Value functions for environmental management:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht ; Boston ; London
Kluwer Acad. Publ.
1997
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Environment & management
Vol. 7 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverz. S. 227 - 238 |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0792346629 |
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| adam_text | VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BY EURO BEINAT INSTITUTE
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FREE UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM, AMSTERDAM, THE
NETHERLANDS KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON TABLE
OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII 1. SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 1
1.1. PROLOGUE 1 1.2. MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS 2 1.2.1. TYPES OF DECISION
2 1.2.2. EXAMPLES 3 1.3. DECISION PROCESSES 5 1.3.1. A GENERAL SCHEME 5
1.3.2. EVALUATING MULTIOBJECTIVE PROBLEMS 6 1.3.3. OUTCOME OF
MULTIOBJECTIVE METHODS 7 1.4. VALUE FUNCTIONS 8 1.4.1. WHAT ARE VALUE
FUNCTIONS? 8 1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS AND MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS
11 1.5.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 11 1.5.2. FACTS AND
VALUES 12 1.5.3. EVALUATING DECISION ALTERNATIVES 13 1.5.4. EXPERT
JUDGEMENT 14 1.6. OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 15 1.6.1. PROBLEM
DOMAIN 15 1.6.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 17 1.6.3. OUTLINE OF THE BOOK
18 2. MULTIATTRTBUTE VALUE FUNCTION THEORY 21 2.1. INTRODUCTION 21 2.2.
THE MULTIOBJECTIVE SETTING 22 2.2.1. TERMINOLOGY 22 2.3. AN EXAMPLE OF
MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTION 25 2.4. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY: AXIOMATIC
FOUNDATION 28 2.4.1. VALUE FUNCTIONS AND MEASUREMENT THEORY 28 2.4.2.
EXISTENCE OF AN ORDINAL VALUE FUNCTION 28 2.4.3. EXISTENCE OF A
MEASURABLE (CARDINAL) VALUE FUNCTION 31 2.5. MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE
FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.1. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.2. USEFULNESS OF THE
ADDITIVE REPRESENTATION 34 2.5.3. ADDITIVE MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 36
2.5.4. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS: CANONICAL FORM 36 2.5.5. INDEPENDENCE
TESTS.......... 38 2.5.6. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS 38 2.6. SOME
COMMENTS ON VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 40 2.6.1. INTERPRETATION OF VALUES 40
2.6.2. INTERPRETATION OF WEIGHTS 42 2.6.3. NORMATIVE OR PRESCRIPTIVE
DECISION AID? 43 2.7. CONCLUSIONS 44 3. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR
MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS 47 3.1. INTRODUCTION 47 3.2. ASSESSMENT
CLASSIFICATION 48 3.3. ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 49 3.3.1. INFORMATION ITEMS
49 3.3.2. DECOMPOSED SCALING 49 3.3.3. HOLISTIC SCALING 50 3.3.4. A
COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 50 3.4. INFORMATION
AVAILABLE FOR THE ASSESSMENT 52 3.5. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT
TECHNIQUES FOR VALUE FUNCTIONS 54 3.5.1. TECHNIQUES FOR DECOMPOSED
SCALING 54 3.5.2. RANGE SELECTION AND SHAPE ASSESSMENT 54 3.5.3. DIRECT
RATING 55 3.5.4. CURVE SELECTION 56 3.5.5. BISECTION 57 3.5.6.
DIFFERENCE STANDARD SEQUENCE 57 3.5.7. PARAMETER ESTIMATION 58 3.5.8.
SEMANTIC JUDGEMENT 58 3.5.9. INTERPOLATION AND CONSISTENCY CHECKS 59
3.6. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEIGHTS 60 3.6.1.
SWING TECHNIQUE 60 3.6.2. WEIGHT RATING 61 3.6.3. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 61
3.6.4. TRADE-OFFS 61 3.6.5. QUALITATIVE TRANSLATION 62 3.6.6. WEIGHTS
AND RANGES 62 3.7. HOLISTIC SCALING: SELECTION OF THE SCORE PROFILES 63
3.7.1. DESIGN OF ASSESSMENT PROFILES 63 3.7.2. FULL-PROFILE DESIGNS 64
3.7.3. PARTIAL-PROFILE DESIGNS 65 3.8. HOLISTIC SCALING: ASSESSMENT OF
MULTIATTRIBUTE PROFILES 66 3.8.1. PROFILE RANKING, PROFILE RATING AND
PROFILE INTERVAL RATING 66 3.8.2. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 67 3.8.3.
ESTIMATION OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FROM HOLISTIC JUDGEMENTS... 67
3.9. ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 68 3.9.1. A CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES 68 3.9.2. STANDARD PROCEDURES 69 3.9.3. DECOMPOSED SCALING
WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 69 VI 3.9.4. HOLISTIC SCALING WITH PARTIAL
INFORMATION 70 3.9.5. MIXED TECHNIQUES WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 72 3.10.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 73 3.10.1. COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC
APPROACHES 73 3.10.2. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS 75 3.11. CONCLUSIONS.... 75 4.
VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION... 77
4.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES: AN OVERVIEW 78 4.2.1.
CLASSIFICATION 78 4.2.2. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE
STANDARDS 78 4.2.3. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: MULTIATTRIBUTE STANDARDS 81
4.2.4. UTILITY BASED APPROACHES: ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES 81 4.2.5. SOME
COMMENTS ON STANDARDS AND INDICES 82 4.3. INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
DECISIONS 83 4.3.1. THE CHAIN CAUSES-EFFECTS 83 4.3.2. ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT 84 4.3.3. DOSE-EFFECT FUNCTIONS 85 4.4. CHOOSING ATTRIBUTES
FOR THE DECISION 86 4.4.1. ATTRIBUTES IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 86
4.4.2. PROS AND CONS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 87 4.5. THE EFFECTS OF USING
PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.1. VALUE MODELS WITH PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.2.
INDEPENDENCE AND SYNERGY AMONG ATTRIBUTE SCORES 90 4.5.3. INTERACTION
AMONG ATTRIBUTES AND INDEPENDENCE 92 4.5.4. MARGINAL VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR
DEPENDENT ATTRIBUTES 93 4.5.5. ADDITIVE VS. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS
95 4.5.6. SETTING THE ATTRIBUTE RANGES 96 4.6. EXPERT-BASED VALUE
FUNCTIONS 98 4.6. LR THE ROLE OF EXPERTS AND DECISION MAKERS IN THE
ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS 98 4.6.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL WITH
PROXY AND NATURAL ATTRIBUTES 99 4.6.3. EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS: THE
PROCESS OF DELEGATION... 100 4.7. ASSESSMENT OF EXPERT-BASED VALUE
FUNCTIONS 102 4.7.1. ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS..... 102 4.7.2. INFORMATION
FOR DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC SCALING ! 103 4.7.3. INTEGRATION OF
DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 104 4.7.4. ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 105 4.8. CONCLUSIONS 106 5. AN INTERACTIVE
PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR EXPERT JUDGEMENT : 107 5.1.
INTRODUCTION 107 VH 5.2. A PROCEDURE TO ASSESS EXPERT-BASED VALUE
FUNCTIONS 108 5.2.1. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 108 5.3.
PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 109 5.4. ASSESSMENT OF MARGINAL VALUE
FUNCTIONS 109 5.4.1. NOTATION 109 5.4.2. SHAPE AND VALUE REGIONS 110
5.5. ASSESSMENT OF WEIGHTS ILL 5.6. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 112 5.6.1.
DESIGN OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 112 5.6.2. SELECTION OF PROFILES 113 5.6.3.
ASSESSMENT OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 114 5.7. COMPUTATION OF THE VALUE
FUNCTION MODEL 115 5.7.1. CONSISTENCY ERRORS 115 5.7.2. THE LINEAR
PROGRAMMING (LP) MODULE 116 5.7.3. NOTES ON THE FORMULATION 118 5.7.4.
THE L PRIORITY VARIABLES 119 5.7.5. ADDITIVE MODELS 120 5.8. ANALYSIS OF
RESULTS 120 5.9. AN ASSESSMENT EXAMPLE 121 5.9.1. INITIAL STAGES AND
RANGE SELECTION 121 5.9.2. VALUE REGIONS ASSESSMENT 122 5.9.3. WEIGHT
ASSESSMENT 123 5.9.4. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 124 5.9.5. RESULTS AND
REFINEMENTS 125 5.10. CONCLUSIONS 130 6. VALUE FUNCTION MODELS FOR
EXPERT PANELS 133 6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 6.1.1. NOTATION 134 6.2.
PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 134 6.2.1. PANEL COMPOSITION 134 6.2.2. PANEL
INTERACTION 135 6.2.3. EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS 136 6.3. MATHEMATICAL
AGGREGATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES: A SHORT OVERVIEW 137 6.3.1.
AGGREGATION OF PREFERENCES 137 6.3.2. AGGREGATION OF EXPERT JUDGEMENTS
138 6.3.3. MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PANEL AGGREGATION 138 6.4.
AGGREGATION OF VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 139 6.4.1. AGGREGATION RULE FOR
MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 139 6.4.2. LOCAL AND GLOBAL AGGREGATIONS 140
6R4.3. WEIGHTING PANEL MEMBERS 141 6.5. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND
CLUSTERS 142 6.5.1. DEFINITION OF DISTANCE 142 6.5.2. DISTANCE BETWEEN
NUMERICAL VECTORS 143 6.5.3. DISTANCE BETWEEN PRIORITY VECTORS 143 VUI
6.5.4. DISTANCE BETWEEN FUNCTIONS : 144 6.5.5. DISTANCE BETWEEN VALUE
REGIONS 145 6.5.6. CLUSTER ANALYSIS 146 6.6. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND
CLUSTERS: AN EXAMPLE 147 6.6.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN INPUT DATA
147 6.6.2. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN OUTPUT DATA 151 6.7. AGGREGATION
RULES 153 6.8. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGGREGATION RULES 154
6.9. CONCLUSIONS 156 7. CASE STUDY: EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTION MODELS
FOR CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SITE 159 7.1. INTRODUCTION 159 7 2.
ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTED SITES: THE DUTCH SYSTEM 161 7.2.1. THE DUTCH
SYSTEM 161 7.2.2. SOIL QUALITY STANDARDS , 161 7.3. A CASE STUDY:
CLEANING UP A FORMER INDUSTRIAL SITE 162 7.3.1. THE CASE STUDY 162
7.3.2. CLEANING-UP OPTIONS 163 7.3.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND
ATTRIBUTES 164 7.4. PROBLEM EVALUATION: STANDARDS AND TOXIC-UNITS 166
7.4.1. MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 166 7.5. PROBLEM EVALUATION: VALUE FUNCTIONS
168 7.5.1. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 168 7.5.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL
169 7.6. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FOR RESIDUAL SOIL
CONCENTRATIONS 171 7.6.1. PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 171 7.6.2. THE
ASSESSMENT 172 7.6.3. RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENTS 173 7.7. ANALYSIS OF
PANEL RESPONSES 176 7.7.1. INPUT DATA 176 7.7.2. OUTPUT DATA 177 7.7.3.
AGGREGATION RULES 178 7.8. EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL SOIL CONCENTRATIONS
179 7.9. OVERALL EVALUATION 183 7.10. CONCLUSIONS 185 7.11. APPENDIX 186
8. CASE STUDY: SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF NEW
PESTICIDES 187 8.1. INTRODUCTION : 187 8.2. ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 189
8.2.1. DECISION MAKERS 189 IX 8.2.2. DECISION CRITERIA 189 8.2.3.
DECISION ALTERNATIVES 190 8.2.4. DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE EVALUATION
PHASE 190 8.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND ATTRIBUTES 191 8.3.1. THE
OBJECTIVE TREE 191 8.3.2. ATTRIBUTES 192 8.4. THE EVALUATION 193 8.4.1.
RISK ASSESSMENT 193 8.4.2. RISK EVALUATION 193 8.4.3. NON-SPATIAL
EVALUATION 194 8.4.4. EVALUATION BASED ON RISK THRESHOLDS 195 8.4.5.
EVALUATION BASED ON VALUE FUNCTIONS 195 8.4.6. SPATIAL EVALUATION 197
8.5. EXAMPLE: THE ADMISSION OF ATRAZINE IN THE NETHERLANDS 198 8.5.1.
THE DECISION PROBLEM 198 8.5.2. NON-SPATIAL ANALYSIS: RISKS TO SPECIES
AND ECOSYSTEMS 199 8.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS..... 201 8.6.1. PRELIMINARY
OPERATIONS 201 8.6.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 202 8.6.3. EVALUATION
WITH VALUE FUNCTIONS 204 8.7. SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE SPATIAL EVALUATION 206
8.7.1. FILTERING 206 8.7.2. FRAGMENTATION 208 8.7.3. SENSITIVITY 208
8.7.4. MAP STATISTICS 208 8.8. CONCLUSIONS 209 8.9. APPENDIX : 211 9.
CONCLUSIONS 213 9.1. DRAWING UP THE BALANCE 213 9.2. THE THEORY OF VALUE
FUNCTIONS AND THE ASSESSMENT METHODS 214 9.2.1. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY
214 9.2.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 214 9.3. VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 215 9.3.1. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS 215 9.3.2. EFFECTS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 215 9.3.3. EXPERT
JUDGEMENT FOR THE DECISION , 216 9.4. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR
EXPERT JUDGEMENT 217 9.4.1. A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING EXPERT JUDGEMENT
217 9.4.2. SOME GENERAL FINDINGS 217 9.5. ANALYSIS OF EXPERT-PANEL
RESPONSES 218 9.5.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES 218 9.5.2. AGGREGATION
SCHEMES 219 9.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS IN AN EMPIRICAL CONTEXT 219 9.6.1. THE
APPLICATIONS 219 9.6.2. CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SOIL 220 9.6.3. SPATIAL
DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 220 9.7. SOME THOUGHTS
ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 221 9.7.1. DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE EVALUATION PHASE
221 9.7.2. EXTENSIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EVALUATION PHASE 223
9.7.3. EXTENSIONS TOWARDS OTHER PHASES OF THE DECISION PROCEDURE 224
9.8. A FINAL NOTE 226 REFERENCES 227 INDEX 239 XI
|
| adam_txt |
VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BY EURO BEINAT INSTITUTE
FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FREE UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM, AMSTERDAM, THE
NETHERLANDS KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON TABLE
OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII 1. SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF THE STUDY 1
1.1. PROLOGUE 1 1.2. MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS 2 1.2.1. TYPES OF DECISION
2 1.2.2. EXAMPLES 3 1.3. DECISION PROCESSES 5 1.3.1. A GENERAL SCHEME 5
1.3.2. EVALUATING MULTIOBJECTIVE PROBLEMS 6 1.3.3. OUTCOME OF
MULTIOBJECTIVE METHODS 7 1.4. VALUE FUNCTIONS 8 1.4.1. WHAT ARE VALUE
FUNCTIONS? 8 1.5. ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS AND MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISIONS
11 1.5.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 11 1.5.2. FACTS AND
VALUES 12 1.5.3. EVALUATING DECISION ALTERNATIVES 13 1.5.4. EXPERT
JUDGEMENT 14 1.6. OBJECTIVES AND OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 15 1.6.1. PROBLEM
DOMAIN 15 1.6.2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 17 1.6.3. OUTLINE OF THE BOOK
18 2. MULTIATTRTBUTE VALUE FUNCTION THEORY 21 2.1. INTRODUCTION 21 2.2.
THE MULTIOBJECTIVE SETTING 22 2.2.1. TERMINOLOGY 22 2.3. AN EXAMPLE OF
MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTION 25 2.4. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY: AXIOMATIC
FOUNDATION 28 2.4.1. VALUE FUNCTIONS AND MEASUREMENT THEORY 28 2.4.2.
EXISTENCE OF AN ORDINAL VALUE FUNCTION 28 2.4.3. EXISTENCE OF A
MEASURABLE (CARDINAL) VALUE FUNCTION 31 2.5. MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE
FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.1. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS 32 2.5.2. USEFULNESS OF THE
ADDITIVE REPRESENTATION 34 2.5.3. ADDITIVE MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 36
2.5.4. ADDITIVE VALUE FUNCTIONS: CANONICAL FORM 36 2.5.5. INDEPENDENCE
TESTS. 38 2.5.6. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS 38 2.6. SOME
COMMENTS ON VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 40 2.6.1. INTERPRETATION OF VALUES 40
2.6.2. INTERPRETATION OF WEIGHTS 42 2.6.3. NORMATIVE OR PRESCRIPTIVE
DECISION AID? 43 2.7. CONCLUSIONS 44 3. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR
MULTIATTRIBUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS 47 3.1. INTRODUCTION 47 3.2. ASSESSMENT
CLASSIFICATION 48 3.3. ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES 49 3.3.1. INFORMATION ITEMS
49 3.3.2. DECOMPOSED SCALING 49 3.3.3. HOLISTIC SCALING 50 3.3.4. A
COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 50 3.4. INFORMATION
AVAILABLE FOR THE ASSESSMENT 52 3.5. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT
TECHNIQUES FOR VALUE FUNCTIONS 54 3.5.1. TECHNIQUES FOR DECOMPOSED
SCALING 54 3.5.2. RANGE SELECTION AND SHAPE ASSESSMENT 54 3.5.3. DIRECT
RATING 55 3.5.4. CURVE SELECTION 56 3.5.5. BISECTION 57 3.5.6.
DIFFERENCE STANDARD SEQUENCE 57 3.5.7. PARAMETER ESTIMATION 58 3.5.8.
SEMANTIC JUDGEMENT 58 3.5.9. INTERPOLATION AND CONSISTENCY CHECKS 59
3.6. DECOMPOSED SCALING: ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR WEIGHTS 60 3.6.1.
SWING TECHNIQUE 60 3.6.2. WEIGHT RATING 61 3.6.3. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 61
3.6.4. TRADE-OFFS 61 3.6.5. QUALITATIVE TRANSLATION 62 3.6.6. WEIGHTS
AND RANGES 62 3.7. HOLISTIC SCALING: SELECTION OF THE SCORE PROFILES 63
3.7.1. DESIGN OF ASSESSMENT PROFILES 63 3.7.2. FULL-PROFILE DESIGNS 64
3.7.3. PARTIAL-PROFILE DESIGNS 65 3.8. HOLISTIC SCALING: ASSESSMENT OF
MULTIATTRIBUTE PROFILES 66 3.8.1. PROFILE RANKING, PROFILE RATING AND
PROFILE INTERVAL RATING 66 3.8.2. PAIRWISE COMPARISON 67 3.8.3.
ESTIMATION OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FROM HOLISTIC JUDGEMENTS. 67
3.9. ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 68 3.9.1. A CLASSIFICATION OF ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES 68 3.9.2. STANDARD PROCEDURES 69 3.9.3. DECOMPOSED SCALING
WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 69 VI 3.9.4. HOLISTIC SCALING WITH PARTIAL
INFORMATION 70 3.9.5. MIXED TECHNIQUES WITH PARTIAL INFORMATION 72 3.10.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 73 3.10.1. COMPARISON OF DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC
APPROACHES 73 3.10.2. BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS 75 3.11. CONCLUSIONS. 75 4.
VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 77 4.1. INTRODUCTION. 77
4.2. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES: AN OVERVIEW 78 4.2.1.
CLASSIFICATION 78 4.2.2. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE
STANDARDS 78 4.2.3. RIGHT-BASED APPROACHES: MULTIATTRIBUTE STANDARDS 81
4.2.4. UTILITY BASED APPROACHES: ENVIRONMENTAL INDICES 81 4.2.5. SOME
COMMENTS ON STANDARDS AND INDICES 82 4.3. INFORMATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
DECISIONS 83 4.3.1. THE CHAIN CAUSES-EFFECTS 83 4.3.2. ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT 84 4.3.3. DOSE-EFFECT FUNCTIONS 85 4.4. CHOOSING ATTRIBUTES
FOR THE DECISION 86 4.4.1. ATTRIBUTES IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 86
4.4.2. PROS AND CONS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 87 4.5. THE EFFECTS OF USING
PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.1. VALUE MODELS WITH PROXY ATTRIBUTES 89 4.5.2.
INDEPENDENCE AND SYNERGY AMONG ATTRIBUTE SCORES 90 4.5.3. INTERACTION
AMONG ATTRIBUTES AND INDEPENDENCE 92 4.5.4. MARGINAL VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR
DEPENDENT ATTRIBUTES 93 4.5.5. ADDITIVE VS. NON-ADDITIVE REPRESENTATIONS
95 4.5.6. SETTING THE ATTRIBUTE RANGES 96 4.6. EXPERT-BASED VALUE
FUNCTIONS 98 4.6. LR THE ROLE OF EXPERTS AND DECISION MAKERS IN THE
ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS 98 4.6.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL WITH
PROXY AND NATURAL ATTRIBUTES 99 4.6.3. EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTIONS: THE
PROCESS OF DELEGATION. 100 4.7. ASSESSMENT OF EXPERT-BASED VALUE
FUNCTIONS 102 4.7.1. ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS. 102 4.7.2. INFORMATION
FOR DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC SCALING ! 103 4.7.3. INTEGRATION OF
DECOMPOSED AND HOLISTIC STRATEGIES 104 4.7.4. ANALYSIS OF AVAILABLE
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES 105 4.8. CONCLUSIONS 106 5. AN INTERACTIVE
PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR EXPERT JUDGEMENT : 107 5.1.
INTRODUCTION 107 VH 5.2. A PROCEDURE TO ASSESS EXPERT-BASED VALUE
FUNCTIONS 108 5.2.1. STRUCTURE OF THE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE 108 5.3.
PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 109 5.4. ASSESSMENT OF MARGINAL VALUE
FUNCTIONS 109 5.4.1. NOTATION 109 5.4.2. SHAPE AND VALUE REGIONS 110
5.5. ASSESSMENT OF WEIGHTS ILL 5.6. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 112 5.6.1.
DESIGN OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 112 5.6.2. SELECTION OF PROFILES 113 5.6.3.
ASSESSMENT OF HOLISTIC PROFILES 114 5.7. COMPUTATION OF THE VALUE
FUNCTION MODEL 115 5.7.1. CONSISTENCY ERRORS 115 5.7.2. THE LINEAR
PROGRAMMING (LP) MODULE 116 5.7.3. NOTES ON THE FORMULATION 118 5.7.4.
THE L PRIORITY VARIABLES 119 5.7.5. ADDITIVE MODELS 120 5.8. ANALYSIS OF
RESULTS 120 5.9. AN ASSESSMENT EXAMPLE 121 5.9.1. INITIAL STAGES AND
RANGE SELECTION 121 5.9.2. VALUE REGIONS ASSESSMENT 122 5.9.3. WEIGHT
ASSESSMENT 123 5.9.4. HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT 124 5.9.5. RESULTS AND
REFINEMENTS 125 5.10. CONCLUSIONS 130 6. VALUE FUNCTION MODELS FOR
EXPERT PANELS 133 6.1. INTRODUCTION 133 6.1.1. NOTATION 134 6.2.
PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 134 6.2.1. PANEL COMPOSITION 134 6.2.2. PANEL
INTERACTION 135 6.2.3. EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS 136 6.3. MATHEMATICAL
AGGREGATION OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES: A SHORT OVERVIEW 137 6.3.1.
AGGREGATION OF PREFERENCES 137 6.3.2. AGGREGATION OF EXPERT JUDGEMENTS
138 6.3.3. MATHEMATICAL METHODS FOR PANEL AGGREGATION 138 6.4.
AGGREGATION OF VALUE FUNCTION MODELS 139 6.4.1. AGGREGATION RULE FOR
MEASURABLE VALUE FUNCTIONS 139 6.4.2. LOCAL AND GLOBAL AGGREGATIONS 140
6R4.3. WEIGHTING PANEL MEMBERS 141 6.5. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND
CLUSTERS 142 6.5.1. DEFINITION OF DISTANCE 142 6.5.2. DISTANCE BETWEEN
NUMERICAL VECTORS 143 6.5.3. DISTANCE BETWEEN PRIORITY VECTORS 143 VUI
6.5.4. DISTANCE BETWEEN FUNCTIONS : 144 6.5.5. DISTANCE BETWEEN VALUE
REGIONS 145 6.5.6. CLUSTER ANALYSIS 146 6.6. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES AND
CLUSTERS: AN EXAMPLE 147 6.6.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN INPUT DATA
147 6.6.2. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES IN OUTPUT DATA 151 6.7. AGGREGATION
RULES 153 6.8. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AGGREGATION RULES 154
6.9. CONCLUSIONS 156 7. CASE STUDY: EXPERT-BASED VALUE FUNCTION MODELS
FOR CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SITE 159 7.1. INTRODUCTION 159 7 2.
ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTED SITES: THE DUTCH SYSTEM 161 7.2.1. THE DUTCH
SYSTEM 161 7.2.2. SOIL QUALITY STANDARDS , 161 7.3. A CASE STUDY:
CLEANING UP A FORMER INDUSTRIAL SITE 162 7.3.1. THE CASE STUDY 162
7.3.2. CLEANING-UP OPTIONS 163 7.3.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND
ATTRIBUTES 164 7.4. PROBLEM EVALUATION: STANDARDS AND TOXIC-UNITS 166
7.4.1. MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 166 7.5. PROBLEM EVALUATION: VALUE FUNCTIONS
168 7.5.1. PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS 168 7.5.2. THE VALUE FUNCTION MODEL
169 7.6. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS AND WEIGHTS FOR RESIDUAL SOIL
CONCENTRATIONS 171 7.6.1. PREPARATION FOR THE ASSESSMENT 171 7.6.2. THE
ASSESSMENT 172 7.6.3. RESULTS OF THE ASSESSMENTS 173 7.7. ANALYSIS OF
PANEL RESPONSES 176 7.7.1. INPUT DATA 176 7.7.2. OUTPUT DATA 177 7.7.3.
AGGREGATION RULES 178 7.8. EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL SOIL CONCENTRATIONS
179 7.9. OVERALL EVALUATION 183 7.10. CONCLUSIONS 185 7.11. APPENDIX 186
8. CASE STUDY: SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF NEW
PESTICIDES 187 8.1. INTRODUCTION : 187 8.2. ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 189
8.2.1. DECISION MAKERS 189 IX 8.2.2. DECISION CRITERIA 189 8.2.3.
DECISION ALTERNATIVES 190 8.2.4. DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE EVALUATION
PHASE 190 8.3. ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES AND ATTRIBUTES 191 8.3.1. THE
OBJECTIVE TREE 191 8.3.2. ATTRIBUTES 192 8.4. THE EVALUATION 193 8.4.1.
RISK ASSESSMENT 193 8.4.2. RISK EVALUATION 193 8.4.3. NON-SPATIAL
EVALUATION 194 8.4.4. EVALUATION BASED ON RISK THRESHOLDS 195 8.4.5.
EVALUATION BASED ON VALUE FUNCTIONS 195 8.4.6. SPATIAL EVALUATION 197
8.5. EXAMPLE: THE ADMISSION OF ATRAZINE IN THE NETHERLANDS 198 8.5.1.
THE DECISION PROBLEM 198 8.5.2. NON-SPATIAL ANALYSIS: RISKS TO SPECIES
AND ECOSYSTEMS 199 8.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS. 201 8.6.1. PRELIMINARY
OPERATIONS 201 8.6.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 202 8.6.3. EVALUATION
WITH VALUE FUNCTIONS 204 8.7. SINGLE-ATTRIBUTE SPATIAL EVALUATION 206
8.7.1. FILTERING 206 8.7.2. FRAGMENTATION 208 8.7.3. SENSITIVITY 208
8.7.4. MAP STATISTICS 208 8.8. CONCLUSIONS 209 8.9. APPENDIX : 211 9.
CONCLUSIONS 213 9.1. DRAWING UP THE BALANCE 213 9.2. THE THEORY OF VALUE
FUNCTIONS AND THE ASSESSMENT METHODS 214 9.2.1. VALUE FUNCTION THEORY
214 9.2.2. VALUE FUNCTION ASSESSMENT 214 9.3. VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS 215 9.3.1. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS 215 9.3.2. EFFECTS OF PROXY ATTRIBUTES 215 9.3.3. EXPERT
JUDGEMENT FOR THE DECISION , 216 9.4. ASSESSMENT OF VALUE FUNCTIONS FOR
EXPERT JUDGEMENT 217 9.4.1. A PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING EXPERT JUDGEMENT
217 9.4.2. SOME GENERAL FINDINGS 217 9.5. ANALYSIS OF EXPERT-PANEL
RESPONSES 218 9.5.1. ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENCES 218 9.5.2. AGGREGATION
SCHEMES 219 9.6. VALUE FUNCTIONS IN AN EMPIRICAL CONTEXT 219 9.6.1. THE
APPLICATIONS 219 9.6.2. CLEANING UP A POLLUTED SOIL 220 9.6.3. SPATIAL
DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE ADMISSION OF PESTICIDES 220 9.7. SOME THOUGHTS
ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 221 9.7.1. DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE EVALUATION PHASE
221 9.7.2. EXTENSIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EVALUATION PHASE 223
9.7.3. EXTENSIONS TOWARDS OTHER PHASES OF THE DECISION PROCEDURE 224
9.8. A FINAL NOTE 226 REFERENCES 227 INDEX 239 XI |
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| id | DE-604.BV023568785 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:39:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:24:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0792346629 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016884734 |
| oclc_num | 833221340 |
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| owner | DE-521 DE-634 |
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| physical | XIII, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1997 |
| publishDateSearch | 1997 |
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| publisher | Kluwer Acad. Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Environment & management |
| series2 | Environment & management |
| spelling | Beinat, Euro 1963- Verfasser (DE-588)130000817 aut Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat Dordrecht ; Boston ; London Kluwer Acad. Publ. 1997 XIII, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environment & management Vol. 7 Literaturverz. S. 227 - 238 Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd rswk-swf Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 gnd rswk-swf Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 s Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 s DE-604 Environment & management Vol. 7 (DE-604)BV008242589 7 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016884734&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Beinat, Euro 1963- Value functions for environmental management Environment & management Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4201709-9 (DE-588)4121201-0 |
| title | Value functions for environmental management |
| title_auth | Value functions for environmental management |
| title_exact_search | Value functions for environmental management |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Value functions for environmental management |
| title_full | Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat |
| title_fullStr | Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat |
| title_full_unstemmed | Value functions for environmental management by Euro Beinat |
| title_short | Value functions for environmental management |
| title_sort | value functions for environmental management |
| topic | Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management (DE-588)4201709-9 gnd Entscheidungsmodell (DE-588)4121201-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Environmental management -- Decision making Umweltbezogenes Management Entscheidungsmodell |
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