Research methods in public administration and non-profit management: quantitative and qualitative approaches
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Armonk, NY <<[u.a.]>>
Sharpe
2002
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 485 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0765609576 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Research methods in public administration and non-profit management |b quantitative and qualitative approaches |c David E. McNabb |
| 264 | 1 | |a Armonk, NY <<[u.a.]>> |b Sharpe |c 2002 | |
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Public administration -- Research -- Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nonprofit organizations -- Management | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804138174221385728 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures xiii
Part 1: Foundations of Research 1
1. Introduction to Research Methods 3
Why Develop Research Skills? 4
The Research Activity 5
Research—the Scientific Way 6
Purpose of the Book 9
Scope of the Book 9
Structure of the Book 10
Summary 13
Suggested Reading 14
2. Research in Public Administration 15
Research Emphasis 16
Public Administration Research Today 17
Research Topics and Themes 17
A Void in Public Administration Research 19
Research Methods 20
Research Strategies 20
Summary 25
Suggested Reading 26
3. Research Ethics 27
The Meaning of Ethics 28
Foundations of Our Moral Standards 30
What Are Public Administration Ethics? 34
What Are Research Ethics? 36
Research with Human Subjects 38
Ethics in the Research Process 40
vii
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary 48
Suggested Reading 49
Part 2: Introduction to the Research Process 51
4. The Research Process 53
Steps in the Research Process 53
Summary 61
Suggested Reading 62
5. The Research Problem 63
Defining the Problem 64
Tasks in the Problem Definition Process 65
Finding a Research Focus 73
Finding Information About a Topic 75
Summary 79
Suggested Reading 80
6. Research Designs 81
Quantitative Research Designs 82
Qualitative Research Designs 89
Combination Research Designs 94
Summary 95
Suggested Reading 96
Part 3: Quantitative Designs 97
7. Quantitative Research Fundamentals 99
Measurement Fundamentals 100
Defining Statistics 103
Statistics Applications 105
Using Statistics to Communicate 107
Statistics in Action 109
Statistics in Public Administration Research 110
Computer Applications 112
Summary 112
Suggested Reading 113
8. Introduction to Sampling 114
Why We Sample 115
Sampling Methods 116
Sample Bias and Sampling Error 119
Dealing with Nonsampling Error 120
Sample Distributions 121
Summary 124
Suggested Reading 124
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
9. Questionnaires and Questions 125
Advantages of Using Questionnaires 125
Questionnaire Construction Procedure 126
Writing Questions 136
Summary 142
Suggested Reading 144
Part 4: Quantitative Analysis Methods 145
10. Using Descriptive Statistics 147
Summary Statistics 148
Measures of Central Tendency 149
Measures of Variability 154
Measures of Relative Position 156
Measures of Correlation 160
Understanding Distributions 160
Calculating Descriptive Statistics with Excel 163
Summary 163
Suggested Reading 164
11. Using Tables, Charts, and Graphs 165
Making Sense Out of Ungrouped or Raw Data 166
Presenting Data in Tables 169
Communicating with Charts 176
Using Graphs 179
Summary 184
Suggested Reading 185
12. Research Hypotheses 186
Types of Hypotheses 187
The Null Hypothesis 189
Making Inferences About Populations 190
Analyzing Errors of Analysis 191
Hypothesis Testing in Action 191
Tests for a Normal Distribution 195
Summary 196
Suggested Reading 196
13. Testing Hypotheses About Two or More Groups 197
Statistical Significance 198
Interpreting Results with p-Values 199
Goodness-of-Fit Tests 199
Two-Group Hypothesis Tests 200
Testing for Differences with the /-Test 202
Comparing Groups with ANOVA 205
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary 211
Suggested Reading 211
14. Looking for Relationships 212
Understanding the Meaning of Correlation 214
What Does Correlation Tell Us? 215
The Link Between Regression and Correlation 216
Calculating and Interpreting Correlation Values 217
Regression Analysis 218
The Standard Error of the Estimate 223
Summary 224
Suggested Reading 224
15. Experiments and Experimental Design 225
Key Considerations in Experimental Design 226
Types of Experimental Designs 231
Interpreting Experimental Results 236
Analysis of Experimental Design Data 237
Summary 238
Suggested Reading 239
16. Using SPSS to Process Statistical Data 240
How to Start Using SPSS 240
The SPSS Opening Screen 241
Entering Variable Labels: SPSS Version 10 and Above 242
SPSS Data Editor Toolbar: Version 9 and Lower 245
Entering SPSS Data 245
Variables and Values in SPSS 247
Data in SPSS 252
Putting SPSS to Work 253
Summary 262
Suggested Reading 263
Part 5: Qualitative Research Strategies 265
17. Introduction to Qualitative Research 267
Classes of Qualitative Research Strategies 269
The Changing Paradigm 275
Approaches to Qualitative Research 276
Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Qualitative Data 282
Summary 283
Suggested Reading 284
18. The Case Study in Public Administration Research 285
Defining the Case Study Approach 286
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
Categories of Case Studies 287
Developing Case Studies 288
Steps in the Case Study Method 291
Required Characteristics in Case Studies 298
Summary 299
Suggested Reading 300
19. Grounded Theory in Public Administration Research 301
Importance of Grouping and Coding 303
Two Approaches to Grounded Theory 304
Steps in the Grounded Theory Process 305
Grounded Theory Research in Practice 315
Case Examples 317
Summary 319
Suggested Reading 319
20. Ethnography in Public Administration Research 320
The Historical Background of Ethnography 320
Ethnographic Research 324
What Do Ethnographers Do? 328
Doing Fieldwork 332
Ethnography in Public Administration Research 333
Researching the Culture of Public Organizations 338
Case Examples 340
Summary 343
Suggested Reading 344
21. Action Research in Public Administration 345
The Contributions of Lewin and Dewey 345
Five Models of Action Research 347
Action Research and Critical Theory 353
Key Themes in Action Research 355
Seven Phases of Planned Change 355
Goals of Action Research 358
Applying Action Research 360
Case Examples 362
Summary 364
Suggested Reading 364
Part 6: Qualitative Analysis Methods 365
22. Analyzing Qualitative Data 367
What Is Qualitative Data? 368
Components of Qualitative Data Analysis 368
Bringing Order to Data: A Nine-Step Process 370
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Twelve-Step Process for Analyzing Qualitative Data 375
Analysis of Ethnographic Study Data: Six Phases 379
Computer Analysis of Qualitative Data 387
Summary 389
Suggested Reading 390
23. Analyzing Texts, Documents, and Artifacts 391
Analysis of Texts As Data 392
The Literature Review 393
Document Research Using Archival Data 397
Performing a Meta-Analysis of Text Materials 401
Hermeneutic Analysis of Text Material 407
Semiotics: The Analysis of Signs and Symbols 412
Content Analysis 414
Complementary Tools: Narrative and Discourse Analysis 416
Examining Material Culture: Finding Meaning in Artifacts 420
Summary 422
Suggested Reading 423
Part 7: Preparing and Presenting Research Findings 425
24. Organizing and Structuring the Research Report 427
Ways to Organize the Research Report 427
Sections of the Final Research Report 429
Summary ^^
Suggested Reading 442
25. Writing the Research Report 443
Formats for Endnotes and Footnotes 443
Formats for In-Text Citations 444
Tips for Using Sources 445
Bibliographic Style 445
Standard Style Requirements 446
Requirements for Public Administration Research Reports 453
Summary 456
Suggested Reading 456
References 457
Index 471
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Topics in Published Public Administration Research 18
2.2 Statistical Techniques in a Sample of Published Articles 19
4.1 A Classification of Data Sources 57
4.2 A Simple Univariate Table 59
4.3 A Bivariate Cross-Tabulation Example 59
9.1 A Classification of Question Types by Content 131
10.1 Costs in the Portland District, 1997-2000 (in thousands) 153
10.2 Excel Worksheet Setup for the Geometric Mean 153
10.3 Weights of Sample Sandbags, A.M. Shift 159
10.4 Standardized Values for Weights of Sandbag Samples, A.M. Shift 159
10.5 Data Types and Their Appropriate Correlation Statistics 159
10.6 Descriptive Statistics, Total Sample, Produced by Microsoft Excel 162
10.7 Descriptive Statistics, Individual Samples, Produced by Microsoft Excel 162
11.1 Spreadsheet Display of Sample Sandbag Weights 167
11.2 Ordered Weights of Sample Sandbags 168
11.3 Weights of Sample Sandbags, A.M. Shift 170
11.4 Daily Permit Application Totals for Quarter 1 172
11.5 Class Widths and Ranges of Values for 10-, 12-, and 15-Wide
Categories 173
11.6 Sample Univariate Table 174
11.7 Sample Multivariate Table 174
11.8 Weekly Exercise Rates, Total Sample (Frequency) 175
11.9 Weekly Exercise Rates, Total Sample (Count) 175
11.10 10-Wide Classes of Permits Issued ( Bins ) and Frequencies for
Each Bin 178
11.11 Number of Museum Visitors by Half-Hour Periods 183
11.12 Contribution by Region 183
12.1 Sandbag Weights (in pounds) for Shift One 194
xui
xiv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
13.1 Subject Scores Before and After Computer-Assisted Training 205
13.2 Organizational Climate Scales Scores, Staff and Management 208
13.3 Daily Sales by Position and Day of Week 208
14.1 Interpretation Guidelines for Correlation Values 218
14.2 Customers and Gross Sales at 20 Vehicle-License Offices, July 7-14 222
14.3 Results of Excel CORREL and Related Regression Analysis Tests 223
15.1 A Simple Randomized Two-Group Design 234
15.2 A Simple Randomized Four-Treatment Design 234
15.3 A Two-Level Randomized Block Design 235
15.4 A Two-Factor Factorial Design 236
16.1 A Sample SPSS Database with Variable Labels 247
16.2 SPSS Data Types and Their Applicable Rules 253
16.3 A Typical 2x2 Cross-Tabulation Table with Cells Numbered 260
16.4 An Example of a 3x6 Cross-Tabulation Table with Counts and Totals 261
19.1 Tactics for Generating Meaning in Conceptual Categories 312
22.1 A Table Showing How Qualitative Responses Can Be Placed into
Relevant Categories 384
23.1 The Relationship Between Sources, Examples, and Study Methods 393
23.2 Effect-Size Statistics Used in Meta-Analysis 407
23.3 Examples of Semiotic Research Applications 415
23.4 The Labov/Cortazzi Six-Part Narrative Evaluation Model 419
Figures
3.1 A Hierarchy of Public Administration Research Ethics 37
3.2 Background and Requirements for Human Subjects Review Form 40
3.3 Sample Informed Consent Form 41
3.4 Sample Application for Human Subjects Review Board Approval 42
3.5 A Model Illustrating When Ethics Are Particularly Important
in Research
4.1 The Eight Steps of the Research Process 54
5.1 Tasks in the Problem Definition Process 66
5.2 A Classification of Types of Variables 70
6.1 A Brief Introduction to the Variety of Possible Research Approaches 83
6.2 Quantitative Strategies in the Research Process 84
6.3 Qualitative Strategies in the Research Process 90
8.1 A List of Sampling Decision Considerations 117
8.2 An Example of a Multistage Sampling Process 120
8.3 Some Ways to Reduce Data Error 122
9.1 The Seven-Step Questionnaire Construction Procedure 127
9.2 The Funnel Approach to Questionnaire Structure 133
9.3 Examples of Screening Questions 135
9.4 Examples of Dichotomous and Multichotomous Questions 139
9.5 Additional Types of Attitude Scale Questions 140
9.6 Likert-Type Statements to Measure Attitudes Toward Risk in
an Organization 143
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES xv
9.7 An Example of a Semantic Differential Scale 143
10.1 A Model of the Phases of Descriptive Statistics Data Processing 148
10.2 Microsoft Excel Process for Computing the Geometric Mean 154
10.3 Excel Process for Conducting Standardized Scores (Z-scores) 158
10.4 Empirical Rules That Apply to Normal Distributions 161
10.5 Procedure for Producing Descriptive Statistics with Excel 161
11.1 Steps in Preparing a Stem-and Leaf Diagram Using Excel 168
11.2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram of Sample Sandbag Weights 169
11.3 Bar Chart of Weekly Six-Day Averages for Issued Permits 177
11.4 Bar Chart of Permits Issued During the 13-Week Quarter 179
11.5 A Line Chart That Displays Daily Means of Permits Issued
(Revised Data) 180
11.6 An Area Polygon That Displays Daily Averages of Permits Issued
(Revised Data) 181
11.7 Scatter Plot of Permits over a 13-Week Period, with Thursday and
Saturday Trend Lines 182
11.8 A Trend Line Plot of Museum Visitors by Interval (produced with
Scatterplot) 182
11.9 An Example of a Pie Chart with Data from Table 11.12 184
12.1 Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing 192
13.1 A Schematic Display of Two-Sample Differences Tests 201
13.2 Minimum Requirements for Applying a f-Test 203
13.3 Results of Excel Single Factor ANO VA Test 209
13.4 Two-Factor ANO VA Results for Sales/Advertising Media/Day
of Advertisement 210
15.1 A Classification of Experimental Designs 231
16.1 A Classification of Some Key Statistical Analysis Procedures
in SPSS 254
17.1 Five Differences Between Qualitative Research and Quantitative
Research 268
17.2 Qualitative Strategies and Approaches in Public Administration
Research 270
17.3 Various Approaches to Qualitative Research, Their Foundations,
Methods, and Typical Focus 277
18.1 Steps in Planning, Analysis, and Presentation of Case Studies 292
18.2 A Procedure for Data Analysis 297
19.1 Constant Comparative Method of Data Analysis 303
19.2 The Strauss and Corbin Paradigm Model for Axial Coding of Data 305
19.3 An Eight-Step Model for Conducting Grounded Theory Research 306
19.4 A Model of the Grounded Theory Data Collection and Coding
Processes 307
20.1 A Model of the Relationships Between Social Sciences, Ethnography,
Public Administration Research, and Public Policy 325
20.2 Fieldwork Processes for Ethnography and Ethology 327
20.3 Ethnographic Fieldwork, Analysis, and Presentation Processes 330
xvi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
21.1 A Schematic Display of Five Models of Action Research 348
21.2 Seven Phases of Planned Change 357
21.3 Phases and Steps of Action Research 361
22.1 A Nine-Step Process for Analyzing Qualitative Data 371
22.2 The Twelve Steps of Qualitative Fieldwork, Analysis, and
Report Preparation 376
22.3 A Model of the Ethnographic Data Analysis Process 381
22.4 A Hypothetical Illustration of Linkages Between Themes and
Other Factors 383
23.1 A Model of the Steps in a Literature Review Process 396
23.2 Steps in a Meta-Analysis Research Design 404
23.3 Steps in Content Analysis Reserch Design 417
24.1 Nine Major Components of a Research Report 429
24.2 Components of a Title Page for a Research Report 432
24.3 Title Page for a Master s Degree Thesis 432
24.4 An Abstract for a Research Report 434
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures xiii
Part 1: Foundations of Research 1
1. Introduction to Research Methods 3
Why Develop Research Skills? 4
The Research Activity 5
Research—the Scientific Way 6
Purpose of the Book 9
Scope of the Book 9
Structure of the Book 10
Summary 13
Suggested Reading 14
2. Research in Public Administration 15
Research Emphasis 16
Public Administration Research Today 17
Research Topics and Themes 17
A Void in Public Administration Research 19
Research Methods 20
Research Strategies 20
Summary 25
Suggested Reading 26
3. Research Ethics 27
The Meaning of "Ethics" 28
Foundations of Our Moral Standards 30
What Are Public Administration Ethics? 34
What Are Research Ethics? 36
Research with Human Subjects 38
Ethics in the Research Process 40
vii
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary 48
Suggested Reading 49
Part 2: Introduction to the Research Process 51
4. The Research Process 53
Steps in the Research Process 53
Summary 61
Suggested Reading 62
5. The Research Problem 63
Defining the Problem 64
Tasks in the Problem Definition Process 65
Finding a Research Focus 73
Finding Information About a Topic 75
Summary 79
Suggested Reading 80
6. Research Designs 81
Quantitative Research Designs 82
Qualitative Research Designs 89
Combination Research Designs 94
Summary 95
Suggested Reading 96
Part 3: Quantitative Designs 97
7. Quantitative Research Fundamentals 99
Measurement Fundamentals 100
Defining "Statistics" 103
Statistics Applications 105
Using Statistics to Communicate 107
Statistics in Action 109
Statistics in Public Administration Research 110
Computer Applications 112
Summary 112
Suggested Reading 113
8. Introduction to Sampling 114
Why We Sample 115
Sampling Methods 116
Sample Bias and Sampling Error 119
Dealing with Nonsampling Error 120
Sample Distributions 121
Summary 124
Suggested Reading 124
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
9. Questionnaires and Questions 125
Advantages of Using Questionnaires 125
Questionnaire Construction Procedure 126
Writing Questions 136
Summary 142
Suggested Reading 144
Part 4: Quantitative Analysis Methods 145
10. Using Descriptive Statistics 147
Summary Statistics 148
Measures of Central Tendency 149
Measures of Variability 154
Measures of Relative Position 156
Measures of Correlation 160
Understanding Distributions 160
Calculating Descriptive Statistics with Excel 163
Summary 163
Suggested Reading 164
11. Using Tables, Charts, and Graphs 165
Making Sense Out of Ungrouped or "Raw" Data 166
Presenting Data in Tables 169
Communicating with Charts 176
Using Graphs 179
Summary 184
Suggested Reading 185
12. Research Hypotheses 186
Types of Hypotheses 187
The Null Hypothesis 189
Making Inferences About Populations 190
Analyzing Errors of Analysis 191
Hypothesis Testing in Action 191
Tests for a Normal Distribution 195
Summary 196
Suggested Reading 196
13. Testing Hypotheses About Two or More Groups 197
Statistical Significance 198
Interpreting Results with p-Values 199
Goodness-of-Fit Tests 199
Two-Group Hypothesis Tests 200
Testing for Differences with the /-Test 202
Comparing Groups with ANOVA 205
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
Summary 211
Suggested Reading 211
14. Looking for Relationships 212
Understanding the Meaning of Correlation 214
What Does Correlation Tell Us? 215
The Link Between Regression and Correlation 216
Calculating and Interpreting Correlation Values 217
Regression Analysis 218
The Standard Error of the Estimate 223
Summary 224
Suggested Reading 224
15. Experiments and Experimental Design 225
Key Considerations in Experimental Design 226
Types of Experimental Designs 231
Interpreting Experimental Results 236
Analysis of Experimental Design Data 237
Summary 238
Suggested Reading 239
16. Using SPSS to Process Statistical Data 240
How to Start Using SPSS 240
The SPSS Opening Screen 241
Entering Variable Labels: SPSS Version 10 and Above 242
SPSS Data Editor Toolbar: Version 9 and Lower 245
Entering SPSS Data 245
Variables and Values in SPSS 247
Data in SPSS 252
Putting SPSS to Work 253
Summary 262
Suggested Reading 263
Part 5: Qualitative Research Strategies 265
17. Introduction to Qualitative Research 267
Classes of Qualitative Research Strategies 269
The Changing Paradigm 275
Approaches to Qualitative Research 276
Collecting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Qualitative Data 282
Summary 283
Suggested Reading 284
18. The Case Study in Public Administration Research 285
Defining the Case Study Approach 286
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
Categories of Case Studies 287
Developing Case Studies 288
Steps in the Case Study Method 291
Required Characteristics in Case Studies 298
Summary 299
Suggested Reading 300
19. Grounded Theory in Public Administration Research 301
Importance of Grouping and Coding 303
Two Approaches to Grounded Theory 304
Steps in the Grounded Theory Process 305
Grounded Theory Research in Practice 315
Case Examples 317
Summary 319
Suggested Reading 319
20. Ethnography in Public Administration Research 320
The Historical Background of Ethnography 320
Ethnographic Research 324
What Do Ethnographers Do? 328
Doing Fieldwork 332
Ethnography in Public Administration Research 333
Researching the Culture of Public Organizations 338
Case Examples 340
Summary 343
Suggested Reading 344
21. Action Research in Public Administration 345
The Contributions of Lewin and Dewey 345
Five Models of Action Research 347
Action Research and Critical Theory 353
Key Themes in Action Research 355
Seven Phases of Planned Change 355
Goals of Action Research 358
Applying Action Research 360
Case Examples 362
Summary 364
Suggested Reading 364
Part 6: Qualitative Analysis Methods 365
22. Analyzing Qualitative Data 367
What Is Qualitative Data? 368
Components of Qualitative Data Analysis 368
Bringing Order to Data: A Nine-Step Process 370
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Twelve-Step Process for Analyzing Qualitative Data 375
Analysis of Ethnographic Study Data: Six Phases 379
Computer Analysis of Qualitative Data 387
Summary 389
Suggested Reading 390
23. Analyzing Texts, Documents, and Artifacts 391
Analysis of Texts As Data 392
The Literature Review 393
Document Research Using Archival Data 397
Performing a Meta-Analysis of Text Materials 401
Hermeneutic Analysis of Text Material 407
Semiotics: The Analysis of Signs and Symbols 412
Content Analysis 414
Complementary Tools: Narrative and Discourse Analysis 416
Examining Material Culture: Finding Meaning in Artifacts 420
Summary 422
Suggested Reading 423
Part 7: Preparing and Presenting Research Findings 425
24. Organizing and Structuring the Research Report 427
Ways to Organize the Research Report 427
Sections of the Final Research Report 429
Summary ^^
Suggested Reading 442
25. Writing the Research Report 443
Formats for Endnotes and Footnotes 443
Formats for In-Text Citations 444
Tips for Using Sources 445
Bibliographic Style 445
Standard Style Requirements 446
Requirements for Public Administration Research Reports 453
Summary 456
Suggested Reading 456
References 457
Index 471
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Topics in Published Public Administration Research 18
2.2 Statistical Techniques in a Sample of Published Articles 19
4.1 A Classification of Data Sources 57
4.2 A Simple Univariate Table 59
4.3 A Bivariate Cross-Tabulation Example 59
9.1 A Classification of Question Types by Content 131
10.1 Costs in the Portland District, 1997-2000 (in thousands) 153
10.2 Excel Worksheet Setup for the Geometric Mean 153
10.3 Weights of Sample Sandbags, A.M. Shift 159
10.4 Standardized Values for Weights of Sandbag Samples, A.M. Shift 159
10.5 Data Types and Their Appropriate Correlation Statistics 159
10.6 Descriptive Statistics, Total Sample, Produced by Microsoft Excel 162
10.7 Descriptive Statistics, Individual Samples, Produced by Microsoft Excel 162
11.1 Spreadsheet Display of Sample Sandbag Weights 167
11.2 Ordered Weights of Sample Sandbags 168
11.3 Weights of Sample Sandbags, A.M. Shift 170
11.4 Daily Permit Application Totals for Quarter 1 172
11.5 Class Widths and Ranges of Values for 10-, 12-, and 15-Wide
Categories 173
11.6 Sample Univariate Table 174
11.7 Sample Multivariate Table 174
11.8 Weekly Exercise Rates, Total Sample (Frequency) 175
11.9 Weekly Exercise Rates, Total Sample (Count) 175
11.10 10-Wide Classes of Permits Issued ("Bins") and Frequencies for
Each Bin 178
11.11 Number of Museum Visitors by Half-Hour Periods 183
11.12 Contribution by Region 183
12.1 Sandbag Weights (in pounds) for Shift One 194
xui
xiv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
13.1 Subject Scores Before and After Computer-Assisted Training 205
13.2 Organizational Climate Scales Scores, Staff and Management 208
13.3 Daily Sales by Position and Day of Week 208
14.1 Interpretation Guidelines for Correlation Values 218
14.2 Customers and Gross Sales at 20 Vehicle-License Offices, July 7-14 222
14.3 Results of Excel CORREL and Related Regression Analysis Tests 223
15.1 A Simple Randomized Two-Group Design 234
15.2 A Simple Randomized Four-Treatment Design 234
15.3 A Two-Level Randomized Block Design 235
15.4 A Two-Factor Factorial Design 236
16.1 A Sample SPSS Database with Variable Labels 247
16.2 SPSS Data Types and Their Applicable Rules 253
16.3 A Typical 2x2 Cross-Tabulation Table with Cells Numbered 260
16.4 An Example of a 3x6 Cross-Tabulation Table with Counts and Totals 261
19.1 Tactics for Generating Meaning in Conceptual Categories 312
22.1 A Table Showing How Qualitative Responses Can Be Placed into
Relevant Categories 384
23.1 The Relationship Between Sources, Examples, and Study Methods 393
23.2 Effect-Size Statistics Used in Meta-Analysis 407
23.3 Examples of Semiotic Research Applications 415
23.4 The Labov/Cortazzi Six-Part Narrative Evaluation Model 419
Figures
3.1 A Hierarchy of Public Administration Research Ethics 37
3.2 Background and Requirements for Human Subjects Review Form 40
3.3 Sample Informed Consent Form 41
3.4 Sample Application for Human Subjects Review Board Approval 42
3.5 A Model Illustrating When Ethics Are Particularly Important
in Research
4.1 The Eight Steps of the Research Process 54
5.1 Tasks in the Problem Definition Process 66
5.2 A Classification of Types of Variables 70
6.1 A Brief Introduction to the Variety of Possible Research Approaches 83
6.2 Quantitative Strategies in the Research Process 84
6.3 Qualitative Strategies in the Research Process 90
8.1 A List of Sampling Decision Considerations 117
8.2 An Example of a Multistage Sampling Process 120
8.3 Some Ways to Reduce Data Error 122
9.1 The Seven-Step Questionnaire Construction Procedure 127
9.2 The Funnel Approach to Questionnaire Structure 133
9.3 Examples of Screening Questions 135
9.4 Examples of Dichotomous and Multichotomous Questions 139
9.5 Additional Types of Attitude Scale Questions 140
9.6 Likert-Type Statements to Measure Attitudes Toward Risk in
an Organization 143
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES xv
9.7 An Example of a Semantic Differential Scale 143
10.1 A Model of the Phases of Descriptive Statistics Data Processing 148
10.2 Microsoft Excel Process for Computing the Geometric Mean 154
10.3 Excel Process for Conducting Standardized Scores (Z-scores) 158
10.4 Empirical Rules That Apply to Normal Distributions 161
10.5 Procedure for Producing Descriptive Statistics with Excel 161
11.1 Steps in Preparing a Stem-and Leaf Diagram Using Excel 168
11.2 Stem-and-Leaf Diagram of Sample Sandbag Weights 169
11.3 Bar Chart of Weekly Six-Day Averages for Issued Permits 177
11.4 Bar Chart of Permits Issued During the 13-Week Quarter 179
11.5 A Line Chart That Displays Daily Means of Permits Issued
(Revised Data) 180
11.6 An Area Polygon That Displays Daily Averages of Permits Issued
(Revised Data) 181
11.7 Scatter Plot of Permits over a 13-Week Period, with Thursday and
Saturday Trend Lines 182
11.8 A Trend Line Plot of Museum Visitors by Interval (produced with
Scatterplot) 182
11.9 An Example of a Pie Chart with Data from Table 11.12 184
12.1 Type I and Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing 192
13.1 A Schematic Display of Two-Sample Differences Tests 201
13.2 Minimum Requirements for Applying a f-Test 203
13.3 Results of Excel Single Factor ANO VA Test 209
13.4 Two-Factor ANO VA Results for Sales/Advertising Media/Day
of Advertisement 210
15.1 A Classification of Experimental Designs 231
16.1 A Classification of Some Key Statistical Analysis Procedures
in SPSS 254
17.1 Five Differences Between Qualitative Research and Quantitative
Research 268
17.2 Qualitative Strategies and Approaches in Public Administration
Research 270
17.3 Various Approaches to Qualitative Research, Their Foundations,
Methods, and Typical Focus 277
18.1 Steps in Planning, Analysis, and Presentation of Case Studies 292
18.2 A Procedure for Data Analysis 297
19.1 Constant Comparative Method of Data Analysis 303
19.2 The Strauss and Corbin Paradigm Model for Axial Coding of Data 305
19.3 An Eight-Step Model for Conducting Grounded Theory Research 306
19.4 A Model of the Grounded Theory Data Collection and Coding
Processes 307
20.1 A Model of the Relationships Between Social Sciences, Ethnography,
Public Administration Research, and Public Policy 325
20.2 Fieldwork Processes for Ethnography and Ethology 327
20.3 Ethnographic Fieldwork, Analysis, and Presentation Processes 330
xvi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
21.1 A Schematic Display of Five Models of Action Research 348
21.2 Seven Phases of Planned Change 357
21.3 Phases and Steps of Action Research 361
22.1 A Nine-Step Process for Analyzing Qualitative Data 371
22.2 The Twelve Steps of Qualitative Fieldwork, Analysis, and
Report Preparation 376
22.3 A Model of the Ethnographic Data Analysis Process 381
22.4 A Hypothetical Illustration of Linkages Between Themes and
Other Factors 383
23.1 A Model of the Steps in a Literature Review Process 396
23.2 Steps in a Meta-Analysis Research Design 404
23.3 Steps in Content Analysis Reserch Design 417
24.1 Nine Major Components of a Research Report 429
24.2 Components of a Title Page for a Research Report 432
24.3 Title Page for a Master's Degree Thesis 432
24.4 An Abstract for a Research Report 434 |
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| author | McNabb, David E. 1932- |
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| bvnumber | BV023529255 |
| callnumber-first | J - Political Science |
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| classification_rvk | MS 4800 QQ 000 QQ 250 |
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| dewey-full | 001.4/221 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| dewey-ones | 001 - Knowledge |
| dewey-raw | 001.4/2 21 |
| dewey-search | 001.4/2 21 |
| dewey-sort | 11.4 12 221 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Allgemeines Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:34:46Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:23:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0765609576 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | McNabb, David E. 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)128628677 aut Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches David E. McNabb Armonk, NY <<[u.a.]>> Sharpe 2002 XVI, 485 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Public administration -- Research -- Methodology Nonprofit organizations -- Management Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd rswk-swf Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd rswk-swf Nonprofit-Bereich (DE-588)4115404-6 gnd rswk-swf Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 s Nonprofit-Bereich (DE-588)4115404-6 s Management (DE-588)4037278-9 s Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016849454&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | McNabb, David E. 1932- Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches Public administration -- Research -- Methodology Nonprofit organizations -- Management Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd Nonprofit-Bereich (DE-588)4115404-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063317-2 (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4037278-9 (DE-588)4115404-6 |
| title | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches |
| title_auth | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches |
| title_exact_search | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches |
| title_full | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches David E. McNabb |
| title_fullStr | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches David E. McNabb |
| title_full_unstemmed | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches David E. McNabb |
| title_short | Research methods in public administration and non-profit management |
| title_sort | research methods in public administration and non profit management quantitative and qualitative approaches |
| title_sub | quantitative and qualitative approaches |
| topic | Public administration -- Research -- Methodology Nonprofit organizations -- Management Verwaltung (DE-588)4063317-2 gnd Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Management (DE-588)4037278-9 gnd Nonprofit-Bereich (DE-588)4115404-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Public administration -- Research -- Methodology Nonprofit organizations -- Management Verwaltung Forschungsmethode Management Nonprofit-Bereich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016849454&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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