mortality 386
Review Questions 388
Bibliography 389
CHAPTER 10 Symbiotic
Relationships 395
Coverage and Definitions 395
Symbiosis of Algae and Animals 396
Types and Composition of the
Associations 396
Origin of the Association 397
Distribution of Algae-Invertebrate
Associations 398
Modifications Resulting from
the Association 398
Value of the Association 402
Establishment and Transmission of Algal
Symbionts 403
Symbiosis Among Animals 404
Types of Associations -— 404
Origin of the Association 410~
Modifications Due to the Association 412
Value of the Association 414
Luminescent Bacteria 415
Review Questions 416
Bibliography 416
CHAPTER 11 Human Impact
On The Sea 418
Fisheries 418
Major Fishing Areas 419
Major Commercial Species 420
I
Sustainable Yield and the Future 421
Overexploitation 425
Ecosystem Changes 429
Tragedy of the Commons 429
Regulation 429
New Fisheries 430
Mariculture 431
History and Extent 432
Species Cultivated 432
Yields 432
Problems and Restrictions to Mariculture
Development 433
Pollution 433
Oil 434
Sewage and Garbage 436
Chemicals 437
Radioactive Wastes 439
Miscellaneous Pollution Problems 440
Drugs from the Sea 443
Global Warming and Sea Level Change 443
Concluding Remarks 444
Review Questions 445
Bibliography 445
Glossary 447
Index 459
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| spelling | Nybakken, James W. Verfasser aut Marine biology an ecological approach James W. Nybakken 4. ed. Menlo Park, Calif. [u.a.] Addison Wesley 1997 XIII, 481 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Meeresbiologie (DE-588)4169246-9 gnd rswk-swf Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd rswk-swf Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 s Meeresbiologie (DE-588)4169246-9 s DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=017410726&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nybakken, James W. Marine biology an ecological approach Meeresbiologie (DE-588)4169246-9 gnd Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4169246-9 (DE-588)4195671-0 |
| title | Marine biology an ecological approach |
| title_auth | Marine biology an ecological approach |
| title_exact_search | Marine biology an ecological approach |
| title_full | Marine biology an ecological approach James W. Nybakken |
| title_fullStr | Marine biology an ecological approach James W. Nybakken |
| title_full_unstemmed | Marine biology an ecological approach James W. Nybakken |
| title_short | Marine biology |
| title_sort | marine biology an ecological approach |
| title_sub | an ecological approach |
| topic | Meeresbiologie (DE-588)4169246-9 gnd Meeresökologie (DE-588)4195671-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Meeresbiologie Meeresökologie |
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