Holdings: Value functions for environmental management

Value functions for environmental management:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Beinat, Euro 1963- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Dordrecht ; Boston ; London Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1997
Series:	Environment & management Vol. 7
Subjects:	Environmental management > Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management Entscheidungsmodell
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Literaturverz. S. 227 - 238
Physical Description:	XIII, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
ISBN:	0792346629

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MARC


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adam_text	VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BY EURO BEINAT INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FREE UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII 1. SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 1 1.1. PROLOGUE 1 1.2. MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS 2 1.2.1. TYPES OF DECISION 2 1.2.2. EXAMPLES 3 1.3. DECISION PROCESSES 5 1.3.1. A GENERAL SCHEME 5 1.3.2. EVALUATING MULTIOBJECTIVE PROBLEMS 6 1.3.3. OUTCOME OF MULTIOBJECTIVE METHODS 7 1.4. VALUE FUNCTIONS 8 1.4.1. WHAT ARE VALUE FUNCTIONS? 8 1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS AND MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS 11 1.5.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 11 1.5.2. FACTS AND VALUES 12 1.5.3. EVALUATING DECISION ALTERNATIVES 13 1.5.4. EXPERT JUDGEMENT 14 1.6. OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 15 1.6.1. PROBLEM DOMAIN 15 1.6.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 17 1.6.3. OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 18 2. MULTIATTRTBUTE VALUE FUNCTION THEORY 21 2.1. INTRODUCTION 21 2.2. THE MULTIOBJECTIVE SETTING 22 2.2.1. TERMINOLOGY 22 2.3. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTION 25 2.4. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY: AXIOMATIC FOUNDATION 28 2.4.1. VALUE FUNCTIONS AND MEASUREMENT THEORY 28 2.4.2. EXISTENCE OF AN ORDINAL VALUE FUNCTION 28 2.4.3. EXISTENCE OF A MEASURABLE (CARDINAL) VALUE FUNCTION 31 2.5. MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.1. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.2. USEFULNESS OF THE ADDITIVE REPRESENTATION 34 2.5.3. ADDITIVE MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 36 2.5.4. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS: CANONICAL FORM 36 2.5.5. INDEPENDENCE TESTS.......... 38 2.5.6. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS 38 2.6. SOME COMMENTS ON VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 40 2.6.1. INTERPRETATION OF VALUES 40 2.6.2. INTERPRETATION OF WEIGHTS 42 2.6.3. NORMATIVE OR PRESCRIPTIVE DECISION AID? 43 2.7. CONCLUSIONS 44 3. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS 47 3.1. INTRODUCTION 47 3.2. ASSESSMENT CLASSIFICATION 48 3.3. ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 49 3.3.1. INFORMATION ITEMS 49 3.3.2. DECOMPOSED SCALING 49 3.3.3. HOLISTIC SCALING 50 3.3.4. A COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 50 3.4. INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR THE ASSESSMENT 52 3.5. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR VALUE FUNCTIONS 54 3.5.1. TECHNIQUES FOR DECOMPOSED SCALING 54 3.5.2. RANGE SELECTION AND SHAPE ASSESSMENT 54 3.5.3. DIRECT RATING 55 3.5.4. CURVE SELECTION 56 3.5.5. BISECTION 57 3.5.6. DIFFERENCE STANDARD SEQUENCE 57 3.5.7. PARAMETER ESTIMATION 58 3.5.8. SEMANTIC JUDGEMENT 58 3.5.9. INTERPOLATION AND CONSISTENCY CHECKS 59 3.6. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEIGHTS 60 3.6.1. SWING TECHNIQUE 60 3.6.2. WEIGHT RATING 61 3.6.3. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 61 3.6.4. TRADE-OFFS 61 3.6.5. QUALITATIVE TRANSLATION 62 3.6.6. WEIGHTS AND RANGES 62 3.7. HOLISTIC SCALING: SELECTION OF THE SCORE PROFILES 63 3.7.1. DESIGN OF ASSESSMENT PROFILES 63 3.7.2. FULL-PROFILE DESIGNS 64 3.7.3. PARTIAL-PROFILE DESIGNS 65 3.8. HOLISTIC SCALING: ASSESSMENT OF MULTIATTRIBUTE PROFILES 66 3.8.1. PROFILE RANKING, PROFILE RATING AND PROFILE INTERVAL RATING 66 3.8.2. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 67 3.8.3. ESTIMATION OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FROM HOLISTIC JUDGEMENTS... 67 3.9. ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 68 3.9.1. A CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 68 3.9.2. STANDARD PROCEDURES 69 3.9.3. DECOMPOSED SCALING WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 69 VI 3.9.4. HOLISTIC SCALING WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 70 3.9.5. MIXED TECHNIQUES WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 72 3.10. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 73 3.10.1. COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC APPROACHES 73 3.10.2. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS 75 3.11. CONCLUSIONS.... 75 4. VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION... 77 4.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES: AN OVERVIEW 78 4.2.1. CLASSIFICATION 78 4.2.2. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE STANDARDS 78 4.2.3. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: MULTIATTRIBUTE STANDARDS 81 4.2.4. UTILITY BASED APPROACHES: ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES 81 4.2.5. SOME COMMENTS ON STANDARDS AND INDICES 82 4.3. INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 83 4.3.1. THE CHAIN CAUSES-EFFECTS 83 4.3.2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 84 4.3.3. DOSE-EFFECT FUNCTIONS 85 4.4. CHOOSING ATTRIBUTES FOR THE DECISION 86 4.4.1. ATTRIBUTES IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 86 4.4.2. PROS AND CONS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 87 4.5. THE EFFECTS OF USING PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.1. VALUE MODELS WITH PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.2. INDEPENDENCE AND SYNERGY AMONG ATTRIBUTE SCORES 90 4.5.3. INTERACTION AMONG ATTRIBUTES AND INDEPENDENCE 92 4.5.4. MARGINAL VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR DEPENDENT ATTRIBUTES 93 4.5.5. ADDITIVE VS. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS 95 4.5.6. SETTING THE ATTRIBUTE RANGES 96 4.6. EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS 98 4.6. LR THE ROLE OF EXPERTS AND DECISION MAKERS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS 98 4.6.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL WITH PROXY AND NATURAL ATTRIBUTES 99 4.6.3. EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS: THE PROCESS OF DELEGATION... 100 4.7. ASSESSMENT OF EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS 102 4.7.1. ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS..... 102 4.7.2. INFORMATION FOR DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC SCALING ! 103 4.7.3. INTEGRATION OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 104 4.7.4. ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 105 4.8. CONCLUSIONS 106 5. AN INTERACTIVE PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR EXPERT JUDGEMENT : 107 5.1. INTRODUCTION 107 VH 5.2. A PROCEDURE TO ASSESS EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS 108 5.2.1. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 108 5.3. PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 109 5.4. ASSESSMENT OF MARGINAL VALUE FUNCTIONS 109 5.4.1. NOTATION 109 5.4.2. SHAPE AND VALUE REGIONS 110 5.5. ASSESSMENT OF WEIGHTS ILL 5.6. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 112 5.6.1. DESIGN OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 112 5.6.2. SELECTION OF PROFILES 113 5.6.3. ASSESSMENT OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 114 5.7. COMPUTATION OF THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL 115 5.7.1. CONSISTENCY ERRORS 115 5.7.2. THE LINEAR PROGRAMMING (LP) MODULE 116 5.7.3. NOTES ON THE FORMULATION 118 5.7.4. THE L PRIORITY VARIABLES 119 5.7.5. ADDITIVE MODELS 120 5.8. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 120 5.9. AN ASSESSMENT EXAMPLE 121 5.9.1. INITIAL STAGES AND RANGE SELECTION 121 5.9.2. VALUE REGIONS ASSESSMENT 122 5.9.3. WEIGHT ASSESSMENT 123 5.9.4. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 124 5.9.5. RESULTS AND REFINEMENTS 125 5.10. CONCLUSIONS 130 6. VALUE FUNCTION MODELS FOR EXPERT PANELS 133 6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 6.1.1. NOTATION 134 6.2. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 134 6.2.1. PANEL COMPOSITION 134 6.2.2. PANEL INTERACTION 135 6.2.3. EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS 136 6.3. MATHEMATICAL AGGREGATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES: A SHORT OVERVIEW 137 6.3.1. AGGREGATION OF PREFERENCES 137 6.3.2. AGGREGATION OF EXPERT JUDGEMENTS 138 6.3.3. MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PANEL AGGREGATION 138 6.4. AGGREGATION OF VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 139 6.4.1. AGGREGATION RULE FOR MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 139 6.4.2. LOCAL AND GLOBAL AGGREGATIONS 140 6R4.3. WEIGHTING PANEL MEMBERS 141 6.5. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND CLUSTERS 142 6.5.1. DEFINITION OF DISTANCE 142 6.5.2. DISTANCE BETWEEN NUMERICAL VECTORS 143 6.5.3. DISTANCE BETWEEN PRIORITY VECTORS 143 VUI 6.5.4. DISTANCE BETWEEN FUNCTIONS : 144 6.5.5. DISTANCE BETWEEN VALUE REGIONS 145 6.5.6. CLUSTER ANALYSIS 146 6.6. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND CLUSTERS: AN EXAMPLE 147 6.6.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN INPUT DATA 147 6.6.2. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN OUTPUT DATA 151 6.7. AGGREGATION RULES 153 6.8. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGGREGATION RULES 154 6.9. CONCLUSIONS 156 7. CASE STUDY: EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTION MODELS FOR CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SITE 159 7.1. INTRODUCTION 159 7 2. ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTED SITES: THE DUTCH SYSTEM 161 7.2.1. THE DUTCH SYSTEM 161 7.2.2. SOIL QUALITY STANDARDS , 161 7.3. A CASE STUDY: CLEANING UP A FORMER INDUSTRIAL SITE 162 7.3.1. THE CASE STUDY 162 7.3.2. CLEANING-UP OPTIONS 163 7.3.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND ATTRIBUTES 164 7.4. PROBLEM EVALUATION: STANDARDS AND TOXIC-UNITS 166 7.4.1. MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 166 7.5. PROBLEM EVALUATION: VALUE FUNCTIONS 168 7.5.1. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 168 7.5.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL 169 7.6. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FOR RESIDUAL SOIL CONCENTRATIONS 171 7.6.1. PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 171 7.6.2. THE ASSESSMENT 172 7.6.3. RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENTS 173 7.7. ANALYSIS OF PANEL RESPONSES 176 7.7.1. INPUT DATA 176 7.7.2. OUTPUT DATA 177 7.7.3. AGGREGATION RULES 178 7.8. EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL SOIL CONCENTRATIONS 179 7.9. OVERALL EVALUATION 183 7.10. CONCLUSIONS 185 7.11. APPENDIX 186 8. CASE STUDY: SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF NEW PESTICIDES 187 8.1. INTRODUCTION : 187 8.2. ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 189 8.2.1. DECISION MAKERS 189 IX 8.2.2. DECISION CRITERIA 189 8.2.3. DECISION ALTERNATIVES 190 8.2.4. DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE EVALUATION PHASE 190 8.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND ATTRIBUTES 191 8.3.1. THE OBJECTIVE TREE 191 8.3.2. ATTRIBUTES 192 8.4. THE EVALUATION 193 8.4.1. RISK ASSESSMENT 193 8.4.2. RISK EVALUATION 193 8.4.3. NON-SPATIAL EVALUATION 194 8.4.4. EVALUATION BASED ON RISK THRESHOLDS 195 8.4.5. EVALUATION BASED ON VALUE FUNCTIONS 195 8.4.6. SPATIAL EVALUATION 197 8.5. EXAMPLE: THE ADMISSION OF ATRAZINE IN THE NETHERLANDS 198 8.5.1. THE DECISION PROBLEM 198 8.5.2. NON-SPATIAL ANALYSIS: RISKS TO SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS 199 8.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS..... 201 8.6.1. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 201 8.6.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 202 8.6.3. EVALUATION WITH VALUE FUNCTIONS 204 8.7. SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE SPATIAL EVALUATION 206 8.7.1. FILTERING 206 8.7.2. FRAGMENTATION 208 8.7.3. SENSITIVITY 208 8.7.4. MAP STATISTICS 208 8.8. CONCLUSIONS 209 8.9. APPENDIX : 211 9. CONCLUSIONS 213 9.1. DRAWING UP THE BALANCE 213 9.2. THE THEORY OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND THE ASSESSMENT METHODS 214 9.2.1. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY 214 9.2.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 214 9.3. VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 215 9.3.1. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 215 9.3.2. EFFECTS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 215 9.3.3. EXPERT JUDGEMENT FOR THE DECISION , 216 9.4. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR EXPERT JUDGEMENT 217 9.4.1. A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING EXPERT JUDGEMENT 217 9.4.2. SOME GENERAL FINDINGS 217 9.5. ANALYSIS OF EXPERT-PANEL RESPONSES 218 9.5.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES 218 9.5.2. AGGREGATION SCHEMES 219 9.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS IN AN EMPIRICAL CONTEXT 219 9.6.1. THE APPLICATIONS 219 9.6.2. CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SOIL 220 9.6.3. SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 220 9.7. SOME THOUGHTS ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 221 9.7.1. DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE EVALUATION PHASE 221 9.7.2. EXTENSIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EVALUATION PHASE 223 9.7.3. EXTENSIONS TOWARDS OTHER PHASES OF THE DECISION PROCEDURE 224 9.8. A FINAL NOTE 226 REFERENCES 227 INDEX 239 XI
adam_txt	VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BY EURO BEINAT INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FREE UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII 1. SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 1 1.1. PROLOGUE 1 1.2. MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS 2 1.2.1. TYPES OF DECISION 2 1.2.2. EXAMPLES 3 1.3. DECISION PROCESSES 5 1.3.1. A GENERAL SCHEME 5 1.3.2. EVALUATING MULTIOBJECTIVE PROBLEMS 6 1.3.3. OUTCOME OF MULTIOBJECTIVE METHODS 7 1.4. VALUE FUNCTIONS 8 1.4.1. WHAT ARE VALUE FUNCTIONS? 8 1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS AND MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS 11 1.5.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 11 1.5.2. FACTS AND VALUES 12 1.5.3. EVALUATING DECISION ALTERNATIVES 13 1.5.4. EXPERT JUDGEMENT 14 1.6. OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 15 1.6.1. PROBLEM DOMAIN 15 1.6.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 17 1.6.3. OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 18 2. MULTIATTRTBUTE VALUE FUNCTION THEORY 21 2.1. INTRODUCTION 21 2.2. THE MULTIOBJECTIVE SETTING 22 2.2.1. TERMINOLOGY 22 2.3. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTION 25 2.4. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY: AXIOMATIC FOUNDATION 28 2.4.1. VALUE FUNCTIONS AND MEASUREMENT THEORY 28 2.4.2. EXISTENCE OF AN ORDINAL VALUE FUNCTION 28 2.4.3. EXISTENCE OF A MEASURABLE (CARDINAL) VALUE FUNCTION 31 2.5. MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.1. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.2. USEFULNESS OF THE ADDITIVE REPRESENTATION 34 2.5.3. ADDITIVE MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 36 2.5.4. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS: CANONICAL FORM 36 2.5.5. INDEPENDENCE TESTS. 38 2.5.6. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS 38 2.6. SOME COMMENTS ON VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 40 2.6.1. INTERPRETATION OF VALUES 40 2.6.2. INTERPRETATION OF WEIGHTS 42 2.6.3. NORMATIVE OR PRESCRIPTIVE DECISION AID? 43 2.7. CONCLUSIONS 44 3. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS 47 3.1. INTRODUCTION 47 3.2. ASSESSMENT CLASSIFICATION 48 3.3. ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 49 3.3.1. INFORMATION ITEMS 49 3.3.2. DECOMPOSED SCALING 49 3.3.3. HOLISTIC SCALING 50 3.3.4. A COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 50 3.4. INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR THE ASSESSMENT 52 3.5. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR VALUE FUNCTIONS 54 3.5.1. TECHNIQUES FOR DECOMPOSED SCALING 54 3.5.2. RANGE SELECTION AND SHAPE ASSESSMENT 54 3.5.3. DIRECT RATING 55 3.5.4. CURVE SELECTION 56 3.5.5. BISECTION 57 3.5.6. DIFFERENCE STANDARD SEQUENCE 57 3.5.7. PARAMETER ESTIMATION 58 3.5.8. SEMANTIC JUDGEMENT 58 3.5.9. INTERPOLATION AND CONSISTENCY CHECKS 59 3.6. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEIGHTS 60 3.6.1. SWING TECHNIQUE 60 3.6.2. WEIGHT RATING 61 3.6.3. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 61 3.6.4. TRADE-OFFS 61 3.6.5. QUALITATIVE TRANSLATION 62 3.6.6. WEIGHTS AND RANGES 62 3.7. HOLISTIC SCALING: SELECTION OF THE SCORE PROFILES 63 3.7.1. DESIGN OF ASSESSMENT PROFILES 63 3.7.2. FULL-PROFILE DESIGNS 64 3.7.3. PARTIAL-PROFILE DESIGNS 65 3.8. HOLISTIC SCALING: ASSESSMENT OF MULTIATTRIBUTE PROFILES 66 3.8.1. PROFILE RANKING, PROFILE RATING AND PROFILE INTERVAL RATING 66 3.8.2. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 67 3.8.3. ESTIMATION OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FROM HOLISTIC JUDGEMENTS. 67 3.9. ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 68 3.9.1. A CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 68 3.9.2. STANDARD PROCEDURES 69 3.9.3. DECOMPOSED SCALING WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 69 VI 3.9.4. HOLISTIC SCALING WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 70 3.9.5. MIXED TECHNIQUES WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 72 3.10. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 73 3.10.1. COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC APPROACHES 73 3.10.2. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS 75 3.11. CONCLUSIONS. 75 4. VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION. 77 4.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES: AN OVERVIEW 78 4.2.1. CLASSIFICATION 78 4.2.2. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE STANDARDS 78 4.2.3. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: MULTIATTRIBUTE STANDARDS 81 4.2.4. UTILITY BASED APPROACHES: ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES 81 4.2.5. SOME COMMENTS ON STANDARDS AND INDICES 82 4.3. INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 83 4.3.1. THE CHAIN CAUSES-EFFECTS 83 4.3.2. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 84 4.3.3. DOSE-EFFECT FUNCTIONS 85 4.4. CHOOSING ATTRIBUTES FOR THE DECISION 86 4.4.1. ATTRIBUTES IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 86 4.4.2. PROS AND CONS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 87 4.5. THE EFFECTS OF USING PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.1. VALUE MODELS WITH PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.2. INDEPENDENCE AND SYNERGY AMONG ATTRIBUTE SCORES 90 4.5.3. INTERACTION AMONG ATTRIBUTES AND INDEPENDENCE 92 4.5.4. MARGINAL VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR DEPENDENT ATTRIBUTES 93 4.5.5. ADDITIVE VS. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS 95 4.5.6. SETTING THE ATTRIBUTE RANGES 96 4.6. EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS 98 4.6. LR THE ROLE OF EXPERTS AND DECISION MAKERS IN THE ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS 98 4.6.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL WITH PROXY AND NATURAL ATTRIBUTES 99 4.6.3. EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS: THE PROCESS OF DELEGATION. 100 4.7. ASSESSMENT OF EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS 102 4.7.1. ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS. 102 4.7.2. INFORMATION FOR DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC SCALING ! 103 4.7.3. INTEGRATION OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 104 4.7.4. ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 105 4.8. CONCLUSIONS 106 5. AN INTERACTIVE PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR EXPERT JUDGEMENT : 107 5.1. INTRODUCTION 107 VH 5.2. A PROCEDURE TO ASSESS EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS 108 5.2.1. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 108 5.3. PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 109 5.4. ASSESSMENT OF MARGINAL VALUE FUNCTIONS 109 5.4.1. NOTATION 109 5.4.2. SHAPE AND VALUE REGIONS 110 5.5. ASSESSMENT OF WEIGHTS ILL 5.6. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 112 5.6.1. DESIGN OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 112 5.6.2. SELECTION OF PROFILES 113 5.6.3. ASSESSMENT OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 114 5.7. COMPUTATION OF THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL 115 5.7.1. CONSISTENCY ERRORS 115 5.7.2. THE LINEAR PROGRAMMING (LP) MODULE 116 5.7.3. NOTES ON THE FORMULATION 118 5.7.4. THE L PRIORITY VARIABLES 119 5.7.5. ADDITIVE MODELS 120 5.8. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS 120 5.9. AN ASSESSMENT EXAMPLE 121 5.9.1. INITIAL STAGES AND RANGE SELECTION 121 5.9.2. VALUE REGIONS ASSESSMENT 122 5.9.3. WEIGHT ASSESSMENT 123 5.9.4. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 124 5.9.5. RESULTS AND REFINEMENTS 125 5.10. CONCLUSIONS 130 6. VALUE FUNCTION MODELS FOR EXPERT PANELS 133 6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 6.1.1. NOTATION 134 6.2. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 134 6.2.1. PANEL COMPOSITION 134 6.2.2. PANEL INTERACTION 135 6.2.3. EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS 136 6.3. MATHEMATICAL AGGREGATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES: A SHORT OVERVIEW 137 6.3.1. AGGREGATION OF PREFERENCES 137 6.3.2. AGGREGATION OF EXPERT JUDGEMENTS 138 6.3.3. MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PANEL AGGREGATION 138 6.4. AGGREGATION OF VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 139 6.4.1. AGGREGATION RULE FOR MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 139 6.4.2. LOCAL AND GLOBAL AGGREGATIONS 140 6R4.3. WEIGHTING PANEL MEMBERS 141 6.5. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND CLUSTERS 142 6.5.1. DEFINITION OF DISTANCE 142 6.5.2. DISTANCE BETWEEN NUMERICAL VECTORS 143 6.5.3. DISTANCE BETWEEN PRIORITY VECTORS 143 VUI 6.5.4. DISTANCE BETWEEN FUNCTIONS : 144 6.5.5. DISTANCE BETWEEN VALUE REGIONS 145 6.5.6. CLUSTER ANALYSIS 146 6.6. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND CLUSTERS: AN EXAMPLE 147 6.6.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN INPUT DATA 147 6.6.2. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN OUTPUT DATA 151 6.7. AGGREGATION RULES 153 6.8. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGGREGATION RULES 154 6.9. CONCLUSIONS 156 7. CASE STUDY: EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTION MODELS FOR CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SITE 159 7.1. INTRODUCTION 159 7 2. ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTED SITES: THE DUTCH SYSTEM 161 7.2.1. THE DUTCH SYSTEM 161 7.2.2. SOIL QUALITY STANDARDS , 161 7.3. A CASE STUDY: CLEANING UP A FORMER INDUSTRIAL SITE 162 7.3.1. THE CASE STUDY 162 7.3.2. CLEANING-UP OPTIONS 163 7.3.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND ATTRIBUTES 164 7.4. PROBLEM EVALUATION: STANDARDS AND TOXIC-UNITS 166 7.4.1. MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 166 7.5. PROBLEM EVALUATION: VALUE FUNCTIONS 168 7.5.1. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 168 7.5.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL 169 7.6. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FOR RESIDUAL SOIL CONCENTRATIONS 171 7.6.1. PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 171 7.6.2. THE ASSESSMENT 172 7.6.3. RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENTS 173 7.7. ANALYSIS OF PANEL RESPONSES 176 7.7.1. INPUT DATA 176 7.7.2. OUTPUT DATA 177 7.7.3. AGGREGATION RULES 178 7.8. EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL SOIL CONCENTRATIONS 179 7.9. OVERALL EVALUATION 183 7.10. CONCLUSIONS 185 7.11. APPENDIX 186 8. CASE STUDY: SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF NEW PESTICIDES 187 8.1. INTRODUCTION : 187 8.2. ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 189 8.2.1. DECISION MAKERS 189 IX 8.2.2. DECISION CRITERIA 189 8.2.3. DECISION ALTERNATIVES 190 8.2.4. DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE EVALUATION PHASE 190 8.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND ATTRIBUTES 191 8.3.1. THE OBJECTIVE TREE 191 8.3.2. ATTRIBUTES 192 8.4. THE EVALUATION 193 8.4.1. RISK ASSESSMENT 193 8.4.2. RISK EVALUATION 193 8.4.3. NON-SPATIAL EVALUATION 194 8.4.4. EVALUATION BASED ON RISK THRESHOLDS 195 8.4.5. EVALUATION BASED ON VALUE FUNCTIONS 195 8.4.6. SPATIAL EVALUATION 197 8.5. EXAMPLE: THE ADMISSION OF ATRAZINE IN THE NETHERLANDS 198 8.5.1. THE DECISION PROBLEM 198 8.5.2. NON-SPATIAL ANALYSIS: RISKS TO SPECIES AND ECOSYSTEMS 199 8.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS. 201 8.6.1. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 201 8.6.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 202 8.6.3. EVALUATION WITH VALUE FUNCTIONS 204 8.7. SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE SPATIAL EVALUATION 206 8.7.1. FILTERING 206 8.7.2. FRAGMENTATION 208 8.7.3. SENSITIVITY 208 8.7.4. MAP STATISTICS 208 8.8. CONCLUSIONS 209 8.9. APPENDIX : 211 9. CONCLUSIONS 213 9.1. DRAWING UP THE BALANCE 213 9.2. THE THEORY OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND THE ASSESSMENT METHODS 214 9.2.1. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY 214 9.2.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 214 9.3. VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 215 9.3.1. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 215 9.3.2. EFFECTS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 215 9.3.3. EXPERT JUDGEMENT FOR THE DECISION , 216 9.4. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR EXPERT JUDGEMENT 217 9.4.1. A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING EXPERT JUDGEMENT 217 9.4.2. SOME GENERAL FINDINGS 217 9.5. ANALYSIS OF EXPERT-PANEL RESPONSES 218 9.5.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES 218 9.5.2. AGGREGATION SCHEMES 219 9.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS IN AN EMPIRICAL CONTEXT 219 9.6.1. THE APPLICATIONS 219 9.6.2. CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SOIL 220 9.6.3. SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 220 9.7. SOME THOUGHTS ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 221 9.7.1. DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE EVALUATION PHASE 221 9.7.2. EXTENSIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EVALUATION PHASE 223 9.7.3. EXTENSIONS TOWARDS OTHER PHASES OF THE DECISION PROCEDURE 224 9.8. A FINAL NOTE 226 REFERENCES 227 INDEX 239 XI
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spelling	Beinat, Euro 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)130000817 aut Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat Dordrecht ; Boston ; London Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1997 XIII, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environment & management Vol. 7 Literaturverz. S. 227 - 238 Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd rswk-swf Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 s Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 s DE-604 Environment & management Vol. 7 (DE-604)BV008242589 7 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016884734&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Beinat, Euro 1963- Value functions for environmental management Environment & management Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4201709-9 (DE-588)4121201-0
title	Value functions for environmental management
title_auth	Value functions for environmental management
title_exact_search	Value functions for environmental management
title_exact_search_txtP	Value functions for environmental management
title_full	Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat
title_fullStr	Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat
title_full_unstemmed	Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat
title_short	Value functions for environmental management
title_sort	value functions for environmental management
topic	Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 gnd
topic_facet	Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management Entscheidungsmodell
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