Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture Pt. 1. The text
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; New York
Mouton de Gruyter
1995
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Trends in linguistics
Studies and monographs ; 80,1 |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | CVI, 864 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
Internformat
MARC
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| 049 | |a DE-521 |a DE-83 |a DE-188 | ||
| 084 | |a EU 700 |0 (DE-625)28189: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Gamqrelije, T'amaz |d 1929-2021 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)103745378 |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Indoevropejskij jazyk i indoevropejcy |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans |b a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture |n Pt. 1. The text |c by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze ; Vjačeslav V. Ivanov. With a pref. by Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols. Ed. by Werner Winter |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; New York |b Mouton de Gruyter |c 1995 | |
| 300 | |a CVI, 864 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs |v 80,1 | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs |v 80 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ivanov, Vjačeslav |d 1929-2017 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)119005964 |4 aut | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |w (DE-604)BV023561703 |g 1 |
| 830 | 0 | |a Trends in linguistics |v Studies and monographs ; 80,1 |w (DE-604)BV000000738 |9 80,1 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m DNB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016930577&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016930577 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138278397411328 |
|---|---|
| adam_txt |
DETAILED
CONTENTS
VOLUMES
I
AND
II
OF
THE
TEXT
OF
THE
ORIGINAL
RUSSIAN
EDITION
HAVE
BEEN
COMBINED
IN
THE
ENGLISH
VERSION
AS
PART
I;
THE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AND
INDEXES
ARE
PUBLISHED
AS
PART
II.
I
PART
ONE
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AUTHORS
'
PREFACE
.
VII
TRANSLATOR
'
S
PREFACE
.
XI
FOREWORD
BY
ROMAN
JAKOBSON
.
XIX
THE
LANGUAGES
(INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
NON-INDO-EUROPEAN)
AND
THEIR
WRITTEN
SOURCES
.
IXI
TRANSLITERATION
OF
LANGUAGES
WITH
NON-LATIN
WRITING
SYSTEMS
.
IXXIII
ABBREVIATIONS
AND
SOURCES
.
IXXIX
INTRODUCTION
-
THE
LINGUISTIC
SYSTEM
AND
THE
PREMISES
OF
DIACHRONIC
LINGUISTICS
0.1.
THE
LINGUISTIC
SYSTEM
OF
SIGNS
.
IXXXVII
0.2.
THE
INTERPRETATION
OF
FORMAL
AND
SEMANTIC
SIMILARITIES
AMONG
SIGNS
OF
DIFFERENT
LANGUAGES,
AND
THE
CONCEPT
OF
RELATED
LANGUAGES
.
.
IXXXVIII
0.3.
THE
COMMON
LINGUISTIC
SYSTEM
AND
THE
MEANS
OF
RECONSTRUCT
ING
IT.
TYPOLOGICAL
VERIFICATION
OF
RECONSTRUCTED
MODELS
.
XCIII
0.4.
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
SOUND
UNITS
AS
BUNDLES
OR
COMBINATIONS
OF
DISTINCTIVE
AND
PHONETIC
FEATURES,
AND
THEIR
HIERARCHICAL
CORRELATIONS
IN
THE
SYSTEM
.
XCVII
0.5.
PRINCIPLES
OF
SEMANTIC
RECONSTRUCTION
.
CI
0.6.
THE
RECONSTRUCTED
LINGUISTIC
SYSTEM
IN
SPACE
AND
TIME
.
CI
0.7.
THE
ORIGINAL
TERRITORY
OF
THE
COMMON
LANGUAGE
AND
THE
MIGRATORY
ROUTES
OF
SPEAKERS
OF
ITS
DIALECTS.
THE
PROBLEM
OF
IDENTIFYING
LINGUISTICALLY
RECONSTRUCTED
CULTURES
WITH
ARCHEOLOGICALLY
RECONSTRUCTED
ONES
.
CIV
XXVIII
CONTENTS
SECTION
ONE:
THE
PHONOLOGICAL
SYSTEM
AND
MORPHOPHONOLOGY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
CHAPTER
ONE
-
THE
THREE
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOP
SERIES:
PARADIGMATICS
AND
SYNTAGMATICS
1.1.
THE
THREE
STOP
SERIES
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
THE
PROBLEM
OF
THE
DEFECTIVE
LABIAL
INVENTORY
.
5
1.1.1.
THE
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEM
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
STOPS
.
5
1.1.2.
PEDERSEN
'
S
REINTERPRETATION
OF
THE
TRADITIONAL
SYSTEM
.
7
1.2.
A
TYPOLOGICAL
INTERPRETATION
OF
THE
THREE
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOP
SERIES
.
9
1.2.1.
INCONSISTENCY
OF
THE
TRADITIONAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOP
SYSTEM
WITH
THE
FACTS
OF
PHONOLOGICAL
TYPOLOGY
.
9
1.2.2.
A
REINTERPRETATION
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOP
SYSTEM.
GLOTTALIZATION
AS
A
NATURAL
FEATURE
FOR
THE
DEFECTIVE
STOP
SERIES
.
12
1.2.3.
A
PHONOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
OF
THE
RECONSTRUCTED
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOP
SERIES
.
15
1.3.
PHONOTACTICS
AND
COMBINATORY
RULES
FOR
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
PHONEME
SERIES
.
17
1.3.1.
THE
BASIC
CANONICAL
FORMS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ROOT
.
17
1.4.
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ALLOPHONES
OF
THE
VOICED
AND
VOICELESS
SERIES
.
20
1.4.1.
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ASPIRATED
ALLOPHONES
AND
THEIR
REFLEXES
IN
SANSKRIT
AND
GREEK.
GRASSMANN
'
S
LAW
AS
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
RULE
DETERMINING
ALLOPHONES
FOR
SERIES
II
.
20
1.4.2.
REFLEXES
SHOWING
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ASPIRATED
ALLOPHONES
IN
ITALIC
.
23
1.4.3.
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ASPIRATED
ALLOPHONES
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
VOICELESS
PHONEMES
IN
IMMEDIATE
AND DISTANT
COMBINATIONS
.
25
1.4.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
CLUSTERS
AND
BARTHOLOMAE
'
S
LAW
.
29
1.5.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
POSITED
PHONOLOGICAL
SYSTEM
AND
THE
TRAJECTORY
OF
PHONEMIC
SHIFTS
IN
THE
DAUGHTER
DIALECTS
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
31
1.5.1.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
GERMANIC
SYSTEM
AND
GRIMM
'
S
LAW
.
31
1.5.2.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
ARMENIAN
SYSTEM
.
36
1.5.3.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
ANATOLIAN
SYSTEM
.
40
1.5.4.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
TOCHARIAN
SYSTEM
.
43
CONTENTS
XXIX
1.5.5.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
SYSTEMS
IN
WHICH
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
GLOTTALIZED
SERIES
BECOMES
VOICED
.
44
1.5.6.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
INDO-IRANIAN
SYSTEM
.47
1.5.7.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
GREEK
SYSTEM
.
52
1.5.8.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
THE
ITALIC
SYSTEM
.
57
1.5.9.
THE
DIACHRONIC
DERIVABILITY
OF
SYSTEMS
WITH
MERGER
OF
SERIES
I
AND
II.
THE
CELTIC
AND
BALTO-SLAVIC
SYSTEMS
.
66
1.5.10.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
THE
DAUGHTER
DIALECTS
BASED
ON
THEIR
REFLEXES
OF
THE
THREE
STOP
SERIES.
THE
GERMANIC
CON
SONANTISM
AS
ARCHAIC.
REINTERPRETATION
OF
GRIMM
'
S
LAW
.69
CHAPTER
TWO
-
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
POINTS
OF
STOP
ARTICULATION
AND
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SIBILANTS:
PARADIGMATICS
AND
SYNTAGMATICS
2.1.
THE
PHONOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
THE
CONSONANT
ORDERS
.
71
2.1.1.
PHONETICALLY
NATURAL
ORDERS
OF
STOPS:
ANTERIOR
AND
POSTERIOR
.
.
71
2.1.2.
A
TYPOLOGY
OF
MODIFICATIONS
OF
THE
BASIC
STOP
ORDERS
.
72
2.2.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
VELAR
ORDERS
.
74
2.2.1.
THE
PLAIN
VELARS
.
74
2.2.2.
THE
LABIOVELAR
ORDER
.
75
2.2.3.
CHANGES
UNDERGONE
BY
LABIOVELARS
IN
THE
DAUGHTER
DIALECTS.
TRACES
OF
LABIALIZATION
OF
VELARS
IN
INDO-IRANIAN
.
.
V
78
2.2.4.
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
PALATALIZED
VELAR
ORDER
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
81
2.2.5.
INDO-EUROPEAN
ROOT
STRUCTURE
AND
THE
PALATALIZED
VELAR
ORDER
.
83
2.3.
THE
CENTUM
AND
SATEM
LANGUAGES
.
85
2.3.1.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOCKS
BASED
ON
REFLEXES
OF
THE
DORSAL
STOPS
.
85
2.3.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
WITH
MERGER
OF
THE
PALATO
VELAR
AND
VELAR
ORDER
(CENTUM
LANGUAGES).
POSITIONAL
LIMITATIONS
ON
THE
MERGER
.
86
2.3.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
STOCKS
IN
WHICH
THE
PALATOVELAR
ORDER
SHIFTS
TO
AFFRICATES
OR
SPIRANTS
(SATEM
DIALECTS).
THE
DIACHRONIC
TYPOLOGY
OF
THE
CHANGES
UNDER
GONE
BY
PALATOVELARS
.89
2.3.4.
POSITIONAL
RESTRICTIONS
ON
THE
SHIFT
OF
PALATOVELARS
TO
AFFRICATES
AND
SPIRANTS
IN
SATEM
LANGUAGES
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
NEUTRALIZATION
OF
THE
PALATALIZED-NONPALATALIZED
OPPOSITION
.
94
XXX
CONTENTS
2.3.5.
THE
CENTUM
AND
SATEM
DIALECTS
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
VIEWED
AS
THE
RESULT
OF
SHIFTING
OF
THE
PALATOVELARS
IN
DIFFERENT
PHONETIC
DIRECTIONS
.98
2.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SYSTEM
OF
SIBILANTS
.
100
2.4.1.
THE
SIBILANT/*S/
.
100
2.4.2.
COMPARATIVE-HISTORICAL
EVIDENCE
FOR
POSITING
A
SEPARATE
CLASS
OF
SIBILANT
SPIRANTS.
THE
COMPACT
FRICATIVE
/*§/
.
102
2.4.3.
THE
LABIALIZED
FRICATIVE
/*S/
.
105
2.4.4.
A
PHONOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SIBILANT
SPIRANT
SYSTEM
.
108
2.4.5.
PHONOLOGICAL
INTERACTION
AND
REDISTRIBUTION
OF
THE
REFLEXES
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
SIBILANTS
AND
PALATOVELARS
IN
THE
SATEM
DIALECTS
.
109
2.4.6.
EVIDENCE
OF
POSSIBLE
POSTVELAR
AND
LABIODENTAL
SERIES
OF
PHONEMES
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
ILL
2.5.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SYSTEM
OF
OBSTRUENTS
(STOPS,
SPIRANTS)
IN
STRUCTURAL
COMPARISON
TO
TYPOLOGICALLY
SIMILAR
SYSTEMS:
KARTVELIAN
(SOUTH
CAUCASIAN),
ABKHAZ-ADYGHE
(NORTHWEST
CAUCASIAN),
SEMITIC
.
115
2.6.
COMBINATORY
CONSTRAINTS
ON
THE
STOP
POINTS
OF
ARTICULATION
IN
THE
ROOT.
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
CONSONANT
CLUSTERS
.
120
2.6.1.
COMBINATORY
RULES
FOR
STOPS
OF
DIFFERENT
SERIES
AND
ORDERS
WITHIN
THE
ROOT
.
120
2.6.2.
VARIATION
OF
STOPS
WITHIN
THE
ROOT
.
123
2.6.3.
POINT-OF-ARTICULATION
RESTRICTIONS
ON
CONSONANT
COMBINATIONS
WITHIN
THE
ROOT.
ACCESSIVE
AND
DECESSIVE
CONSONANT
SEQUENCES
(DISTANT
AND
CONTACT)
.
124
2.6.4.
THE
ELIMINATION
OF
ACCESSIVE
CLUSTERS;
'
BRUGMANN
SPIRANTS
'
.
.
126
CHAPTER
THREE
-
THE
VOWEL
SYSTEM
AND
THE
THEORY
OF
MORPHOPHO
NOLOGICAL
ALTERNATIONS.
SONANTS
AND
LARYNGEALS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
3.1.
THE
VOWEL
SYSTEM
AND
THE
RISE
OF
ABLAUT
ALTERNATIONS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
131
3.1.1.
CONDITIONS
ON
THE
APPEARANCE
OF
ZERO
GRADE
.
131
3.1.2.
WEAK
AND
STRONG
VOWEL
GRADES
AND
THE
ORIGINAL
INDO
EUROPEAN
VOWEL
TRIANGLE
I,
A,
U.
THE
LARYNGEAL
PHONEMES
IN
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
135
3.1.3.
THE
RISE
OF
SYLLABIC
SONANTS
AND
THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
SONANT
SYSTEM
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN.
THE
ORIGINAL
VOWELS
*I
AND
*U
AS
SONANTS
.
138
CONTENTS
XX
3.1.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
LARYNGEALS
AS
SONANTS
.
14
3.1.5.
DEVELOPMENT
OF
SECONDARY
FULL-GRADE
FORMS
ON
THE
BASIS
OF
THE
REDUCED
GRADE
AND
THE
RISE
OF
THE
VOWEL
TRIANGLE
E,
A,
O
.
.
14
3.1.6.
THE
DEPHONEMICIZATION
OF
THE
LARYNGEALS;
THEIR
MERGER
INTO
A
SINGLE
LARYNGEAL
PHONEME.
INFLUENCE
OF
LARYNGEALS
ON
VOWEL
QUANTITY
.
14
3.1.7.
O
VOCALISM
AS
ORIGINALLY
A
VARIANT
OF
WEAK
GRADE;
THE
RISE
OF
O
AS
A
GRADE
IN
LATE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ABLAUT
ALTERNATIONS
.
14
3.1.8.
THE
RISE
OF
LENGTHENED
GRADE
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ABLAUT
SYSTEM
.
15
3.1.9.
LONG
VOWELS
IN
NEUTER
NOMINALS.
NOMINAL
STEM
EXTENSIONS
AS
MARKERS
OF
THE
INACTIVE
NOUN
CLASS
.
16
3.1.10.
THE
RISE
AND
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ABLAUT
ALTERNATIONS
.
16
3.1.11.
THE
LATE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
ACCENT
SYSTEM
.
16
3.2.
THE
LATE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SYSTEM
OF
SONANTS
AND
LARYNGEALS
.
16
3.2.1.
POSITIONAL
DETERMINATION
OF
ALLOPHONES
OF
SONANTS.
THREE
POSITIONAL
SONANT
ALLOPHONES.
VARIATION
OF
NONSYLLABIC
ALLOPHONES
.
16
3.2.2.
THE
DISTRIBUTIONAL
FEATURES
OF
THE
LARYNGEAL
.
17
3.2.3.
REFLEXES
OF
SONANT
ALLOPHONES
IN
THE
DAUGHTER
BRANCHES
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
17
3.2.4.
ALLOPHONES
OF
THE
LARYNGEAL
PHONEME
AND
THEIR
REFLEXES
IN
THE
HISTORICALLY
ATTESTED
INDO-EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES
.
17
3.2.5.
THE
CHANGES
OF
LARYNGEALS
ADJACENT
TO
VOWELS
IN
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
.
18
3.2.6.
THE
TRIPARTITE
SUBSYSTEM
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
PHONEMES
AND
ITS
TRANSFORMATION
.
18
CHAPTER
FOUR
-
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ROOT
4.1.
CANONICAL
FORMS
OF
ROOT
MORPHEMES
.
18
4.1.1.
THE
STRUCTURAL
TYPES
OF
MORPHEMES
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN:
ROOT
AND
SUFFIX
.
18
4.1.2.
ROOTS
WITH
INITIAL
SIBILANT
.
18
4.1.3.
STRUCTURAL
TYPES
OF
ROOT
REDUPLICATION
.
18
4.2.
STRUCTURAL
TYPES
OF
EXTENDED
ROOTS
.
19
4.2.1.
THE
BASIC
ABLAUT
GRADES
FOR
ROOT
MORPHEMES
AND
THEIR
STRUCTURAL
FEATURES
.
19
4.2.2.
THE
TWO
ABLAUT
STATES
FOR
STEMS
AND
BENVENISTE
'
S
BINOMES
.
19
XXXII
CONTENTS
4.2.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
STEMS
WITH
A
LARYNGEAL
SUFFIX
FOUND
IN
ONLY
ONE
ABLAUT
STATE
.
199
4.2.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
'
TRICONSONANTAL
'
ROOTS
WITH
SCHWEBEABLAUT
.
.
201
4.2.5.
THE
TRICONSONANTAL
ROOTS
WITH
SCHWEBEABLAUT
AND
THEIR
MOR
PHOLOGICAL
SEGMENTABILITY
.
207
4.2.6.
ROOTS
ENDING
IN
*-I
AND
THE
MORE
RECENT
ABLAUT
STATE
I,
AND
THE
QUESTION
OF
ANCIENT,
NONAPOPHONIC
*-I
AND
*-U
.
210
4.2.7.
INDO-EUROPEAN
ROOT
MORPHEME
STRUCTURES
WITH
INITIAL
OR
FINAL
VOWEL:
VC
0
-,
CV
.
213
4.2.8.
INTERNAL
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
EARLIEST
SYNTAGMATIC
COMBINA
TIONS
OF
MORPHOLOGICAL
ELEMENTS;
RULES
FOR
GENERATING
THEM.
.
215
4.2.9.
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ARCHAIC
INDO-EUROPEAN
MORPHEME
STRUCTURES
.
218
4.3.
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
ON
THE
RECONSTRUCTED
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL
STRUCTURE
.
219
4.3.1.
CANONICAL
FORMS
OF
ROOT
MORPHEMES
IN
PROTO-KARTVELIAN
COMPARED
WITH
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
219
4.3.2.
STRUCTURAL
EVIDENCE
FOR
VELARIZED
AND
LABIALIZED
CONSONANTS
IN
PROTO-KARTVELIAN,
AND
THEIR
TYPOLOGICAL
ANALOGS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
222
4.3.3.
TYPES
OF
ROOT
REDUPLICATION
IN
PROTO-KARTVELIAN
IN
COM
PARISON
TO
INDO-EUROPEAN
REDUPLICATION
.
224
4.3.4.
THE
MECHANISM
OF
MORPHOPHONOLOGICAL
ALTERNATIONS
IN
KARTVELIAN;
THE
TWO
ABLAUT
STATES
OF
EXTENDED
STEMS
.
226
4.3.5.
THE
SONANT
SYSTEMS
OF
KARTVELIAN
AND
INDO-EUROPEAN.
VARIABILITY
OF
SONANTS
IN
KARTVELIAN
AND
INDO-EUROPEAN.
LARYNGEALS
AS
DISTINCTIVE
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
PHONEMIC
SYSTEM
.
228
SECTION
TWO:
THE
GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURE
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
CHAPTER
FIVE
-
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AS
A
LANGUAGE
OF
THE
ACTIVE
TYPE
5.1.
BINARISM
OF
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
GRAMMATICAL
STRUCTURE.
THE
BINARY
NATURE
OF
NOMINAL
CATEGORIES
.
233
5.1.1.
THE
FORMATION
OF
*-OS
AND
*-OM
GENITIVES
IN
INDO
EUROPEAN
AND
THEIR
CORRELATION
WITH
THE
BINARY
CLASSIFI
CATION
OF
NOUNS
INTO
ACTIVE
AND
INACTIVE
.
233
5.1.2.
THE
NOMINATIVE
*-OS
AND
ACCUSATIVE
*-OM
AS
ORIGINAL
MARKERS
OF
ACTIVE
AND
INACTIVE
NOUN
CLASSES
.
236
CONTENTS
XXXIII
5.1.3.
THE
MARKERS
OF
INACTIVE
NOUNS
AND
THE
BASIC
SEMANTIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
THE
BINARY
NOUN
CLASSIFICATION
INTO
ACTIVE
AND
INACTIVE
.
238
5.1.4.
THE
CLASS
OF
SEMANTICALLY
INACTIVE
NORMS
AND
THE
STRUCTURAL
SYNTACTIC
INACTIVE.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ACCUSATIVE
CASE
.
239
5.1.5.
ATTRIBUTIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
*-OS
AND
*-OM.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
GENITIVE
CASE
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
241
5.1.6.
THE
RISE
OF
ADJECTIVAL
FORMATIONS
FROM
DETERMINING
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN;
THE
ORIGINALLY
BINARY
STRUCTURE
OF
GENDER
FORMATIONS
.
242
5.2.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
NOMINAL
PARADIGM
.
244
5.2.1.
THE
RISE
OF
THE
PLURAL
FORMS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN.
COLLECTIVES
IN
*-AH
OF
THE
OLD
INACTIVE
CLASS
.
244
5.2.2.
COLLECTIVES
IN
*-IH
OF
THE
OLD
INACTIVE
CLASS
AND
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
GENITIVE
IN
*-T
.
246
5.2.3.
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
DATIVE
CASE
AND
THE
LOCATIVE
IN
INDO
EUROPEAN
AND
THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
NOMINAL
PARADIGM
.
247
5.3.
THE
EXPRESSION
OF
POSSESSION
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
250
5.3.1.
VERBAL
EXPRESSION
OF
POSSESSION
AS
A
REFLEX
OF
THE
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
ACTIVE
STRUCTURE.
THE
VERB
'
BE
'
IN
ITS
POSSESSIVE
MEANING
.
150
5.3.2.
THE
EXPRESSION
OF
ALIENABLE
AND
INALIENABLE
POSSESSION
.
251
5.4.
THE
BINARY
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
PRONOMINAL
SYSTEM
.
253
5.4.1.
INCLUSIVE
AND
EXCLUSIVE
.
253
5.5.
THE
BINARY
STRUCTURE
OF
VERBAL
CATEGORIES
.
254
5.5.1.
DOUBLET
VERB
LEXEMES
AS
A
REFLEX
OF
THE
BINARY
SEMANTIC
CLASSIFICATION
OF
NOUNS
INTO
ACTIVE
AND
INACTIVE
.
254
5.5.2.
THE
TWO
SERIES
OF
VERBAL
ENDINGS,
*-MI
AND
*-HA,
ASSOCIATED
WITH
ACTIVE
AND
INACTIVE
ARGUMENTS.
THEIR
REFLEXES
IN
HITTITE
AND
ELSEWHERE
.
256
5.5.3.
THE
HISTORICAL
RELATION
BETWEEN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
PERFECT
AND
MIDDLE
.
260
5.5.4.
THE
SUFFIX
*-NTH
AS
A
MARKER
OF
MEMBERSHIP
IN
THE
ACTIVE
CLASS.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
*-NTH
PARTICIPIALS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
261
5.5.5.
THE
VERB
ENDINGS
*-NTH
AND
*-R
AND
THE
PLURAL
PARADIGM
OF
THE
VERB
.
264
5.5.6.
DERIVATIONAL
MEANS
FOR
INDICATING
PLURALITY
OF
AN
ARGUMENT
IN
THE
VERB:
REDUPLICATION,
*-S&
.
265
XXXIV
CONTENTS
5.6.
THE
ACTIVE
TYPOLOGY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
.
267
5.6.1.
STRUCTURAL
IMPLICATIONS
OF
THE
ACTIVE
TYPE
IN
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
.
267
5.6.2.
A
GENERAL
TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION
OF
ACTIVE
LANGUAGES
.
.
268
5.6.3.
THE
SHIFT
OF
THE
PRE-INDO-EUROPEAN
ACTIVE
TYPE
TO
NOMINATIVE-ACCUSATIVE
AS
THE
RESULT
OF
CHANGES
IN
DEEP
STRUCTURE
.
270
5.6.4.
ERGATIVITY
AND
ACCUSATIVITY
AS
SURFACE
GRAMMATICAL
VARIANTS
OF
IDENTICAL
DEEP-STRUCTURE
RELATIONS.
TRANSITIVITY
AND
INTRANSITIVITY
AS
THE
SEMANTIC
BASIS
OF
ERGATIVE
AND
ACCUSATIVE
LANGUAGES
.
271
5.6.5.
A
TYPOLOGY
OF
STRUCTURAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
OF
ACTIVE
LANGUAGES
.
272
CHAPTER
SIX
-
THE
GRAMMATICAL
SYNTAGMATICS
OF
PROTO-INDO
EUROPEAN
IN
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
6.1.
THE
SYNTACTIC
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
SENTENCE
CORE
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
277
6.1.1.
A
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
SOV
ORDER
AND
ITS
REFLEX
IN
THE
HISTORICAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
277
6.1.2.
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
COMPOUNDS
IN
THE
HISTORICAL
DIALECTS
AS
A
REFLEX
OF
OV
ORDER
.
280
6.2.
STRUCTURAL
IMPLICATIONS
OF
THE
SOV
MODEL
IN
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
VERB
.
281
6.2.1.
THE
SVO
AND
SOV
LANGUAGE
TYPES.
THE
ORDERING
OF
ELEMENTS
IN
THE
OV
SYNTAGMA
AS
ONE
OF
THE
FACTORS
DETERMINING
THE
GRAMMATICAL
SYNTAGMATICS
OF
A
LANGUAGE
.
281
6.2.2.
THE
AGGLUTINATIVE
STRUCTURE
OF
PRIMARY
AND
SECONDARY
VERB
ENDINGS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
283
6.2.3.
THE
AGGLUTINATIVE
STRUCTURE
OF
MIDDLE
VERB
ENDINGS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
286
6.3.
THE
VERSION
RELATIONS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIDDLE
IN
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
.
289
6.3.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIDDLE
AS
A
MEANS
OF
EXPRESSING
VERSION
RELATIONS
.
289
6.3.2.
THE
CHANGE
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIDDLE
DUE
TO
TRANSITIVITY
AND
THE
APPEARANCE
OF
ANALYTIC
EXPRESSIONS
OF
VERSION
RELATIONS.
MIDDLE
AND
PASSIVE
.
292
6.3.3.
CENTRIPETAL
VERB
FORMS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
THE
HYPOTHETICAL
MEANING
EXPRESSED
BY
THE
PERFECT
.
294
CONTENTS
XXXV
6.4.
THE
SEQUENTIAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
VERB
.
295
6.4.1.
THE
ORDERING
OF
SUFFIXES
IN
*-MI
SERIES
VERB
FORMS
.
295
6.4.2.
THE
ORDERING
OF
SUFFIXES
IN
THE
VERB
STEM
.
300
6.5.
STRUCTURAL
IMPLICATIONS
OF
THE
SOV
TYPE
IN
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
NOMINAL
CONSTRUCTIONS
.
303
6.5.1.
PREPOSED
ADJECTIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
THEIR
REFLEXES
IN
PHRASES
AND
COMPOUNDS
OF
THE
HISTORICAL
DIALECTS
.
303
6.5.2.
PREPOSED
GENITIVES
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
305
6.5.3.
PREPOSED
RELATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN.
RELATIVE
PARTICLES
AS
DETERMINERS
.
307
6.5.4.
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
OLD
SYNTACTIC
COMPARATIVE
CONSTRUCTIONS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
309
6.6.
INTERNAL
SYNTACTIC
RELATIONS
WITHIN
THE
OV
AND
VO
SYNTAGMAS
.
310
6.6.1.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
ADVERBS,
POSTPOSITIONS,
AND
PREPOSITIONS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
310
6.7.
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
SIMPLE
SENTENCE
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
313
6.7.1.
LEFT
AND
RIGHT
SYNTACTIC
COMPONENTS
OF
THE
SENTENCE
AND
THE
RANK
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
LEFT
COMPONENT
.
313
6.7.2.
THE
CONSTITUENTS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SIMPLE
SENTENCE
AND
THE
INTERDEPENDENCE
OF
SYNTACTIC
CELLS
.
316
6.7.3.
STRUCTURAL
INTERDEPENDENCE
OF
SYNTACTIC
CELLS
AND
THE
TRANSFORMATIONAL
SHIFT
OF
RIGHT-COMPONENT
MEMBERS
TO
*
THE
LEFT
COMPONENT
.
318
SECTION
THREE:
THE
AREAL
ORGANIZATION
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
CHAPTER
SEVEN
-
THE
DIFFERENTIATION
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
LINGUIS
TIC
REGION
7.1.
THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
HISTORICALLY
ATTESTED
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
325
7.1.1.
PRINCIPLES
FOR
DETERMINING
ISOGLOSSES
OF
VARIOUS
TIME
DEPTHS
FOR
DETERMINING
DIALECT
SUBDIVISION.
THE
DIALECT
DIVISIONS
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
.
325
7.2.
GRAMMATICAL
ISOGLOSSES
AS
A
MEANS
OF
GROUPING
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
327
7.2.1.
THE
NOMINATIVE
SINGULAR
AND
THE
THREE-GENDER
SYSTEM
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
327
7.2.2.
THE
GENITIVE
SINGULAR
.
329
7.2.3.
INSTRUMENTAL
SINGULAR
AND
PLURAL
FORMS.
CASES
WITH
*-BH
AND
*-M
MARKERS
.
332
XXXVI
CONTENTS
7.2.4.
THE
LOCATIVE
PLURAL
.
335
7.2.5.
DUAL
FORMS.
THE
FIRST-PERSON
SINGULAR
PRONOUN
PARADIGM
.
.
336
7.2.6.
THE
FORMS
OF
DEICTIC
PRONOMINALS.
ENCLITIC
PRONOUNS
IN
ANATOLIAN
AS
AN
ARCHAIC
CORRESPONDENT
TO
THE
DEIXIS
OF
OTHER
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
336
7.2.7.
RELATIVE
PRONOUN
FORMS
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
339
7.2.8.
DEGREES
OF
COMPARISON
IN
ADJECTIVES
.
339
7.2.9.
THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
AORIST
AND
THE
RESHAPING
OF
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
BINARY
VERB
SYSTEM
.
340
7.2.10.
THE
TWO
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIDDLES
IN
AND
*-R.
DIALECT
GROUPINGS
BASED
ON
MIDDLE
TYPES
.
341
7.2.11.
THE
SUBJUNCTIVE
IN
A
LONG
VOWEL
.
344
7.2.12.
MODAL
FORMATIONS
IN
MEDIOPASSIVE
PARTICIPLES
IN
*-MO
.
344
7.3.
THE
CHRONOLOGICAL
SEQUENCE
OF
DIALECT
DIVISION
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
.
.
344
7.3.1.
THE
CORRELATION
OF
GRAMMATICAL
ISOGLOSSES
WITH
STAGES
IN
THE
DIALECT
DIVISION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
344
7.3.2.
DERIVATIONAL-SPATIAL
MODEL
FOR
THE
CHRONOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECT
GROUPS
.
348
7.4.
PHONOLOGICAL
ISOGLOSSES
IN
ASSOCIATION
WITH
GRAMMATICAL
ISOGLOSSES
AS
A
REFLEX
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECT
DIFFERENTIATION
.
349
7.4.1.
THE
CORRELATION
OF
PHONOLOGICAL
ISOGLOSSES
WITH
THE
CHRONO
LOGICAL
LEVELS
ESTABLISHED
FOR
THE
MORPHOLOGICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
.
349
7.4.2.
A
RELATIVE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
SHIFTS
OF
THE
THREE
STOP
SERIES
IN
THE
DIALECT
GROUPS
.
351
7.4.3.
DISTRIBUTIONAL
PATTERNS
FOR
STOP
PHONEMES
IN
CLUSTERS
AND
SEQUENCES.
THE
DIALECTAL
AND
CHRONOLOGICAL
CORRELATION
OF
THESE
PATTERNS
.
353
7.4.4.
A
RELATIVE
CHRONOLOGY
FOR
THE
CHANGES
IN
THE
THREE
ORDERS
OF
POSTERIOR
STOPS.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
FORMATION
OF
CENTUM
AND
SATEM
GROUPS
.
356
7.4.5.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
PALATOVELAR
SHIFT
IN
CENTUM
DIALECTS
AND
THE
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
LABIOVELARS
.
357
7.4.6.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
PALATOVELAR
SHIFT
IN
SATEM
DIALECTS.
THE
RISE
OF
AFFRICATES
AND
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
FRICATIVE
SYSTEM
.
359
7.4.7.
NEUTRALIZATION
OF
THE
PALATOVELAR-VELAR
OPPOSITION
IN
DIALECTS
OF
THE
SATEM
GROUP
.
359
7.4.8.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
SHIFT
OF
THE
LABIOVELARS
IN
THE
SATEM
LANGUAGES
.
361
7.4.9.
REFLEXES
OF
SYLLABIC
SONANTS
IN
THE
VARIOUS
DIALECT
GROUPS
AND
THE
CHRONOLOGIZATION
OF
SONANT
VOCALIZATION
.
362
CONTENTS
XXXVII
7.4.10.
THE
STAGES
IN
THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
HISTORICAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
AS
FINAL
CHRONOLOGICAL
LEVELS
IN
THE
AREAL-GENETIC
MODEL
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECT
DIVISION
.
364
7.5.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
AS
A
REFLECTION
OF
THE
DIALECT
DIVISION
OF
THE
INDO
EUROPEAN
LINGUISTIC
COMMUNITY
.
364
7.5.1.
THE
CHRONOLOGICAL
SEQUENCE
OF
DIALECT
AREAS
BASED
ON
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES,
IN
RELATION
TO
GRAMMATICAL
AND
PHONOLOGICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
364
7.5.2.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
WITHIN
THE
SATEM
DIALECT
GROUPING.
INDO-IRANIAN-BALTO-SLAVIC
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
365
7.5.3.
INDO-IRANIAN-GREEK-ARMENIAN
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
365
7.5.4.
BALTO-SLAVIC-GERMANIC
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
366
7.5.5.
ITALIC-CELTIC
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
367
7.5.6.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
CORRELATED
WITH
THE
BASIC
DIALECT
GROUPS
OF
CHRONOLOGICAL
LEVEL
5
.
368
7.5.7.
INTERAREAL
INTERACTION
AMONG
THE
LEVEL
5
DIALECT
GROUPS
.
369
7.5.8.
BALTO-SLAVIC-GERMANIC-ITALIC-CELTIC
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
369
7.5.9.
TOCHARIAN-ITALIC-CELTIC-GERMANIC-BALTO-SLAVIC
ISOGLOSSES
.
.
370
7.5.10.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
REFLECTING
DIALECT
INTERACTION
AT
CHRONO
LOGICAL
LEVEL
3.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
UNITING
TOCHARIAN
WITH
THE
INDO-IRANIAN-GREEK-ARMENIAN
AND
BALTO-SLAVIC
GERMANIC
AREAS
.
$70
7.5.11.
TOCHARIAN-GREEK-INDO-IRANIAN-GERMANIC-BALTO-SLAVIC
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
371
7.5.12.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
REFLECTING
DIALECT
INTERACTION
WITHIN
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AT
LEVEL
2
.
372
7.5.13.
GRAMMATICAL,
PHONOLOGICAL,
AND
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
AS
REFLEC
TING
THE
ORIGINAL
STAGE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECT
DIVISION
.
.
373
7.5.14.
GEOGRAPHICAL
RELATIONS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
NON-INDO
EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES
OF
EURASIA
.
374
PART
TWO
SEMANTIC
DICTIONARY
OF
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
LAN
GUAGE
AND
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
PROTO
CULTURE
INTRODUCTION
-
METHODS
FOR
RECONSTRUCTING
THE
SEMANTIC
DICTIONARY
OF
A
PROTOLANGUAGE
AND
THE
LINGUISTIC
PALEONTOLOGY
OF
CULTURE
0.1.
THE
DIALECTAL
AND
PAN-DIALECTAL
LEXICON
AS
THE
BASIS
FOR
RECONSTRUCTING
THE
SEMANTIC
LEXICON
OF
THE
PROTOLANGUAGE
.
379
XXXVIII
CONTENTS
0.2.
THE
CORRELATION
OF
RECONSTRUCTED
LEXICAL
SEMANTICS
WITH
THE
REAL
WORLD
.
379
0.3.
SEMANTIC
LEXICON
AND
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
CULTURE
.
381
0.4.
RECONSTRUCTING
RITUAL
AND
MYTHOLOGICAL
ELEMENTS
AND
TEXT
FRAGMENTS
.
382
0.5.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SEMANTIC
LEXICON
AS
A
REFLECTION
OF
PROTO-CULTURE
.
382
SECTION
ONE:
SEMANTIC
DICTIONARY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
CHAPTER
ONE
-
THE
LIVING
WORLD:
GODS,
PEOPLE,
ANIMALS
1.1.
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TAXONOMIZATION
OF
THE
LIVING
WORLD.
TAXONOMIC
DISTINCTIVE
FEATURES
.
387
1.1.1.
THE
CLASS
OF
LIVING
THINGS
AND
ITS
NAME
.
387
1.1.2.
THE
FEATURES
ANIMATE
AND
INANIMATE.
TWO
CLASSES
OF
ANIMACY
.
387
1.1.3.
THE
ANIMAL
AND
PLANT
WORLDS
AND
THE
TERMS
FOR
THEM
.
389
1.2.
THE
ANIMATE
CLASS
.
390
1.2.1.
THE
OPPOSITION
OF
WILD
TO
NON-WILD
.
390
1*2.2.
PEOPLE
AND
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
AS
COMPRISING
THE
NON-WILD
CLASS
.
391
1.2.3.
THE
HUMAN/ANIMAL
OPPOSITION.
THE
FEATURE
SPEAKING/NON-SPEAKING
.
392
1.2.4.
THE
TWO-LEGGED/FOUR-LEGGED
(BIPED/QUADRUPED)
OPPOSITION
.
.
394
1.2.5.
THE
CLASSIFICATION
OF
RATIONAL
BEINGS
BASED
ON
THE
FEATURES
MORTAL/IMMORTAL
AND
EARTHLY/HEAVENLY
.
395
1.2.6.
LANGUAGE
OF
GODS
VS.
LANGUAGE
OF
HUMANS
.
397
1.2.7.
THE
FREE/NON-FREE
OPPOSITION
AMONG
PEOPLE
.
397
1.2.8.
THE
CORRELATION
OF
NON-FREE
PEOPLE
AND
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
.
398
1.2.9.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
NON-FREE
PEOPLE
.
399
1.2.10.
PROJECTED
RELATIONS
OF
FREE
TO
NON-FREE
IN
THE
WORLD
OF
GODS.
HUMANS
AS
NON-FREE
IN
RELATION
TO
GODS
.
400
1.2.11.
THE
CLASSIFICATION
OF
ANIMATE,
NON-WILD
BEINGS
.
401
1.3.
HIERARCHICAL
RELATIONSHIPS
WITHIN
THE
CLASS
OF
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
.
402
1.3.1.
GROUPS
OF
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
.
402
1.3.2.
HORSES
AS
ANIMALS
ESPECIALLY CLOSE
TO
PEOPLE.
THE
PREEMINENT
POSITION
OF
HORSES
AMONG
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
.
402
1.3.3.
THE
INTERNAL CLASSIFICATION
OF
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS
.
403
1.4.
WILD
ANIMALS
.
405
1.4.1.
THE
SUBGROUPS
OF
WILD
ANIMALS
.
405
1.4.2.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
MIDDLE
WORLD
.
405
CONTENTS
XXXIX
1.4.3.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
GODS
IN
THE
OLD
HITTITE
TRADITION
.
406
1.4.4.
PARALLELS
TO
'
ANIMALS
OF
THE
GODS
'
IN
OTHER
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
407
1.4.5.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
LOWER
WORLD
.
408
1.4.6.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
UPPER
WORLD
.
409
1.4.7.
A
GENERAL
CLASSIFICATION
OF
WILD
ANIMALS
.
409
1.4.8.
THE
TYPOLOGICAL
STATUS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
CLASSIFICATION
OF
LIVING
THINGS
.
409
CHAPTER
TWO
-
INDO-EUROPEAN
CONCEPTIONS
OF
WILD
ANIMALS,
AND
NAMES
FOR
THEM
2.1.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
MIDDLE
WORLD
.
413
2.1.1.
WOLF
.
413
2.1.1.1.
THE
EARLIEST
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
WOLF
.
413
2.1.1.2.
THE
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
WOLVES
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
413
2.1.1.3.
THE
RITUAL
STATUS
OF
THE
WOLF,
AND
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
WOLF
'
.
415
2.1.1.4.
ETHNONYMS
AND
TOPONYMS
CONNECTED
WITH
'
WOLF
.
415
2.1.1.5.
TYPOLOGICAL
AND
AREAL
PARALLELS
TO
THE
STATUS
OF
WOLVES
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
416
2.1.2.
BEAR
.
4*17
2.1.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
BEAR
'
.
417
2.1.2.2.
THE
CULTIC
ROLE
OF
THE
BEAR
IN
HITTITE
AND
OTHER
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
417
2.1.2.3.
THE
TABOO
ON
THE
WORD
FOR
'
BEAR
'
AND
ITS
EUPHEMISTIC
REPLACEMENTS
.
418
2.1.2.4.
THE
TYPOLOGY
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
BEAR
CULT
.
419
2.1.3.
LEOPARD
AND
PANTHER
.
420
2.1.3.1.
THE
LEOPARD
IN
OLD
HITTITE
TRADITION
.
420
2.I.3.2.
THE
HITTITE
AND
INDO-IRANIAN
TERMS
FOR
'
LEOPARD
'
.
421
2.1.3.3.
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
PANTHER
OR
LEOPARD
IN
GREEK
TRADITION
.
421
2.1.3.4.
THE
LEOPARD
IN
OLD
ARMENIAN
LEGEND
.
422
2.1.3.5.
THE
LEOPARD
AND
PANTHER
IN
MEDIEVAL
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
423
2.1.3.6.
THE
LEOPARD
AND
THE
TERMS
FOR
IT
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
.
.
424
2.1.3.7.
THE
CONNECTION
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
LEOPARD
'
WITH
WORDS
FROM
ANCIENT
ASIA
MINOR
.
425
2.1.3.8.
REPLACEMENTS
OF
THE
WORD
FOR
'
LEOPARD
'
IN
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
426
2.1.3.9.
THE
TYPOLOGY
OF
THE
LEOPARD
CULT
IN
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
.
427
XL
CONTENTS
2.1.4.
LION
.
427
2.1.4.1.
THE
QUESTION
OF
THE
TERM
FOR
'
LION
'
IN
HISTORICAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
427
2.1.4.2.
THE
CULTIC
ROLE
OF
THE
LION
IN
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
428
2.1.4.3.
THE
RELATION
OF
THE
COMMON
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
LION
'
TO
AFROASIATIC
AND
OTHER
SOUTHWEST ASIAN TERMS
.
430
2.1.4.4.
TRACES
OF
AN
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
LION
'
S
ROAR
'
.
.
.
430
2.1.4.5.
THE
TYPOLOGY
OF
THE
LION
CULT
IN
THE
NEAR
EAST
.
431
2.1.5.
LYNX
.
431
2.1.5.1.
THE
WORD
FOR
'
LYNX
'
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
431
2.1.5.2.
THE
STATUS
OF
THE
LYNX
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
MYTHIC
AND
RITUAL
TRADITIONS
.
432
2.1.6.
JACKAL,
FOX
.
432
2.I.6.I.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
JACKAL
'
,
'
FOX
'
AND
ITS
ORIGINAL
MEANING
.
432
2.1.6.2.
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
JACKAL
AND
FOX
IN
ANCIENT
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITION
.
433
2.1.7.
WILD
BOAR
.
434
2.1.7.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
WILD
BOAR
'
AND
ITS
TRANSFORMATIONS
IN
THE
HISTORICAL
DIALECTS
.
434
2.1.7.2.
THE
CULTIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
WILD BOARS
IN
ANCIENT
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
435
2.1.8.
DEER,
EUROPEAN
ELK,
AND
ANTELOPE
.
437
2.1.8.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
.
437
2.1.8.2.
THE
TABOO
ON
THE
ORIGINAL
WORD
FOR
'
DEER
'
AND
ITS
MYTHOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE
.
437
2.1.9.
WILD
BULL,
AUROCHS,
AND
BISON
.
439
2.1.9.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
THE
WILD
BULL
AND
ITS
CONNECTION
TO
SEMITIC
.
439
2.1.9.2.
THE
CULTIC
ROLE
OF
THE
AUROCHS
OR
WILD
BULL
IN
INDIVIDUAL
TRADITIONS
.
439
2.1.9.3.
DERIVATIVES
FROM
THE
TERM
FOR
'
WILD
BULL
'
IN
INDO
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
AND
THEIR
CAUCASIAN
PARALLELS
.
439
2.1.10.
HARE
.
440
2.1.10.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
HARE
'
AND
ITS
DIALECTAL
REPLACEMENTS
.
440
2.1.11.
SQUIRREL,
POLECAT,
AND
ERMINE
.
441
2.1.11.1.
THE
TERM
FOR
'
SQUIRREL
'
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
441
2.1.12.
MONKEY
OR
APE
.
442
2.1.12.1.
A
RECONSTRUCTED
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
APE
'
,
AND
ITS
CONNECTIONS
WITH
SOUTHWEST
ASIAN
WORDS
.
442
CONTENTS
XLI
2.1.13.
ELEPHANT
AND
IVORY
.
443
2.1.13.1.
EARLY
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
ELEPHANT
'
AND
THEIR
CON
NECTION
TO
SOUTHWEST
ASIAN
MIGRATORY
TERMS
.
443
2.2.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
LOWER
WORLD
.
444
2.2.1.
SERPENT,
SNAKE,
AND
WORM
.
444
2.2.1.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
SERPENT
'
;
THEIR
VARIANTS
AND REPLACEMENTS
IN
INDIVIDUAL
DIALECTS
.
444
2.2.1.2.
THE
BASIC
MOTIF
CONNECTED
WITH
THE
SERPENT
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
MYTHOLOGY
.
446
2.2.2.
OTTER,
BEAVER,
AND
WATER
ANIMAL
.
447
2.2.2.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
WATER
ANIMAL
'
,
'
OTTER
'
,
'
BEAVER
'
.
447
2.2.2.2.
THE
RITUAL
AND
CULTIC
ROLE
OF
THE
BEAVER
IN
INDIVIDUAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
448
2.2.3.
MOUSE
AND
MOLE
.
449
2.2.3.1.
THE
COMMON
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
MOUSE
'
.
449
2.2.3.2.
THE
MYTHOLOGICAL
AND
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
MOUSE,
SHREW,
AND
MOLE
IN
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
449
2.2.4.
TURTLE
.
451
2.2.4.1.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
TURTLE
'
.
451
2.2.5.
CRAB
.
451
2.2.5.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
CRAB
'
.
451
2.2.6.
TOAD
AND
FROG
.
451
2.2.6.I.
DESCRIPTIVE
NAMES
FOR
'
TOAD
'
AND
'
FROG
'
;
THEIR
ROLE
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
MYTHOLOGY
.
451
2.2.7.
FLY
AND
GADFLY
.
452
2.2.7.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
FLY
'
.
452
2.2.8.
WASP
AND
HOMET
.
452
2.2.8.1.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
WASP
'
,
'
HORNET
'
.
452
2.2.9.
LOUSE
AND
NIT
.
453
2.2.9.I.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
LOUSE
'
AND
'
NIT
'
.
453
2.2.10.
FISH
AND
SALMON
.
453
2.2.10.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
FISH
AS
AN
ANIMAL
OF
THE
WATER
WORLD
.
453
2.2.10.2.
THE
PROBLEM
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
SALMON
'
.
454
2.3.
ANIMALS
OF
THE
UPPER
WORLD
.
454
2.3.1.
BIRD
AND
EAGLE
.
454
2.3.1.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
BIRD
'
.
454
2.3.1.2.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
EAGLE
'
.
455
2.3.1.3.
THE
MYTHIC
ROLE
OF
THE
EAGLE
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITION.
THE
CONNECTION
OF
EAGLE
AND
SEA
.
456
XLII
CONTENTS
2.3.1.4.
TABOO
REPLACEMENTS
FOR
'
EAGLE
'
IN
INDIVIDUAL
INDO
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
457
2.3.2.
CRANE
.
457
2.3.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
CRANE
'
.
457
2.3.3.
RAVEN
AND
CROW
.
457
2.3.3.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
RAVEN
'
AS
ONOMATOPOETIC
457
2.3.4.
THRUSH,
STARLING,
SPARROW
.
458
2.3.4.1.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
THESE
BIRDS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
458
2.3.5.
BLACK
GROUSE
AND
CAPERCAILLIE
.
459
2.3.5.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
BLACK
GROUSE
'
.
459
2.3.6.
WOODPECKER,
SMALL
SONGBIRDS,
AND
FINCH
.
459
2.3.6.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
WOODPECKER
'
.
459
2.3.6.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
SMALL
SONGBIRDS
AND
FINCHES
.
459
2.3.7.
GOOSE,
WATER
BIRD,
SWAN,
DUCK
.
460
2.3.7.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
GOOSE
'
OR
'
SWAN
'
.
460
2.3.7.2.
A
DIALECTAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
DUCK
'
.
460
CHAPTER
THREE
-
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
DOMESTIC
ANIMALS.
THE
ECONOMIC
FUNCTIONS
OF
ANIMALS
AND
THEIR
RITUAL
AND
CULTIC
ROLE
AMONG
THE
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEANS
3.1.
ANIMALS
WHICH
WERE
RITUALLY
CLOSE
TO
MAN
.
463
3.1.1.
THE
HORSE
.
463
3.1.1.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
HORSE
'
.
463
3.1.1.2.
THE
ROLE
OF
THE
HORSE
AMONG
THE
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEANS.
THE
HORSE
IN
OLD
HITTITE
TRADITION.
ITS
MILITARY,
TRANSPORT,
CULTIC,
AND
MYTHOLOGICAL
ROLE
.
464
3.1.1.3.
HORSEBREEDING
AND THE
MITANNIAN
ARYANS
.
464
3.1.1.4.
HORSES
IN
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITION.
THE
HORSE
CULT
IN
THE
RIGVEDA
AND
THE
ASHVINS
.
467
3.1.1.5.
THE
HORSE
IN
OLD
IRANIAN
TRADITION
AND
ITS
RITUAL
SIGNIFICANCE
.
468
3.1.1.6.
HORSES
IN
ANCIENT
GREEK
TRADITION.
THE
RITUAL
AND
MYTHOLOGICAL
ROLE
OF
HORSES
.
468
3.1.1.7.
TRACES
OF
THE
HORSE
CULT
IN
ROMAN
TRADITION
.
470
3.1.1.8.
THE
HORSE
IN
CELTIC
TRADITION
.
471
3.1.1.9.
THE
HORSE
CULT
IN
GERMANIC
TRADITION
.
471
3.1.1.10.
THE
OLD
GERMANIC
TERMS
FOR
'
HORSE
'
.
472
3.1.1.11.
THE
CELTO-GERMANIC
TERM
FOR
'
HORSE
'
AND
ITS
ASIATIC
SOURCES
.
472
3.1.1.12.
THE
HORSE
CULT
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
BALTS
.
473
3.1.1.13.
THE
HORSE
IN
SLAVIC
TRADITION.
SLAVIC
TERMS
FOR
'
HORSE
'
.
474
CONTENTS
XLIII
3.1.1.14.
THE
ANCIENT
BALKAN
TERM
FOR
'
HORSE
'
.
474
3.1.1.15.
THE
ROLE
OF
HORSES
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
475
3.1.1.16.
THE
DOMESTICATION
OF
THE
HORSE;
ITS
WILD
ANCESTORS
.
475
3.1.1.17.
THE
AREA
OF
FIRST
DOMESTICATION
OF
THE
HORSE
.
476
3.1.1.18.
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
NEAR
EASTERN
HORSE
NAMES
.
478
3.1.1.19.
THE
ANCIENT
INFLUENCE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
HORSE
BREEDING
ON
EASTERN
ASIA
(CHINA)
.
479
3.1.2.
THE
DONKEY
.
480
3.1.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
DONKEY
'
AND
ITS
NEAR
EASTERN
ORIGIN
.
480
3.1.2.2.
THE
DONKEY
AS
A
CULT
ANIMAL
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
481
3.1.2.3.
A
TYPOLOGY
OF
DONKEY
CULTS
IN
THE
NEAR
EAST.
CONNECTED
TERMS
FOR
'
HORSE
'
AND
'
DONKEY
'
.
481
3.1.3.
'
BULL
'
,
'
COW
'
,
AND
'
CATTLE
'
.
482
3.1.3.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
BULL
',
'
COW
'
.
482
3.1.3.2.
THE
DIALECT
DIFFERENTIATION
OF
'
BULL
'
AND
'
COW
'
.
483
3.1.3.3.
THE
ECONOMIC
FUNCTION
OF
THE
COW
BASED
ON
INDO
EUROPEAN
DIALECT
DATA;
DAIRYING
AMONG
THE
INDO
EUROPEANS.
DIALECT
WORDS
FOR
'
MILK
'
.
484
3.1.3.4.
THE
COW
AS
A
CULTIC
AND
RITUAL
ANIMAL
AMONG
THE
*
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
488
3.1.3.5.
THE
ECONOMIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
COWS
AND
BULLS
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
489
3.1.3.6.
THE
DOMESTICATION
OF
THE
BULL
AND
THE
RELATION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
BULL
'
AND
'
COW
'
TO
NEAR
EASTERN
AND
CENTRAL
ASIAN
MIGRATORY
TERMS
.
489
3.1.3.7.
THE
CULTIC
ROLE
OF
THE
BULL
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
492
3.1.4.
SHEEP,
RAM,
AND
LAMB
.
493
3.1.4.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
SHEEP
'
,
'
RAM
'
,
AND
'
LIVESTOCK
'
.
493
3.1.4.2.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
WOOL
'
AND
WOOL
WORKING
TERMINOLOGY
.
494
3.1.4.3.
SHEEP
AND
SHEEPHERDING
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO
EUROPEANS
AND
THEIR
HISTORICAL
CONNECTION
WITH
NEAR
EASTERN
SHEEPHERDING
ECONOMIES
.
496
3.1.4.4.
THE
CULTIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
SHEEP,
WOOL,
AND
SPINNING
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
497
3.1.4.5.
THE
LEXICOSEMANTIC
FIELD
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
DERIVATIVES
FROM
THE
ROOT
'
WEAVE
'
,
'
WOOL
'
.
498
XLIV
CONTENTS
3.1.4.6.
VARIETIES
OF
SHEEP
AND
RAMS
AND
THEIR
DIALECT
NAMES
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
499
3.1.5.
GOAT
.
500
3.1.5.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
AREAL
TERMS
FOR
'
GOAT
'
.
500
3.1.5.2.
THE
RITUAL
AND
MYTHOLOGICAL
ROLE
OF
THE
GOAT
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
502
3.1.5.3.
GOATS
AND
GOATHERDING
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
503
3.1.5.4.
THE
APPEARANCE
OF
THE
GOAT
AS
A
DOMESTIC
ANIMAL
IN
THE
NEAR
EAST
AND
ITS
EASTWARD
MOVEMENT
.
503
3.1.5.5.
THE
EASTWARD
AND
NORTHEASTWARD
MIGRATION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
GOAT
'
.
504
3.2.
ANIMALS
RITUALLY
DISTANT
FROM
HUMANS:
FOUR-LEGGED
AND
NON
FOUR-LEGGED
.
505
3.2.1.
THE
DOG
.
505
3.2.1.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
DOG
'
.
505
3.2.1.2.
BLENDING
OF
TERMS
FOR
'
WOLF
'
AND
'
DOG
'
IN
CERTAIN
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS.
THE
EQUATION
OF
DOGS
AND
WOLVES
AND
THE
RITUAL
AND
MYTHOLOGICAL
FUNCTION
OF
THE
DOG
.
.
505
3.2.I.3.
THE
INFLUENCE
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
CONCEPTION
OF
YY
DOGS
ON
EASTERN
ASIA
(CHINA)
.
506
3.2.2.
PIG
AND
PIGLET
.
508
3.2.2.1.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
PIG
'
AND
'
PIGLET
'
.
508
3.2.2.2.
PIGS
AND
PIG-RAISING
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITION
.
509
3.2.2.3.
THE
HISTORY
OF
PIG
DOMESTICATION
AND
THE
SPREAD
OF
PIG-RAISING
IN
EUROPE
.
510
3.2.2.4.
THE
RELIGIOUS
AND
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
THE
PIG
AS
A
FERTILITY
SYMBOL
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
511
3.2.2.5.
DIALECT
WORDS
FOR
'
PIG
'
AND
THEIR
CONNECTIONS
TO
EAST
ASIAN
WORDS
.
512
3.2.3.
THE
CAT
.
513
3.2.3.1.
A
MIGRATORY
TERM
FOR
'
CAT
'
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
513
3.2.3.2.
THE
RELIGIOUS
ROLE
OF
THE
CAT
IN
INDIVIDUAL
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
514
3.2.3.3.
PHONETIC
VARIANTS
OF
THE
WORD
FOR
'
CAT
'
AND
ITS
RELATION
TO
NEAR
EASTERN
WORDS
.
514
3.2.4.
CHICKENS,
HENS,
AND
ROOSTERS
.
515
3.2.4.1.
AREAL
TERMS
FOR
'
HEN
'
AND
'
ROOSTER
'
AS
ONOMATOPOETIC
FORMATIONS
.
515
CONTENTS
XLV
3.2.5.
BEES
AND
BEEKEEPING
.
516
3.2.5.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
BEE
'
AND
ITS
TABOO
REPLACEMENT
.
516
3.2.5.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
HONEY
'
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
THE
ANTIQUITY
OF
BEEKEEPING
AMONG
THE
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
516
3.2.5.3.
BEEKEEPING
AND
ITS
RELIGIOUS
ROLE
AS
REFLECTED
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITION
.
518
3.2.5.4.
THE
TYPOLOGY
OF
METHODS
OF
OBTAINING
HONEY
AND
TYPES
OF
BEEKEEPING
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
521
3.2.5.5.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
BEEHIVE
'
AND
'
WAX
'
.
522
3.2.5.6.
THE
DIRECTION
OF
SPREAD
OF
BEEKEEPING
AND
THE
CONNEC
TION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
EURASIAN
BEEKEEPING
TERMINOLOGY
.
523
CHAPTER
FOUR
-
INDO-EUROPEAN
PLANT
NAMES.
USES
OF
PLANTS;
THEIR
RITUAL
AND
CULTIC
FUNCTIONS
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
CULTURE
4.1.
FLORA:
TREES
.
525
4.1.1.
'
TREE
',
'
OAK
'
.
525
4.1.1.1.
THE
POSITION
OF
TREES
AMONG
THE
FLORA
.
525
4.1.1.2.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
TREE
'
,
'
OAK
'
.
525
4.1.1.3.
THE
SEMANTICS
OF
PIE
*T
'
E/ORW-,
*T
'
RE/OU
AS
*
REFLECTED
IN
THE
MEANINGS
OF
THE
DESCENDANT
COGNATES
.
526
4.1.1.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
'
OAK
'
AND
'
CLIFF,
ROCK
'
.
526
4.1.1.5.
THE
OAK-DEITY
CONNECTION
.
527
4.1.1.6.
SPECIES
OF
OAK
AND
MOUNTAIN
OAK
IN
EURASIA
.
528
4.1.1.7.
THE
CULTIC
ROLE
OF
THE
OAK
IN
THE
CULTURES
OF
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
.
529
4.1.1.8.
THE
ECONOMIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
OAKS
TO
THE
ANCIENT
INDO
EUROPEANS.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
ACORN
'
.
529
4.1.1.9.
TABOO
REPLACEMENTS
FOR
'
OAK
'
IN
VARIOUS
INDO
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
530
4.1.2.
BIRCH
.
531
4.1.2.1.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
BIRCH
'
.
531
4.1.2.2.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
BIRCH
'
FROM
'
BRIGHT
'
.
532
4.1.2.3.
ECONOMIC
AND
RITUAL
FUNCTIONS
OF
THE
BIRCH
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
532
4.1.2.4.
THE
RANGE
OF
BIRCH
SPECIES
.
533
4.1.3.
BEECH
.
533
4.1.3.1.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
BEECH
'
.
533
4.1.3.2.
THE
RITUAL
FUNCTION
OF
THE
BEECH
IN
ANCIENT
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
534
XLVI
CONTENTS
4.1.3.3.
THE
RANGE
OF
THE
BEECH
AND
THE
'
BEECH
ARGUMENT
'
FOR
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
HOMELAND
.
535
4.1.4.
HORNBEAM
.
535
4.1.4.1.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
HORNBEAM
'
.
535
4.1.4.2.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
HORNBEAM
'
.
536
4.1.4.3.
TREE
NAMES
CONNECTED
WITH
TERMS
FOR
MAKING
MARKS
ON
WOOD
.
536
4.1.5.
ASH
.
537
4.1.5.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
'
ASH
'
.
537
4.1.5.2.
THE
RANGE
OF
THE
ASH
.
537
4.1.5.3.
SEMANTIC
SHIFTS
AMONG
INDO-EUROPEAN
TREE
NAMES
.
537
4.1.6.
ASPEN,
POPLAR
.
538
4.1.6.1.
TERMS
FOR
'
ASPEN,
POPLAR
'
IN
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
538
4.1.6.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
ASPEN,
POPLAR
'
IN
TURKIC
LANGUAGES
.
539
4.1.6.3.
THE
RANGE
OF
THE
ASPEN
.
539
4.1.7.
WIUOW
.
539
4.1.7.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
'
WILLOW
'
AND
ITS
LATER
REPLACEMENTS
.
.
.
539
4.1.8.
YEW
.
540
4.1.8.1.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
YEW
'
.
540
4.1.8.2.
THE
ETYMOLOGY
OF
HITTITE
GISGYA-.
THE
RITUAL
AND
MYTHIC
ROLE
OF
THE
YEW
IN
INDIVIDUAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
541
4.1.8.3.
THE
RANGE
OF
THE
YEW
IN
EURASIA
.
542
4-1.9.
FIR,
SPRUCE,
AND
PINE
.
543
4.1.9.1.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
CONIFERS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
543
4.1.9.2.
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
NAMES
FOR
CONIFERS
AND
THEIR
ETYMOLOGICAL
CONNECTION
TO
'
PITCH
'
AND
'
DYE
'
,
'
PAINT
'
.
543
4.1.9.3.
THE
RANGE
OF
PINES
AND
FIRS
IN
EURASIA
.
544
4.1.9.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
SPRUCE
.
544
4.1.9.5.
IRANIAN
TERMS
FOR
CONIFERS AND
THEIR
KARTVELIAN
PARALLELS
.
545
4.1.10.
ALDER
.
546
4.1.10.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
ALDER
.
546
4.1.11.
NUTS
AND
NUT
TREES
.
547
4.1.11.1.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
NUT
'
.
547
4.1.11.2.
THE
HISTORICAL
RANGE
OF
THE
WALNUT
.
548
4.1.12.
APPLE
TREE
AND
APPLE
.
548
4.1.12.1.
THE
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
APPLE
'
.
548
4.1.12.2.
THE
ECONOMIC
AND
CULTIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
APPLES
IN
ANCIENT
EUROPE
.
549
4.1.12.3.
THE
TERM
FOR
'
APPLE
'
AS
A
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
.
550
4.1.12.4.
PARALLELS
TO
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
'
APPLE
'
IN
NON-INDO
EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES
OF
THE
NEAR
EAST
.
551
4.1.12.5.
HITTITE
MAHLA
'
GRAPEVINE
'
AND
ANOTHER
ANCIENT
DIALECT
TERM
FOR
'
APPLE
'
.
552
4.1.12.6.
THE
MYTHOLOGICAL
ROLE
OF
THE
APPLE
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
553
4.1.13.
CHERRY
AND
CORNEL
CHERRY
.
554
4.1.13.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
NAME
FOR
'
CORNEL
CHERRY
'
AND
'
CHERRY
'
.
554
4.1.13.2.
THE
RANGE,
ECONOMIC
USE,
AND
MYTHIC
ROLE
OF
THE
CORNEL
CHERRY
AND
CHERRY
.
554
4.1.14.
MULBERRY
.
555
4.1.14.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
NAME
FOR
'
MULBERRY
'
.
555
4.1.14.2.
THE
RANGE
AND ECONOMIC
SIGNIFICANCE
OF
THE
MULBERRY
.
556
4.2.
FLORA:
CULTIVATED
PLANTS
AND
GRAINS
.
557
4.2.1.
GRAPE
AND
WINE
.
557
4.2.1.1.
TERMS
FOR
WINE
IN
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
557
4.2.1.2.
THE
CONNECTION
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
WINE
WITH
NEAR
EASTERN
TERMS
.
558
4.2.1.3.
THE
TERM
FOR
WINE
AS
AN
ANCIENT
NEAR
EASTERN
MIGRATORY
WORD.
THE
MIGRATORY
WORD
AS
A
NATIVE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ONE;
ITS
ETYMOLOGICAL
CONNECTIONS
.
559
4.2.1.4.
THE
ANCIENT
NEAR
EASTERN
CENTER
OF
VITICULTURE
.
5
T
61
4.2.I.5.
GRAPE
AND
WINE
IN
THE
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
561
4.2.1.6.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
SACRIFICIAL
LIBATION
OF
WINE
'
.
561
4.2.1.7.
THE
ABSENCE
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
WINE
AND
GRAPE
FROM
INDO-IRANIAN
AND
THE
CULT
OF
THE
'
GODLY
'
DRINK
SOMA/HAOMA
.
562
4.2.1.8.
TRACES
OF
ANCIENT
VITICULTURAL
TERMS
IN
IRANIAN.
THE
TERM
FOR
'
VINE
'
.
563
4.2.2.
GRAIN
AND
BARLEY
.
564
4.2.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
GRAIN
'
AND
'
BARLEY
'
.
564
4.2.2.2.
THE
EARLIEST
RANGE
OF
BARLEY
.
566
4.2.3.
WHEAT
.
566
4.2.3.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
WHEAT
.
566
4.2.3.2.
THE
ORIGINAL
RANGE
OF
WHEAT.
THE
PROTO-INDO
EUROPEAN
AND
EURASIAN
TERMS
FOR
WHEAT
.
567
4.2.4.
MILLET,
RYE,
AND
OATS
.
567
4.2.4.1.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
MILLET,
RYE,
AND
OATS
.
567
4.2.4.2.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL
INFORMATION
ON
THE
SPREAD
OF
RYE
AND
OATS
.
568
4.2.5.
FLAX
AND
HEMP
.
568
XLVIII
CONTENTS
4.2.5.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
FLAX
.
568
4.2.5.2.
THE
RANGE
OF
FLAX;
THE
ECONOMIC
AND
MYTHOLOGICAL
ROLE
OF
FLAX
AMONG
THE
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
569
4.2.5.3.
THE
REPLACEMENT
OF
THE
TERM
FOR
FLAX.
MIGRATORY
TERMS
FOR
HEMP
.
569
4.3.
FLORA:
SHRUBS,
GRASSES,
AND
SMALL
PLANTS
.
571
4.3.1.
HEATHER
.
571
4.3.1.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
HEATHER
.
571
4.3.1.2.
THE
RANGE
OF
HEATHER
.
571
4.3.2.
ROSE,
WILD
ROSE
.
572
4.3.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
ROSE
OR
WILD
ROSE
.
572
4.3.3.
MOSS
.
572
4.3.3.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
MOSS
.
572
CHAPTER
FIVE
-
GEOGRAPHICAL
ENVIRONMENT
AND
CLIMATE.
THE
INDO
EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
HEAVENLY
BODIES
5.1.
TERMINOLOGY
FOR
GEOGRAPHICAL
AND
METEOROLOGICAL
PHENOMENA
.
573
5.1.1.
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
THE
GEOGRAPHICAL
ENVIRONMENT
FROM
LINGUISTIC
DATA
.
573
5.2.
TERMS
FOR
TOPOGRAPHICAL
FEATURES
.
573
5.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
MOUNTAIN
'
.
573
5.2.2.
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
'
CONCEPTION
OF
HIGH
MOUNTAINS
.
575
5.2.3.
THE
CONNECTION
OF
MOUNTAINS
AND
CLOUDS
IN
THE
PERCEPTION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
575
5.2.4.
'
MOUNTAIN
'
AS
'
HIGH
'
.
576
5.2.5.
THE
TERM
FOR
'
MOUNTAIN
'
,
'
HEIGHTS
'
.
577
5.2.6.
THE
ELABORATENESS
OF
THE
TERMINOLOGY
FOR
MOUNTAINS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
577
5.3.
TERMS
FOR
BODIES
OF
WATER
.
578
5.3.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
RIVER
'
AND
'
STREAM
'
.
578
5.3.2.
'
RIVER
'
AS
'
FAST-FLOWING
'
.
578
5.3.3.
GENERAL
TERMS
FOR
WATER
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
579
5.3.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
SEA
'
,
'
LAKE
'
.
579
5.3.5.
TERMS
FOR
'
SEA
'
,
'
LAKE
'
,
'
SWAMP
'
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
580
5.3.6.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
SEA
'
.
580
5.3.7.
'
SEA
'
AS
'
SALTY
'
.
581
5.3.8.
SEAFARING
TERMINOLOGY
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
.
582
5.3.9.
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
CONCEPT
OF
THE
SEA.
THE
SEA
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
MYTH
.
582
5.4.
METEOROLOGICAL
PHENOMENA:
WIND,
STORM,
RAIN,
SNOW,
ETC
.
584
CONTENTS
XLIX
5.4.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
WIND
'
AND
'
STORM
'
.
584
5.4.2.
WIND
AND
STORM
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN MYTHOLOGY
.
584
5.4.3.
THE
FOUR
WINDS
.
585
5.4.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
RAIN
.
586
5.4.5.
RAIN
AS
THE
MANIFESTATION
OF
A
GOD
'
S
POWER.
TABOO
REPLACEMENT
OF
THE
TERM
FOR
RAIN
.
586
5.4.6.
RAINMAKING
RITUALS
.
587
5.4.7.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
SNOW
.
587
5.4.8.
TERMS
FOR
COLD
AND
ICE
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
588
5.4.9.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
WARMTH
AND
HEAT
.
589
5.5.
ASTRONOMICAL
PHENOMENA:
SUN,
MOON,
STARS,
CONSTELLATIONS
.
590
5.5.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
SUN
'
.
590
5.5.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
MOON
'
AND
'
MONTH
'
.
590
5.5.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
MYTHOLOGICAL
CONCEPTIONS
OF
THE
MOON
AND
SUN
.
591
5.5.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
'
STAR
'
AND
ITS
SEMITIC
CONNECTIONS
.
591
5.5.5.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
STARS
AND
CONSTELLATIONS
.
592
CHAPTER
SIX
-
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY,
MATERIAL
CULTURE,
CRAFTS,
TRANSPOR
TATION
6.1.
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY
FROM
*
LINGUISTIC
DATA
.
593
6.1.1.
THE
TERMINOLOGY
OF
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY
.
593
6.2.
AGRICULTURAL
TERMINOLOGY
.
593
6.2.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
PLOW
'
AND
PLOWING
.
593
6.2.2.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
SOWING
.
594
6.2.3.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
(PLOWED)
FURROW
'
.
595
6.2.4.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
(IRON)
PLOW
'
,
PLOW
PARTS,
AND
'
WOODEN
PLOW
'
.
595
6.2.5.
CULTURE-HISTORICAL
DATA
ON
THE
SPREAD
OF
THE
IRON
PLOW
.
596
6.2.6.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
SEASONS
BASED
ON
AGRICULTURAL
CYCLES.
596
6.2.7.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
SICKLE
'
.
597
6.2.8.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
GRINDING
GRAIN
AND
'
MORTAR
'
.
598
6.2.9.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
MILL
'
,
'
MILLSTONE
'
.
599
6.2.10.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
'
GRAIN
'
.
600
6.3.
THE
TERMINOLOGY
OF
HERDING
AND
HUNTING
.
600
6.3.1.
TERMS
FOR
HERDING
AND
GUARDING
FLOCKS
.
600
6.3.2.
THE
ANCIENT
TERM
FOR
'
HERDER
'
,
'
SHEPHERD
'
.
601
6.3.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
HUNTING
.
601
1
CONTENTS
6.4,
ELEMENTS
OF
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
MATERIAL
CULTURE
.
603
6.4.1.
GENERAL
TERMS
FOR
FOOD
AND
EATING
.
603
6.4.2.
THE
OPPOSITION
OF
RAW
FOOD
TO
COOKED
FOOD
.
604
6.4.3.
COOKING
OF
FOOD
.
604
6.4.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
FIRE
'
AND
'
HEARTH
'
.
605
6.4.5.
THE
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
THE
FIRE
AND
HEARTH
IN
ANCIENT
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
605
6.4.6.
RITUAL
FOOD
OFFERED
TO
A
DEITY
.
606
6.4.7.
EXCHANGE
OF
FOOD
BETWEEN
PEOPLE
AND
GODS;
THE
WORD
FOR
'
HUN
GER
'
,
'
FAMINE
'
.
607
6.4.8.
OTHER
TERMS
FOR
EATING
.
607
6.4.9.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
DRINKING
.
607
6.4.10.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
FOOD
PREPARED
BY
HEATING
.
608
6.4.11.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
SALT
'
.
608
6.4.12.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
OILS
.
609
6.5.
TERMINOLOGY
FOR
CRAFTS
AND
CRAFT
PRODUCTION
.
609
6.5.1.
TERMS
FOR
SPINNING,
WEAVING,
AND
SEWING
.
609
6.5.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
CLOTHING
AND
DRESSING
.
610
6.5.3.
THE
GENERAL
TERM
FOR
CRAFT
PRODUCTION
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
611
6.5.4.
DIALECT
TERMS
FOR
CRAFT
PRODUCTION
.
611
6.5.5.
TERMS
FOR
WOODWORKING
.
611
6.5.6.
INDO-EUROPEAN
POTTERY
TERMINOLOGY
.
612
6.5.7.
THE
TERMINOLOGY
OF
METALLURGY.
WORDS
FOR
'
COPPER
'
.
613
6.5.8.
INDO-EUROPEAN
METAL
NAMES
AND
COLOR
ATTRIBUTES
.
615
6.5.9.
THE
CONNECTION BETWEEN
INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
ANCIENT
MESOPOTAMIAN
TERMS
FOR
COPPER
.
616
6.5.10.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
SILVER
AND
THEIR
CONNECTION
WITH
'
WHITE
'
,
'
SHINING
'
.
617
6.5.11.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
GOLD
.
618
6.5.12.
RELATIONS
BETWEEN
METAL
NAMES
AND
COLOR
TERMS
.
618
6.5.13.
SMITHING
TERMINOLOGY
.
619
6.5.14.
NAMES
OF
METAL
TOOLS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN:
AXE
AND
POLEAXE
.
.
.
620
6.6.
TERMINOLOGY
FOR
TRANSPORT
AND
CONVEYANCES
.
621
6.6.1.
METALLURGY
AS
A
PRECONDITION
FOR
MANUFACTURE
OF
WHEELED
VEHICLES
.
621
6.6.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
WHEEL
'
AND
'
WHEELED
CARRIAGE
'
.
.
.
621
6.6.3.
WORDS
REFERRING
TO
ROTATION
.
623
6.6.4.
THE
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
THE
WHEEL
IN
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
623
CONTENTS
U
6.6.5.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
HARNESS
'
AND
ITS
PARTS:
POLE,
YOKE,
AND
AXLE
.
624
6.6.6.
THE
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
THE
YOKE
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
625
6.6.7.
OTHER
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
YOKE
'
AND
PARTS
OF
THE
HARNESS:
'
STRAP
'
,
'
BRIDLE
'
,
'
HOOK
'
.
626
6.6.8.
INDO-EUROPEAN
VERBS
REFERRING
TO
RIDING
IN
A
CARRIAGE
.
627
6.6.9.
CULTURE-HISTORICAL
DATA
ON
THE
SPREAD
OF
WHEELED
VEHICLES
AMONG
THE
EARLY
INDO-EUROPEANS.
VEHICLES
AMONG
THE
HITTITES
.
627
6.6.10.
WHEELED
CARRIAGES
IN
SOUTHWEST
ASIAN
BURIAL
RITES
.
629
6.6.11.
WHEEL,
CHARIOTEER,
AND
WHEELED
CARRIAGE
IN
INDO-IRANIAN
TRADITION
.
630
6.6.12.
COVERED
WAGONS
AMONG
THE
INDO-IRANIANS
.
632
6.6.13.
WHEELED
VEHICLES
AND
CHARIOTS
IN
ANCIENT
GREEK
TRADITION
.
633
6.6.14.
THE
RITUAL
ROLE
OF
THE
CHARIOT
IN
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS.
634
6.6.15.
HORSEBACK
RIDING
.
635
6.6.16.
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
AS
THE
EARLIEST
LOCATION
OF
WHEELED
VEHICLES.
PATHS
OF
DISPERSION
OF
CHARIOTS
TO
EURASIA
.
636
6.6.17.
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
AS
POSSESSORS
OF
WHEELED
WAGONS.
639
CHAPTER
SEVEN
-
THE
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION,
ECONOMY,
AND
KINSHIP
K
SYSTEM
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
7.1.
WAR
AS
AN
OCCUPATION.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
WEAPONS
.
643
7.1.1.
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
WEAPON
NAMES
AND
A
VERB
MEANING
'
PURSUE,
DESTROY
ENEMY
'
.
643
7.1.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
TAKING
PLUNDER
.
644
7.1.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
ARMY,
PEOPLE
'
AND
'
MILITARY
DEFENSE
'
.
644
7.2.
THE
HOUSE
OR
DWELLING
AND
SETTLEMENT
AS
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
UNITS
OF
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
.
645
7.2.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERM
FOR
'
HOUSE,
DWELLING
'
.
645
7.2.2.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SETTLEMENT
AS
A
GROUPING
OF
HOUSES
.
646
7.2.3.
THE
DOOR
AS
THE
EXIT
FROM
THE
HOUSE;
THE
OPPOSITION
OF
'
AT
HOME,
IN
THE
HOUSE
'
TO
'
OUT
OF
THE
HOUSE
'
,
'
IN
THE
VILLAGE
'
TO
'
OUT
OF
THE
VILLAGE
'
.
647
7.2.4.
THE
FENCE
AS
THE
BOUNDARY
OF
THE
HOUSE
OR
VILLAGE
.
647
7.2.5.
FORTIFIED
SETTLEMENTS
AND
FORTRESSES
.
648
7.2.6.
'
FORTIFICATION
'
AND
'
FORTRESS
'
IN
INDIVIDUAL
EARLY
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
649
LII
CONTENTS
7.3.
BASIC
ECONOMIC
CONCEPTIONS
DRAWN
FROM
INDO-EUROPEAN
LINGUISTIC
DATA
.
649
7.3.1.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
MEANING
'
POSSESSIONS
'
,
'
PROPERTY
'
,
'
WEALTH
'
.
649
7.3.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
BUYING
AND
SELLING
.
650
7.3.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
TERMS:
'
DEPRIVED
'
,
'
POOR
'
,
'
THIEF
'
.
651
7.4.
TERMS
FOR
SOCIAL
GROUPINGS
AND
THEIR
LEADERS
.
652
7.4.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
KIN,
CLAN
'
.
652
7.4.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
'
TRIBE,
PEOPLE
'
.
652
7.4.3.
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
CLAN
'
AND
'
CLAN
LEADER
'
.
653
7.4.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
SACRED
KING
'
.
654
7.4.5.
DIALECT
WORDS
FOR
'
KING
'
,
'
SOVEREIGN
'
.
654
7.5.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMINOLOGY
OF
EXCHANGE
.
655
7.5.1.
THE
GENERAL
WORD
FOR
EXCHANGE:
*T
'
OH
.
655
7.5.2.
OTHER
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
EXCHANGE
.
656
7.5.3.
HOSPITALITY
.
657
7.6.
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
'
SYSTEM
OF
MARRIAGE
RELATIONS
AND
KINSHIP
BY
MARRIAGE
.
658
7.6.1.
MARRIAGE
AS
EXCHANGE
OF
WOMEN.
THE
EARLIEST
INDO
'
EUROPEAN
TERMINOLOGY
FOR
MARRIAGE
RELATIONS
.
658
7.6.2.
ABDUCTION
AS
THE
EARLIEST
FORM
OF
MARRIAGE
.
659
7.6.3.
VARIOUS
FORMS
OF
MARRIAGE
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
660
7.6.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
MAN
'
AND
'
WOMAN
'
AS
SPOUSES
.
.
.
660
7.6.5.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
WIDOW
'
.
661
7.6.6.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
AFFINAL
KINSHIP
.
662
7.6.7.
TERMS
FOR
AFFINAL
RELATIONS
BETWEEN
EGO
'
S
GENERATION
(GO)
AND
THE
GENERATION
OF
EGO
'
S
PARENTS
(G-I)
.
662
7.6.8.
THE
GENERAL
STRUCTURE
OF
AFFINAL
RELATIONS,
AND
TERMS
FOR
AFFINES
.
663
7.6.9.
THE
PATRILOCAL
CHARACTER
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
EXTENDED
FAMILY
.
664
7.7.
THE
ANCIENT INDO-EUROPEANS
'
CONSANGUINEAL
KINSHIP
SYSTEM
.
665
7.7.1.
GO
KINSHIP
TERMS
.
665
7.7.2.
CONSANGUINEAL
KINSHIP
TERMS
OF
EGO
'
S
PARENTS
'
GENERATION
(G-1)
.
667
7.7.3.
G+1
CONSANGUINEAL
KIN
TERMS
.
667
7.7.4.
G-2
CONSANGUINEAL
KIN
TERMS
.
668
7.7.5.
THE
MEANING
AND
INTERRELATION
OF
*HAUHO
AND
*NEP* OTH-;
CROSS-COUSIN MARRIAGE
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
669
CONTENTS
LIII
7.7.6.
THE
GENERAL
SYSTEM
AND
TERMINOLOGY
OF
MARRIAGE
AND
KINSHIP
RELATIONS
.
671
7.7.7.
EARLY
CONSANGUINEAL
RELATIONS
AS
A
DUAL-EXOGAMOUS
SYSTEM
.
674
7.7.8.
RELATIONS
BETWEEN
NEPHEWS
AND
MATERNAL
UNCLES
IN
A
DUAL-EXOGAMOUS
SYSTEM,
AND
TRACES
OF
SUCH
RELATIONS
IN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
674
7.7.9.
THE
REORGANIZATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
AFFINAL
KINSHIP
SYSTEM
AND
LOSS
OF
THE
PATRILOCAL
PRINCIPLE
IN
THE
SEPARATE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
676
CHAPTER
EIGHT
-
THE
CONNECTION
OF
ANCIENT
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
WITH
INTELLECTUAL
CONSTRUCTS
AND
THE
MYTHOLOGICAL
VIEW
OF
THE
WORLD
8.1.
THE
DUALISTIC
PRINCIPLE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
AND
ITS
REFLECTION
IN
RITUALS
AND
MYTHOLOGY
.
679
8.1.1.
THE
BINARISM
OF
RELIGIOUS
AND MYTHOLOGICAL
VIEWS
.
679
8.1.2.
TWO
TRIBAL
LEADERS
AS
AN
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
CONCEPTION
.
679
8.1.3.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TWIN
CULT
.
680
8.1.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN MYTH
OF
THE
TWINS
'
INCEST
.
680
8.1.5.
DUALISTIC
RITUALS
IN
INDIVIDUAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
681
8.1.6.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
'
HALF
'
.
682
8.1.7.
PAIRS
OF
LEXICAL
ANTONYMS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
682
8.1.8.
THE
SYMBOLISM
OF
RIGHT
AND
LEFT
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
686
8.1.9.
TERMS
FOR
THE
PAIRED
BODY
PARTS
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
688
8.2.
THE
TRANSFORMATION
OF
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
INTO
A
STRUCTURE
WITH
THREE
OR
FOUR
CLASSES.
REFLEXES
OF
THIS
STRUCTURE
IN
INTELLECTUAL
CONSTRUCTS
AND
MYTHOLOGY
.
688
8.2.1.
THE
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
DUAL
SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
.
688
8.2.2.
THE
RISE
OF
THREE
OR
FOUR
SOCIAL
CLASSES
IN
THE
INDIVIDUAL
HISTORICAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
SOCIETIES
.
689
8.2.3.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
RISE
OF
THE
THREE
SOCIAL CLASSES
IN
THE
INDIVIDUAL
HISTORICAL
SOCIETIES;
THE
PROBLEM
OF
TRIPARTITE
STRUCTURE
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
SOCIETY
AND
MYTHOLOGY
.
690
8.2.4.
THE
REORGANIZATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
MARRIAGE
AND
AFFINAL
RELATIONS
AND
THE
RISE
OF
ENDOGAMY
IN
THE
INDIVIDUAL
HISTORICAL
SOCIETIES
.
691
8.3.
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
.
692
8.3.1.
THE
CORRELATION
BETWEEN
SOCIAL
STRUCTURES
AND
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
PANTHEON
.
692
8.3.2.
THE
BINARY
NATURE
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
.
.
692
8.3.3.
THE
HIGHEST
INDO-EUROPEAN
DEITY,
THE
SKY
GOD
.
692
LIV
CONTENTS
8.3.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
GOD
OF
THUNDER
AND
MILITARY
BRIGADES
.
.
694
8.3.5.
THE
RELATION
BETWEEN
THE
TWO
MAJOR
GODS
OF
THE
INDO
EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
.
694
8.3.6.
THE
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
IN
THE
ANATOLIAN
TRADITION
.
695
8.3.7.
THE
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
IN
SANSKRIT
TRADITION
.
696
8.3.8.
THE
REFLECTION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
IN
GREEK
MYTHOLOGY
.
697
8.3.9.
THE
TRANSFORMATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
IN
ITALIC
TRADITION
.
698
8.3.10.
TRACES
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
PANTHEON
IN
OTHER
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
TRADITIONS
.
699
CHAPTER
NINE
-
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
RITUALS.
LEGAL
AND
MEDICAL
CONCEPTIONS.
THE
AFTERWORLD
AND
BURIAL
RITES
9.1.
THE
GENERAL
SPIRITUAL
CONCEPTS
AND
RITUALS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
.
.
701
9.1.1.
RITUAL
ACTIVITY
AS
THE
PRACTICE
OF
THE
PRIESTLY
CLASS
.
701
9.1.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
BASIC
RELIGIOUS
CONCEPTS
.
701
9.1.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMS
FOR
RELIGIOUS
RITES
.
703
9.1.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERMINOLOGY
FOR
FORTUNETELLING
RITES
.
705
9.1.5.
INDO-EUROPEAN
LEGAL
AND
RITUAL
TERMINOLOGY
.
706
9.1.6.
THE
DISTRIBUTION
OF
RITUAL
AND
LEGAL
TERMS
BY
DIALECT
AREA
.
.
.
708
9.1.7.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORD
FOR
'
BLOOD
FEUD
'
.
709
9.1.8.
RITUAL
AND
LEGAL
FORMULAS
CONTAINING
ROOTS
WITH
VERY
GENERAL
MEANINGS
.
710
9.2.
INDO-EUROPEAN
MEDICAL
TERMINOLOGY.
MEDICINE
AS
PART
OF
THE
RITUAL
SYSTEM
.
711
9.2.1.
THE
GENERAL
TERM
FOR
RITUAL
HEALING
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
711
9.2.2.
STRUCTURE
OF
RITUALS
FOR
TREATING
DISEASE
.
711
9.2.3.
INDO-EUROPEAN
NAMES
FOR
BODY
PARTS
.
712
9.2.4.
THE
RITUAL
IDENTITY
OF
HUMAN
AND
ANIMAL
BODY
PARTS.
CONJURY
.
717
9.2.5.
THE
CORRESPONDENCE
OF
BODY
PARTS
TO
PARTS
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
IN THE
CONCEPTIONS
OF
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
719
9.2.6.
THE
CONCEPTION
OF
HUMANS
AS
HAVING
ORIGINATED
FROM
THE
EARTH
.
720
9.3.
CONCEPTIONS
OF
THE
AFTERWORLD;
BURIAL
RITES
.
721
9.3.1.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
VIEW
OF
DEATH
AS
AN
INEVITABLE
FATE
.
721
9.3.2.
THE
DRINK
OF
THE
GODS
WHICH
OVERCOMES
DEATH
.
721
9.3.3.
THE
AFTERWORLD
AS
A
PASTURE
.
722
9.3.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WORDS
FOR
THE
AFTERWORLD
.
723
CONTENTS
LV
9.3.5.
WATER
AS
THE
BOUNDARY
BETWEEN
THE
WORLD
OF
THE
LIVING
AND
THE
WORLD
OF
THE
DEAD
.
724
9.3.6.
INDO-EUROPEAN
BURIAL
RITES.
THE
OLD
HITTITE
TRADITION
OF
CREMATION
.
725
9.3.7.
ANCIENT
GREEK
CREMATION
.
726
9.3.8.
THE
CREMATION
RITE
IN
SANSKRIT
TRADITION
.
727
9.3.9.
BURIAL
RITES
AND
CREMATION
IN
ANCIENT
EUROPE
.
728
9.3.10.
TWO
BURIAL
TYPES
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
AND
CONCEPTIONS
OF
TWO
TYPES
OF
DEATH
.
729
9.3.11.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
NATURE
OF
CREMATION
AND
FIRE
WORSHIP
AMONG
THE
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEANS
.
729
CHAPTER
TEN
-
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
TEXT
FRAGMENTS.
FRAGMENTS
OF
POETIC
SPEECH;
INDO-EUROPEAN
METRICAL
SCHEMES.
THE
COUNTING
SYSTEM
AND
NUMBER
SYMBOLISM
10.1.
POETIC
TEXT
FRAGMENTS
INVOLVING
MYTH
AND
RITUAL
.
731
10.1.1.
THE
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
FRAGMENTS
OF
SPEECH
LONGER
THAN
A
WORD
.
731
10.1.2.
SOME
PHRASES
FROM
INDO-EUROPEAN POETIC
SPEECH
.
732
10.1.3.
METALINGUISTIC
DESIGNATIONS
FOR
POETIC
SPEECH
.
733
10.2.
THE
SOUND
STRUCTURE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
POETIC
SPEECH
.
735
10.2.1.
PHONETIC
REPETITION,
ALLITERATION,
ANAGRAMS
.
735
10.2.2.
RECONSTRUCTION
OF
ARCHAIC
INDO-EUROPEAN
METRICAL
PATTERNS.
INDO-EUROPEAN
METRICS
IN
TYPOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
.
737
10.3.
NUMBERS
AND
THE
COUNTING
SYSTEM
.
740
10.3.1.
PRINCIPLES
FOR
RECONSTRUCTING
THE
NUMERICAL
SYSTEM.
A
BASE
TEN
COUNTING
SYSTEM
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
740
10.3.2.
THE
NUMERALS
'
ONE
'
AND
'
FIRST
'
,
AND
THEIR
TYPOLOGY
.
740
10.3.3.
NUMERALS
OF
THE
FIRST
DECADE
.
742
10.3.4.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
COUNTING
SYSTEM
AS
BASED
ON
TEN.
THE
WORDS
FOR
'
100
'
AND
THE
DECADES
.
744
10.3.5.
TRACES
OF
AN
ARCHAIC
INDO-EUROPEAN
SYSTEM
OF
COUNTING
ON
THE
FINGERS
.
746
10.4.
NUMBER
SYMBOLISM
AND
TRACES
OF
AN
ARCHAIC
INDO-EUROPEAN
CALENDAR
.
748
10.4.1.
THE
BASIC
NUMBERS
WITH
SYMBOLIC
MEANING
IN
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
748
10.4.2.
THE
SYMBOLISM
OF
THE
NUMBER
THREE.
TEMARISM
IN
THE
INDO
EUROPEAN
MYTHOLOGICAL
MODEL
OF
THE
WORLD
.
748
10.4.3.
THE
SYMBOLISM
OF
THE
NUMBER
FOUR
AND
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
SYSTEM
OF
SEASONS
.
749
10.4.4.
THE
SYMBOLISM
OF
THE
NUMBER
SEVEN
AND
TRACES
OF
A
LUNAR
WEEK
.
751
10.4.5.
THE
SYMBOLISM
OF
THE
NUMBER
TWELVE
.
752
IVI
CONTENTS
SECTION
TWO:
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN.
THE
INDO
EUROPEAN
HOMELAND
AND
MIGRATION
ROUTES
TO
THE
HISTORICAL
TER
RITORIES
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRIBES
CHAPTER
ELEVEN
-
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
IN
SPACE
AND
TIME,
BASED
ON
LINGUISTIC
AND
CULTURE-HISTORICAL
DATA
11.1.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
.
757
11.1.1.
TIME
AND
SPACE
AS
OBLIGATORY
CATEGORIES
FOR
THE
CONCRETE
REALITY
OF
A
PROTOLINGUISTIC
SYSTEM
.
757
11.1.2.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
IN
THE
LIGHT
OF
EVIDENCE
CONCERNING
THE
ANATOLIAN
LINGUISTIC
SYSTEM.
THE
EARLIEST
ANATOLIAN
ONOMASTICS
AND
HYDRONYMIES
.
757
11.1.3.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
IN
THE
LIGHT
OF
EVIDENCE
CONCERNING
THE
BREAKUP
OF
THE
GREEK-ARMENIAN
ARYAN
DIALECT
GROUPING.
MYCENEAN
GREEK
AND
ITS
POSITION
AS
A
DIALECT.
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AS
A
LINGUISTIC
COMMUNITY
DATABLE
TO
THE
FIFTH
TO
FOURTH
MILLENNIA
B.C
.
761
11.2.
THE
TERRITORIAL
RANGE
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
HOMELAND
.
762
11.2.1.
THE
ORIGINAL
TERRITORY
OF
THE
PROTOLANGUAGE
.
762
H.2.2.
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
PROTO-HOMELAND
AS
A
GEOGRAPHICAL
REGION
WITH
A
MOUNTAINOUS
TOPOGRAPHY
.
763
11.2.3.
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
FLORA
AND
FAUNA
AS
PALEOBOTANICAL
AND
PALEOZOOLOGICAL
INDICATORS
CORRELATING
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN
ECOLOGICAL
ENVIRONMENT
WITH
THE
MEDITERRANEAN
AND
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
.
764
11.2.4.
THE
DEVELOPED
HERDING
AND
AGRICULTURE
OF
THE
PROTO-INDO
EUROPEAN
EPOCH
AS
ARGUMENTS
AGAINST
LOCATING
THE
HOMELAND
IN
CENTRAL
OR
EASTERN
EUROPE
.
765
11.2.5.
INDO-EUROPEAN
WHEELED
TRANSPORTATION
AND
BRONZE
METALLURGY
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
LOCATING
THE
ORIGINAL
INDO-EUROPEAN
TERRITORY
IN
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
.
767
11.3.
CONTACTS
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WITH
LANGUAGES
OF
ANCIENT
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
.
768
11.3.1.
AREAL
LINKS
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WITH
PROTO-SEMITIC
AND
PROTO-KARTVELIAN
IN
AN
ANCIENT
SHARED
TERRITORY
.
768
11.3.2.
SEMITIC
AND
SUMERIAN
LOANS
IN
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
.
769
11.3.3.
KARTVELIAN-INDO-EUROPEAN
LEXICAL
LINKS
AT
THE
PROTO
LANGUAGELEVEL
.
774
11.3.4.
THE
CORRELATION
OF
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN,
PROTO-SEMITIC,
AND PROTO-KARTVELIAN
LINGUISTIC
SYSTEMS
IN
TIME
AND
SPACE
.
777
CONTENTS
IVII
11.3.5.
LEXICAL
CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
THE
ANCIENT
LANGUAGES
OF
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
(HATTIE,
ELAMITE,
HURRIAN-URARTEAN)
.
777
11.4.
INDO-EUROPEAN
CULTURE
IN
TYPOLOGICAL
COMPARISON
TO
ANCIENT
ORIENTAL
CIVILIZATIONS
.
779
11.4.1.
THE
LEVEL
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
MATERIAL
AND
INTELLECTUAL
CULTURE
AS
AN
INDICATOR
OF
PROXIMITY
TO
ANCIENT
NEAR
EASTERN
CENTERS
OF
CIVILIZATION
.
779
11.4.2.
ANCIENT
INDO-EUROPEAN
WRITING.
THE
CHRONOLOGY
AND
SOURCES
OF
HITTITE-LUWIAN
HIEROGLYPHICS
.
783
11.5.
CORRELATION
OF
THE
NEAR
EASTERN
HOMELAND
OF
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
WITH
THE
ARCHEOLOGICAL
CULTURES
OF
ANCIENT
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
.
786
11.5.1.
IDENTIFYING
AN
ARCHEOLOGICAL
CULTURE
IN
SOUTHWEST
ASIA
THAT
CAN
BE
ASSOCIATED
WITH
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
.
786
11.5.2.
FEATURES
OF
THE
HALAF
CULTURE
OF
UPPER
MESOPOTAMIA
IN
THE
FIFTH
TO
FOURTH
MILLENNIA
B.C.
WHICH
BEAR
COMPARISON
TO
INDO-EUROPEAN
.
787
11.5.3.
THE
ENEOLITHIC
CULTURE
OF
THE
SOUTHERN
CAUCASUS
IN
THE
FIFTH
TO
FOURTH
MILLENNIA.
THE
KURA-ARAXES
CULTURE
OF
THE
THIRD
MILLENNIUM
AND
ITS
ETHNIC
IDENTITY
.
788
CHAPTER
TWELVE
-
THE
MIGRATIONS
OF
THE
INDO-EUROPEAN-SPEAKING*
TRIBES
FROM
THEIR
NEAR
EASTERN
HOMELAND
TO
THEIR
HISTORICAL
TER
RITORIES
IN
EURASIA
12.1.
THE
SEPARATION
OF
THE
ANATOLIAN
COMMUNITY
FROM
PROTO-INDO
EUROPEAN
AND
THE
MIGRATIONS
OF
THE
ANATOLIAN-SPEAKING
TRIBES
.
791
12.1.1.
THE
CORRELATION
OF
THE
TERRITORIES
OF
THE
EARLIEST
HISTORICAL
INDO
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
WITH
THE
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
HOMELAND
.
791
12.1.2.
THE
WESTWARD
MOVEMENT
OF
THE
ANATOLIAN-SPEAKING
TRIBES
IN
ASIA
MINOR
DURING
HISTORICAL
TIMES
.
791
12.1.3.
ANATOLIAN
LEXICAL
BORROWINGS
IN
THE
LANGUAGES
OF
THE
ANCIENT
SOUTHERN
CAUCASUS
(KARTVELIAN,
URARTEAN)
.
793
12.2.
THE
BREAKUP
OF
GREEK-ARMENIAN-ARYAN
DIALECT
UNITY
AND
THE
MIGRA
TIONS
OF
GREEK
SPEAKERS
.
794
12.2.1.
THE
GREEK-ARMENIAN-ARYAN
DIALECT
GROUPING
AND
ITS
BREAKUP.
THE
EARLY
SEPARATION
OF
INDO-IRANIAN
.
794
12.2.2.
THE
MIGRATIONS
OF
THE
PROTO-HELLENES
TO
MAINLAND
GREECE
AND
THE
AEGEAN
ISLANDS
VIA
ASIA
MINOR.
THE
PRE-GREEK
SUBSTRATUM
.
796
12.2.3.
THE
ANCIENT
GREEK
REGIONS
OF
WESTERN
ANATOLIA
(MILETUS,
AH
HIYAWA)
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
HISTORICAL
MIGRATIONS
OF
THE
PROTO
HELLENES
ACROSS
ASIA
MINOR
.
796
IVIII
CONTENTS
12.2.4.
GREEK-ANATOLIAN
LINKS
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
AN
EARLIER
GREEK
HABITATION
IN
ASIA
MINOR
.
797
12.2.5.
THE
GREEK
MIGRATION
TO
MAINLAND
GREECE
FROM
THE
EAST.
GREEK-KARTVELIAN
LEXICAL
TIES
AND
THE
MYTH
OF
THE
ARGONAUTS
.
799
12.3.
THE
ANCIENT
BALKAN
LANGUAGES
AND
THEIR
DIALECTAL
AND
AREAL
CORRELATION.
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
THROUGH
THE
BALKANS
.
804
12.3.1.
PHRYGIAN
AND
ITS
RELATION
TO
THE
GREEK-ARMENIAN-ARYAN
DIALECT
COMMUNITY
.
804
12.3.2.
PROTO-ALBANIAN
AND
ITS
ORIGINAL
DIALECT
RELATIONSHIPS
.
805
12.3.3.
THE
OLDEST
CULTURAL
FOCUS
IN
THE
BALKANS
IN
THE
FIFTH
TO
FOURTH
MILLENNIA
B.C.
AND
ITS
CONNECTION
WITH
ASIA
MINOR
(ATAL
HIIYIIK)
.
806
12.4.
PROTO-ARMENIAN
AND
ITS
ORIGINAL
EXPANSION
ROUTES
.
807
12.4.1.
CONTACTS
OF
PROTO-ARMENIAN
WITH
HITTITE
AND
LUWIAN.
THE
LANGUAGE
OF
THE
LAND
OF
HAYASA
.
807
12.5.
THE
BREAKUP
OF
THE
INDO-IRANIAN
DIALECT
COMMUNITY
AND
THE
TEMPORAL
AND
SPATIAL
RELATIONS
OF
THE
VARIOUS
MIGRATORY
WAVES
OF
INDO-IRANIAN
SPEAKERS
.
808
12.5.1.
EARLY
ARYAN
DIALECTS:
MITANNIAN
ARYAN,
KAFIRIAN,
INDO-ARYAN.
,
THE
CHRONOLOGY
OF
THE
SETTLEMENT
OF
AFGHANISTAN
AND
NORTHWEST
INDIA
.
808
12.5.2.
TRACES
OF
AN
ARYAN
DIALECT
IN
THE
NORTHERN
BLACK
SEA
AREA
AND
THE
PROBLEM
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
OVER
THE
CAUCASUS
.
811
12.5.3.
THE
SEPARATION
OF
THE
IRANIAN
DIALECTS
FROM
THE
ARYAN
DIALECT
COMMUNITY.
TRACES
OF
EAST
IRANIAN
SETTLEMENT
IN
CENTRAL
ASIA
AND
AFGHANISTAN
.
814
12.5.4.
EARLY
EVIDENCE
OF
IRANIAN
MIGRATIONS
TO
CENTRAL
ASIA.
THE
OLDEST
IRANIAN
LOANS
IN
FINNO-UGRIC
.
815
12.5.5.
EAST
IRANIAN
MIGRATIONS
AND
EARLY
IRANIAN
LOANS
IN
FINNO-UGRIC
.
822
12.5.6.
MIGRATORY
TERMS
IN
LANGUAGES
OF
ANCIENT
CENTRAL
ASIA
.
825
12.5.7.
THE
SEMANTICS
OF
EARLY
IRANIAN
LOANS
IN
FINNO-UGRIC.
THE
OC
CUPATIONS
OF
THE
EARLY
IRANIAN
SETTLERS
.
826
12.6.
THE
SEPARATION
OF
TOCHARIAN
FROM
PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
AND
THE
MIGRATIONS
OF
TOCHARIAN
SPEAKERS
.
828
12.6.1.
TOCHARIAN
MIGRATIONS
TO
THE
EAST
AND
INDO-EUROPEAN
LOANS
IN
CHINESE
.
828
12.6.2.
TOCHARIAN
LOANS
IN
FINNO-UGRIC
.
829
CONTENTS
LIX
12.7.
THE
SEPARATION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
FROM
PROTO-INDO
EUROPEAN
AND
THE
MIGRATION
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
TRIBES
ACROSS
CENTRAL
ASIA
.
831
12.7.1.
JOINT
MIGRATIONS
OF
TOCHARIAN
AND
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
TRIBES
.
831
12.7.2.
LEXICAL
CONNECTIONS
BETWEEN
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
AND
CENTRAL
ASIAN
LANGUAGES
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
MIGRATION
OF
INDO
EUROPEAN
TRIBES
TO
EASTERN
EUROPE
VIA
CENTRAL
ASIA
.
831
12.7.3.
LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
AS
EVIDENCE
FOR
THE
JOINT
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
.
835
12.7.4.
THE
NORTHERN
BLACK
SEA
AND
VOLGA
REGION
AS
THE
JOINT
TERRITORY
OF
THE
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS.
THE
SECONDARY
INDO-EUROPEAN
HOMELAND
.
836
12.7.5.
EVIDENCE
FOR
THE
JOINT
EXISTENCE
OF
THE
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
DIALECTS
IN
THE
SECONDARY
HOMELAND
FROM
THE
ANCIENT
HYDRONYMY
OF
THE
NORTHERN
BLACK
SEA
AREA
.
837
12.7.6.
THE
SECONDARY
HOMELAND
AS
THE
FORMATIVE
AREA
OF
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN-EAST
IRANIAN
LEXICAL
TIES.
SCYTHO-EUROPEAN
ISOGLOSSES
.
838
12.7.7.
THE
SECONDARY
HOMELAND
AND
THE
PROBLEM
OF
BALTO-SLAVIC
ARYAN LEXICAL
ISOGLOSSES
.
839
12.7.8.
THE
SPATIAL
AND
TEMPORAL
CORRELATION
OF
THE
SECONDARY
INDO
*
EUROPEAN
HOMELAND
WITH
THE
KURGAN
CULTURE
OF
THE
URAL
VOLGA
STEPPES
IN
THE
THIRD
MILLENNIUM
B.C
.
839
12.7.9.
THE
ADVANCE
OF
ANCIENT
EUROPEAN
DIALECT
SPEAKERS
INTO
CENTRAL
EUROPE
AND
THE
FORMATION
OF
CENTRAL
EUROPEAN
HYDRONYMY.
THE
FORMATION
OF
THE
SEPARATE
INDO-EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES
OF
ANCIENT
EUROPE
.
844
12.8.
THE
DIFFUSION
OF
PHYSICAL
TYPES
IN
EURASIA
IN
RELATION
TO
THE
PICTURE
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIGRATIONS
.
847
12.8.1.
THE
DIFFUSION
OF
THE
ANCIENT
SOUTHWEST
ASIAN
PHYSICAL
TYPE
IN
WESTERN
ASIA
AND
EUROPE
AS
A
REFLECTION
OF
ETHNIC
BLENDING
.
.
847
12.8.2.
THE
FINAL
STAGES
OF
INDO-EUROPEAN
MIGRATION
IN
THE
SECOND
TO
FIRST
MILLENNIA
B.C
.
849
INSTEAD
OF
AN
AFTERWORD
.
855
II
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
1
INDEXES
.
109 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Gamqrelije, T'amaz 1929-2021 Ivanov, Vjačeslav 1929-2017 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)103745378 (DE-588)119005964 |
| author_facet | Gamqrelije, T'amaz 1929-2021 Ivanov, Vjačeslav 1929-2017 |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Gamqrelije, T'amaz 1929-2021 |
| author_variant | t g tg v i vi |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023614608 |
| classification_rvk | EU 700 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)832301834 (DE-599)BVBBV023614608 |
| discipline | Literaturwissenschaft Indogermanistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Literaturwissenschaft Indogermanistik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023614608 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:43:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:25:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016930577 |
| oclc_num | 832301834 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-83 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-83 DE-188 |
| physical | CVI, 864 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1995 |
| publishDateSearch | 1995 |
| publishDateSort | 1995 |
| publisher | Mouton de Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Trends in linguistics |
| series2 | Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs |
| spelling | Gamqrelije, T'amaz 1929-2021 Verfasser (DE-588)103745378 aut Indoevropejskij jazyk i indoevropejcy Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture Pt. 1. The text by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze ; Vjačeslav V. Ivanov. With a pref. by Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols. Ed. by Werner Winter Berlin ; New York Mouton de Gruyter 1995 CVI, 864 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs 80,1 Trends in linguistics : Studies and monographs 80 Ivanov, Vjačeslav 1929-2017 Verfasser (DE-588)119005964 aut (DE-604)BV023561703 1 Trends in linguistics Studies and monographs ; 80,1 (DE-604)BV000000738 80,1 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016930577&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gamqrelije, T'amaz 1929-2021 Ivanov, Vjačeslav 1929-2017 Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture Trends in linguistics |
| title | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture |
| title_alt | Indoevropejskij jazyk i indoevropejcy |
| title_auth | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture |
| title_exact_search | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture |
| title_full | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture Pt. 1. The text by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze ; Vjačeslav V. Ivanov. With a pref. by Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols. Ed. by Werner Winter |
| title_fullStr | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture Pt. 1. The text by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze ; Vjačeslav V. Ivanov. With a pref. by Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols. Ed. by Werner Winter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture Pt. 1. The text by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze ; Vjačeslav V. Ivanov. With a pref. by Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols. Ed. by Werner Winter |
| title_short | Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans |
| title_sort | indo european and the indo europeans a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto language and a proto culture |
| title_sub | a reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016930577&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023561703 (DE-604)BV000000738 |
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