Verfügbarkeit: International environmental law for the 21st century

International environmental law for the 21st century:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Nanda, Ved P. 1934- (VerfasserIn), Pring, George W. 1942- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Ardsley, NY Transnational Publ. 2003
Schlagworte:	Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Nebent.: International environmental law & policy for the 21st century
Beschreibung:	XIII, 512 S.
ISBN:	1571051422

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804138165484650496
adam_text	INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FOR THE 21 ST CENTURY VED P. NANDA AND GEORGE (ROCK) PRING L/N TRANSNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, INC. ARDSLEY, NEW YORK CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII PART I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE CHALLENGE 1.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION THE SOURCES OR BASES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 1.1.1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAW 1.1.2 INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW 1.1.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 1.1.4 JUDICIAL DECISIONS 1.1.5 SCHOLARLY WRITINGS 1.1.6 NEW SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 2 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 2.0 2.1 INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL SUBSTANTIVE PRINCIPLES 2.1.1 STATE SOVEREIGNTY 2.1.2 GOOD NEIGHBORLINESS THE DUTY TO COOPERATE 2.1.3 THENO-HARMRULE 2.1.4 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2.1.5 RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT 2.1.6 RIGHT TO A CLEAN, HEALTHFUI ENVIRONMENT 2.1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: INTERGENERATIONAL AND INTRAGENERATIONAL EQUITY 2.1.8 EQUITABLE UTILIZATION OF SHARED RESOURCES 2.1.9 CONSERVATION 3 5 8 10 12 13 13 14 17 17 17 19 20 22 27 28 29 32 33 2.1.10 COMMON HERITAGE OF HUMANKIND THE GLOBAL COMMONS 33 IV INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 2.1.11 COMMON CONCERN OF HUMANKIND* ERGA OMNES 35 2.1.12 COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES 37 2.1.13 THE POLLUTER-PAYS PRINCIPLE 40 2.1.14 STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY 41 2.2 FUNDAMENTAL PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES 43 2.2.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 43 2.2.1.1 ACCESS TO INFORMATION 47 2.2.1.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DECISIONMAKING 50 2.2.1.3 ACCESS TO JUSTICE 52 2.2.1.4 NONDISCRIMINATION 54 2.2.2 PRIOR NOTIFICATION, CONSULTATION, AND NEGOTIATION DUTIES 55 2.2.3 THE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE 57 2.2.4 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 58 2.2.5 DUTY TO DO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 60 2.2.6 DUTY TO ADOPT EFFECTIVE NATIONAL LAW* THE DUTY TO ENFORCE 60 2.2.7 THE INTEGRATION PRINCIPLE 62 PART II: LAW-MAKING 65 65 65 66 69 70 71 73 74 74 75 76 77 78 3.3 APPRAISAL 78 CHAPTER 3 THE 3.0 3.1 3.2 EARLY YEARS INTRODUCTION INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 EARLY 20TH CENTURY AGREEMENTS THE 1909 BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY OTHER AGREEMENTS CASE LAW 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION THE CORFU CHANNEL CASE THE LAKE LANOUX ARBITRATION THE JAPANESE FISHERMEN CASE THE 1958 U.S. PACIFIC NUCLEAR TESTS NUCLEAR TESTS CASES (AUSTRALIA V. FRANCE, NEW ZEALAND V. FRANCE) POLLUTION OF CIUDAD JUAREZ THE 1969 GUT DAM CASE CONTENTS CHAPTER 4 FROM STOCKHOLM TO RIO TO JOHANNESBURG 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 INTRODUCTION THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE AND DECLARATION 4.1.1 ANALYSIS 4.1.2 APPRAISAL THE POST-STOCKHOLM PERIODTHE FLOWERING OF UNEP 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 4.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 4.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 4.2.5 APPRAISAL THE RIO CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 4.3.2 THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4.3.2.1 ANALYSIS 4.3.2.2 APPRAISAL 4.3.3 AGENDA 21 4.3.4 THE COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4.3.5 APPRAISAL THE ROAD TO JOHANNESBURG (1992-2002) 4.4.1 RIO +5 AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CSD 4.4.2 UNEP REFORMS FOR THE NEW CENTURY 4.4.3 THE 2002 JOHANNESBURG WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 ORGANIZATIONS INTRODUCTION THE UNITED NATIONS FAMILY INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OTHER INTERNATIONAL IGOS REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL IGOS NONSTATE ENTITIESNGOS AND BUSINESS INTERESTS 5.5.1 INTERNATIONAL NGOS 79 80 80 83 83 83 85 87 88 89 90 90 92 94 101 104 103 104 105 105 107 110 121 122 124 125 127 129 129 5.5.2 MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND OTHER BUSINESS INTERESTS 131 V I INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY PART III: THE KEY ISSUES CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6.0 INTRODUCTION 135 6.1 EIA PROCEDURES: THE COMMON REQUIREMENTS 136 6.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EIA REQUIREMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 140 6.3 IFOS EIA REQUIREMENTS 143 6.4 THEFUTUREOFEIA 147 CHAPTER 7 PRESERVATION 7.0 INTRODUCTION 149 7.1 PRESERVATION LAWS PRIOR TO THE 1970S 150 7.1.1 THE EARLY WILDLIFE LAWS 150 7.1.2 THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE CONSERVATION CONVENTION 151 7.2 PRESERVATION EFFORTSTHE STOCKHOLM ERA 152 7.2.1 ECOSYSTEMS 153 7.2.1.1 WETLANDS 153 7.2.1.2 OTHER ECOSYSTEMS 154 155 156 157 159 161 162 163 163 163 165 167 168 7.3 PRESERVATION EFFORTSRIO AND THE 21 ST CENTURY 169 171 171 173 176 176 180 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 NATURAL I IND CULTURAL RESOURCES ENDANGERED SPECIES 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.2.3.5 AFRICAN WILDLIFE CITES MIGRATORY WILDLIFE REGIONAL WILDLIFE TREATIES SPECIES-SPECIFIC WILDLIFE LAWS THE GLOBAL COMMONS 7.2.4.1 7.2.4.2 7.2.4.3 7.2.4.4 THE HIGH SEAS ANTARCTICA THE ARCTIC OUTER SPACE PRESERVATION EFFORTSRIO AND THE 2IST CENTURY 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 FORESTS INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND THE CONVENTION APPRAISAL DESERTIFICATION CONTENTS VII CHAPTER 8 INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES 8.0 INTRODUCTION 183 8.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 189 8.1.1 THE MAJOR CASES 189 8.1.2 THE KEY SOFT LAW DEVELOPMENTS 192 8.2 THE 1997 UN CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 196 8.2.1 ADOPTION OF THE ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT 198 8.2.2 CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLES OF EQUITABLE UTILIZATION AND NO SIGNIFICANT HARM 203 8.2.3 POLLUTION CONTROL 207 8.2.4 OTHER IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE 1997 CONVENTION 209 8.3 BILATERAL, MULTILATERAL, AND REGIONAL REGIMES OF INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER REGULATION 211 8.4 GROUNDWATER 216 8.5 CONCLUSION 216 CHAPTER 9 INTERNATIONAL AIR POLLUTION 9.0 INTRODUCTION 221 9.1 TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 222 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION 222 9.1.2 CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW GOVERNING TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 225 9.1.3 REGIONAL TREATY AND PLANNING REGIMES 228 9.1.3.1 U.S.CANADA 229 9.1.3.2 U.S.MEXICO 231 9.1.3.3 LRTAPEUROPE AND THE NORTH 232 9.1.3.4 ASIA 238 9.2 STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION 239 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION 239 9.2.2 THE PROBLEM 242 9.2.3 EVIDENCEOFLOSS 243 9.2.4 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES 248 9.2.5 POLICY IMPLICATIONS 250 9.2.6 PRIOR TO THE 1985 VIENNA CONVENTION 253 9.2.7 THE 1985 VIENNA OZONE CONVENTION 256 9.2.8 THE 1987 MONTREAL PROTOCOL AND SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS 259 9.2.8.1 CONTROL MEASURES 260 9.2.8.2 DEVELOPING NATIONS 264 9.2.8.3 IMPORT/EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 266 9.2.8.4 NONCOMPLIANCE 269 V/H INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 9.2.8.5 THE PROTOCOL S CONTRIBUTION IN ADDRESSING THE OZONE DEPLETION PROBLEM 270 9.2.9 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 271 9.2.9.1 PRIOR TO THE 1990 LONDON AMENDMENTS 271 9.2.9.1.1 EPA RULEMAKING 272 9.2.9.1.2 CONGRESSIONAL ACTION 275 9.2.9.1.3 EPAFINDINGS 276 9.2.9.2 U.S. ACTION SINCE THE 1990 LONDON AMENDMENTS 277 9.2.10 APPRAISAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS 280 9.3 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 281 9.3.1 THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT 281 9.3.2 PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND PROBLEMS 288 9.3.3 ACT I : THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 290 9.3.4 ACT II : THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 294 9.3.5 ACT III : COP6 PART II 299 9.3.6 ACT IV : MARRAKECH (COP7) AND THE WAY FORWARD 301 CHAPTER 10 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 10.0 INTRODUCTION 303 10.1 FRAMEWORK OF THE CONVENTION 304 10.2 CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONVENTION TO INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 307 10.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROVISIONS 308 10.2.2 LAW-MAKING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS 309 10.2.3 SPECIAL STATUS OF DEVELOPING STATES 315 10.2.4 PROTECTION OFLIVING RESOURCES 316 10.2.5 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROVISIONS 317 10.2.6 THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CONVENTION AND CUSTOMARY LAW 318 10.2.7 APPRAISAL 320 10.3 SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS 322 10.4 CONCLUSION 325 CHAPTER 11 HAZARDOUS WASTE, CHEMICALS, AND TECHNOLOGY 11.0 INTRODUCTION 327 11.1 THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS GOVERNING HAZARDOUS WASTE 330 11.1.1 DEVELOPMENTS LEADING UP TO THE BASEL CONVENTION 330 11.1.2 THE BASEL CONVENTION 332 CONTENTS IX 11.1.3 POST-BASEL DEVELOPMENTS: THE BANNERS VS. THE BOOSTERS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TRADE 333 11.1.3.1 THE TRADE-PROMOTING APPROACH 333 11.1.3.2 THE TRADE-BANNING APPROACH AND THE BASEL BAN 336 11.1.3.3 CUTTING-EDGE BASEL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING 339 11.2 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS ON CHEMICALS 340 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION 340 11.2.2 THE BEGINNINGS: VOLUNTARY INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL CONTROL EFFORTS 342 11.2.3 THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF BINDING CHEMICAL TREATIES 343 11.3 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS ON HAZARDOUS TECHNOLOGIES, INDUSTRIES AND ACTIVITIES 345 CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL 12.0 INTRODUCTION 349 12.1 BACKGROUND 352 12.1.1 THEPROCESS 352 12.1.2 THE CONTROVERSY 354 12.2 REGULATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS* THE KEY CONCEPTS 359 12.2.1 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 360 12.2.2 SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE 361 12.2.3 GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE (GRAS) 362 12.2.4 THE CONSUMER S RIGHT TO KNOW 363 12.3 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EFFORTS TO REGULATE GMOS 363 12.3.1 THE EUROPEAN UNION 364 12.3.2 SWITZERLAND 364 12.3.3 GREATBRITAIN 365 12.3.4 ASIA 367 12.3.5 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 368 12.3.6 THEAMERICAS 369 12.4 THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSIONINTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS 372 12.5 THE EUROPEAN UNION 372 12.6 THE UNITED STATES 377 12.6.1 THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA) 378 12.6.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 379 12.6.3 THE FOOD AND DRAG ADMINISTRATION 380 12.6.4 APPRAISAL 383 12.7 THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL X INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY DIVERSITY 384 12.7.1 EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL 384 12.7.2 CONTENT AND ANALYSIS 388 12.8 CONCLUSION 392 CHAPTER 13 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 13.0 INTRODUCTION 393 13.1 THE 1992 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAGENDA 21 394 13.2 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 396 13.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL TRADE MEASURES 396 13.2.2 GATT PANEL DECISIONS 398 13.2.2.1 THE 1983 CANADA-U.S. TUNA CASE 399 13.2.2.2 THE CANADAHERRING AND SALMON CASE 401 13.2.2.3 THE THAILANDCIGARETTES CASE 402 13.2.2.4 THE U.S.TUNA BAN CASE (TUNA-DOLPHIN I) 404 13.2.2.5 TUNA-DOLPHIN II 407 13.2.3 WTOCASES 408 13.2.3.1 REFORMULATED GASOLINE CASE 408 13.2.3.2 U.S.SHRIMP-TURTLE CASE 410 13.2.3.3 BEEF HORMONE CASE 414 13.2.3.4 SALMON IMPORTATION CASE 416 13.2.4 APPRAISAL 418 13.3 NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 420 13.3.1 OVERVIEW 420 13.3.2 REVIEW OF THE PERTINENT NAFTA PROVISIONS 420 13.3.2.1 ARTICLE 104 422 13.3.2.2 CHAPTER 9 422 13.3.2.3 NAFTA CHAPTER 11 424 13.3.2.3.1 CASE LAW 426 13.3.2.3.2 OFFICIAL INTERPRETATION 433 13.3.2.3.3 APPRAISAL 435 13.3.3 CRITICISM OF NAFTA 436 13.3.4 NORTH AMERICAN AGREEMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION 438 13.3.4.1 OBJECTIVES 439 13.3.4.2 OBLIGATIONS 440 13.3.4.3 NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION 441 13.3.4.3.1 THE COUNCIL 441 13.3.4.3.2 THE SECRETARIAT 442 13.3.4.3.3 THE JOINT PUBLIC ADVISORY CONTENTS X I COMMITTEE 443 13.3.4.3.4 COOPERATION AND PROVISION OF INFORMATION 444 13.3.4.3.5 THE BORDER ENVIRONMENT COOPERATION COMMISSION AND THE NORTH AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 444 13.3.4.3.6 ASSESSMENT 445 13.3.4.3.7 THE SIDE AGREEMENT IN ACTION 446 13.3.4.3.8 APPRAISAL 451 13.4 CONCLUSION 452 CHAPTER 14 THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 14.0 INTRODUCTION 453 14.1 THE CHALLENGEOF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 453 14.2 HISTORICAL PROGRESSION 456 14.3 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 462 14.4 THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 465 14.4.1 THE NEXUS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED HUMAN RIGHTS 465 14.4.2 INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS AND THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT 468 14.5 OPERATIONALIZING THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT 473 14.6 APPRAISAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS 476 14.7 RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUSPEOPLES 476 14.7.1 INTRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY 476 14.7.2 WHAT IS INDIGENOUS ? 478 14.7.3 EMERGING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION 480 PART IV: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 15 THE UNFINISHED AGENDA: SOME OBSERVATIONS 15.0 THECHALLENGE 487 15.1 THE PLAN TO MEET THE CHALLENGE 489 15.2 THE LAW AND INSTITUTIONS 490 15.3 CONCLUSION 495 INDEX 497
adam_txt	INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW FOR THE 21 ST CENTURY VED P. NANDA AND GEORGE (ROCK) PRING L/N TRANSNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, INC. ARDSLEY, NEW YORK CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII PART I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE CHALLENGE 1.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION THE SOURCES OR BASES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 1.1.1 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONAL LAW 1.1.2 INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW 1.1.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW 1.1.4 JUDICIAL DECISIONS 1.1.5 SCHOLARLY WRITINGS 1.1.6 NEW SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CHAPTER 2 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 2.0 2.1 INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL SUBSTANTIVE PRINCIPLES 2.1.1 STATE SOVEREIGNTY 2.1.2 "GOOD NEIGHBORLINESS"THE DUTY TO COOPERATE 2.1.3 THENO-HARMRULE 2.1.4 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2.1.5 RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT 2.1.6 RIGHT TO A CLEAN, HEALTHFUI ENVIRONMENT 2.1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: INTERGENERATIONAL AND INTRAGENERATIONAL EQUITY 2.1.8 EQUITABLE UTILIZATION OF SHARED RESOURCES 2.1.9 CONSERVATION 3 5 8 10 12 13 13 14 17 17 17 19 20 22 27 28 29 32 33 2.1.10 COMMON HERITAGE OF HUMANKIND THE "GLOBAL COMMONS" 33 IV INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 2.1.11 COMMON CONCERN OF HUMANKIND* ERGA OMNES 35 2.1.12 COMMON BUT DIFFERENTIATED RESPONSIBILITIES 37 2.1.13 THE POLLUTER-PAYS PRINCIPLE 40 2.1.14 STATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LIABILITY 41 2.2 FUNDAMENTAL PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES 43 2.2.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 43 2.2.1.1 ACCESS TO INFORMATION 47 2.2.1.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN DECISIONMAKING 50 2.2.1.3 ACCESS TO JUSTICE 52 2.2.1.4 NONDISCRIMINATION 54 2.2.2 PRIOR NOTIFICATION, CONSULTATION, AND NEGOTIATION DUTIES 55 2.2.3 THE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE 57 2.2.4 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 58 2.2.5 DUTY TO DO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 60 2.2.6 DUTY TO ADOPT EFFECTIVE NATIONAL LAW* THE DUTY TO ENFORCE 60 2.2.7 THE INTEGRATION PRINCIPLE 62 PART II: LAW-MAKING 65 65 65 66 69 70 71 73 74 74 75 76 77 78 3.3 APPRAISAL 78 CHAPTER 3 THE 3.0 3.1 3.2 EARLY YEARS INTRODUCTION INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 EARLY 20TH CENTURY AGREEMENTS THE 1909 BOUNDARY WATERS TREATY OTHER AGREEMENTS CASE LAW 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 THE TRAIL SMELTER ARBITRATION THE CORFU CHANNEL CASE THE LAKE LANOUX ARBITRATION THE JAPANESE FISHERMEN CASE THE 1958 U.S. PACIFIC NUCLEAR TESTS NUCLEAR TESTS CASES (AUSTRALIA V. FRANCE, NEW ZEALAND V. FRANCE) POLLUTION OF CIUDAD JUAREZ THE 1969 GUT DAM CASE CONTENTS CHAPTER 4 FROM STOCKHOLM TO RIO TO JOHANNESBURG 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 INTRODUCTION THE STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE AND DECLARATION 4.1.1 ANALYSIS 4.1.2 APPRAISAL THE POST-STOCKHOLM PERIODTHE FLOWERING OF UNEP 4.2.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 4.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 4.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 4.2.5 APPRAISAL THE RIO CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4.3.1 INTRODUCTION 4.3.2 THE RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 4.3.2.1 ANALYSIS 4.3.2.2 APPRAISAL 4.3.3 AGENDA 21 4.3.4 THE COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 4.3.5 APPRAISAL THE ROAD TO JOHANNESBURG (1992-2002) 4.4.1 RIO +5 AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CSD 4.4.2 UNEP REFORMS FOR THE NEW CENTURY 4.4.3 THE 2002 JOHANNESBURG WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 ORGANIZATIONS INTRODUCTION THE UNITED NATIONS "FAMILY" INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OTHER INTERNATIONAL IGOS REGIONAL INTERNATIONAL IGOS NONSTATE ENTITIESNGOS AND BUSINESS INTERESTS 5.5.1 INTERNATIONAL NGOS 79 80 80 83 83 83 85 87 88 89 90 90 92 94 101 104 103 104 105 105 107 110 121 122 124 125 127 129 129 5.5.2 MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND OTHER BUSINESS INTERESTS 131 V I INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY PART III: THE KEY ISSUES CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6.0 INTRODUCTION 135 6.1 EIA PROCEDURES: THE COMMON REQUIREMENTS 136 6.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EIA REQUIREMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 140 6.3 IFOS' EIA REQUIREMENTS 143 6.4 THEFUTUREOFEIA 147 CHAPTER 7 PRESERVATION 7.0 INTRODUCTION 149 7.1 PRESERVATION LAWS PRIOR TO THE 1970S 150 7.1.1 THE EARLY WILDLIFE LAWS 150 7.1.2 THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE CONSERVATION CONVENTION 151 7.2 PRESERVATION EFFORTSTHE STOCKHOLM ERA 152 7.2.1 ECOSYSTEMS 153 7.2.1.1 WETLANDS 153 7.2.1.2 OTHER ECOSYSTEMS 154 155 156 157 159 161 162 163 163 163 165 167 168 7.3 PRESERVATION EFFORTSRIO AND THE 21 ST CENTURY 169 171 171 173 176 176 180 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 NATURAL I IND CULTURAL RESOURCES ENDANGERED SPECIES 7.2.3.1 7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.2.3.5 AFRICAN WILDLIFE CITES MIGRATORY WILDLIFE REGIONAL WILDLIFE TREATIES SPECIES-SPECIFIC WILDLIFE LAWS THE GLOBAL COMMONS 7.2.4.1 7.2.4.2 7.2.4.3 7.2.4.4 THE HIGH SEAS ANTARCTICA THE ARCTIC OUTER SPACE PRESERVATION EFFORTSRIO AND THE 2IST CENTURY 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 FORESTS INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND THE CONVENTION APPRAISAL DESERTIFICATION CONTENTS VII CHAPTER 8 INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES 8.0 INTRODUCTION 183 8.1 DEVELOPMENT OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 189 8.1.1 THE MAJOR CASES 189 8.1.2 THE KEY "SOFT LAW" DEVELOPMENTS 192 8.2 THE 1997 UN CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 196 8.2.1 ADOPTION OF THE "ECOSYSTEM" CONCEPT 198 8.2.2 CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLES OF "EQUITABLE UTILIZATION" AND "NO SIGNIFICANT HARM" 203 8.2.3 POLLUTION CONTROL 207 8.2.4 OTHER IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE 1997 CONVENTION 209 8.3 BILATERAL, MULTILATERAL, AND REGIONAL REGIMES OF INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER REGULATION 211 8.4 GROUNDWATER 216 8.5 CONCLUSION 216 CHAPTER 9 INTERNATIONAL AIR POLLUTION 9.0 INTRODUCTION 221 9.1 TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 222 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION 222 9.1.2 CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW GOVERNING TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION 225 9.1.3 REGIONAL TREATY AND PLANNING REGIMES 228 9.1.3.1 U.S.CANADA 229 9.1.3.2 U.S.MEXICO 231 9.1.3.3 LRTAPEUROPE AND "THE NORTH" 232 9.1.3.4 ASIA 238 9.2 STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION 239 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION 239 9.2.2 THE PROBLEM 242 9.2.3 EVIDENCEOFLOSS 243 9.2.4 LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES 248 9.2.5 POLICY IMPLICATIONS 250 9.2.6 PRIOR TO THE 1985 VIENNA CONVENTION 253 9.2.7 THE 1985 VIENNA OZONE CONVENTION 256 9.2.8 THE 1987 MONTREAL PROTOCOL AND SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS 259 9.2.8.1 CONTROL MEASURES 260 9.2.8.2 DEVELOPING NATIONS 264 9.2.8.3 IMPORT/EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 266 9.2.8.4 NONCOMPLIANCE 269 V/H INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY 9.2.8.5 THE PROTOCOL'S CONTRIBUTION IN ADDRESSING THE OZONE DEPLETION PROBLEM 270 9.2.9 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 271 9.2.9.1 PRIOR TO THE 1990 LONDON AMENDMENTS 271 9.2.9.1.1 EPA RULEMAKING 272 9.2.9.1.2 CONGRESSIONAL ACTION 275 9.2.9.1.3 EPAFINDINGS 276 9.2.9.2 U.S. ACTION SINCE THE 1990 LONDON AMENDMENTS 277 9.2.10 APPRAISAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS 280 9.3 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 281 9.3.1 THE "GREENHOUSE" EFFECT 281 9.3.2 PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AND PROBLEMS 288 9.3.3 "ACT I": THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 290 9.3.4 "ACT II": THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 294 9.3.5 "ACT III": COP6 PART II 299 9.3.6 "ACT IV": MARRAKECH (COP7) AND THE WAY FORWARD 301 CHAPTER 10 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 10.0 INTRODUCTION 303 10.1 FRAMEWORK OF THE CONVENTION 304 10.2 CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONVENTION TO INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 307 10.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROVISIONS 308 10.2.2 LAW-MAKING AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PROVISIONS 309 10.2.3 SPECIAL STATUS OF DEVELOPING STATES 315 10.2.4 PROTECTION OFLIVING RESOURCES 316 10.2.5 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROVISIONS 317 10.2.6 THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE CONVENTION AND CUSTOMARY LAW 318 10.2.7 APPRAISAL 320 10.3 SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENTS 322 10.4 CONCLUSION 325 CHAPTER 11 HAZARDOUS WASTE, CHEMICALS, AND TECHNOLOGY 11.0 INTRODUCTION 327 11.1 THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS GOVERNING HAZARDOUS WASTE 330 11.1.1 DEVELOPMENTS LEADING UP TO THE BASEL CONVENTION 330 11.1.2 THE BASEL CONVENTION 332 CONTENTS IX 11.1.3 POST-BASEL DEVELOPMENTS: THE "BANNERS" VS. THE "BOOSTERS" OF HAZARDOUS WASTE TRADE 333 11.1.3.1 THE TRADE-PROMOTING APPROACH 333 11.1.3.2 THE TRADE-BANNING APPROACH AND THE "BASEL BAN" 336 11.1.3.3 CUTTING-EDGE BASEL ISSUES AFFECTING RECYCLING 339 11.2 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS ON CHEMICALS 340 11.2.1 INTRODUCTION 340 11.2.2 THE BEGINNINGS: VOLUNTARY INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL CONTROL EFFORTS 342 11.2.3 THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF BINDING CHEMICAL TREATIES 343 11.3 INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS ON HAZARDOUS TECHNOLOGIES, INDUSTRIES AND ACTIVITIES 345 CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL 12.0 INTRODUCTION 349 12.1 BACKGROUND 352 12.1.1 THEPROCESS 352 12.1.2 THE CONTROVERSY 354 12.2 REGULATION OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS* THE KEY CONCEPTS 359 12.2.1 THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 360 12.2.2 SUBSTANTIAL EQUIVALENCE 361 12.2.3 GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE (GRAS) 362 12.2.4 THE CONSUMER'S RIGHT TO KNOW 363 12.3 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EFFORTS TO REGULATE GMOS 363 12.3.1 THE EUROPEAN UNION 364 12.3.2 SWITZERLAND 364 12.3.3 GREATBRITAIN 365 12.3.4 ASIA 367 12.3.5 AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 368 12.3.6 THEAMERICAS 369 12.4 THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSIONINTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS 372 12.5 THE EUROPEAN UNION 372 12.6 THE UNITED STATES 377 12.6.1 THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA) 378 12.6.2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 379 12.6.3 THE FOOD AND DRAG ADMINISTRATION 380 12.6.4 APPRAISAL 383 12.7 THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL X INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY DIVERSITY 384 12.7.1 EVENTS LEADING UP TO THE BIOSAFETY PROTOCOL 384 12.7.2 CONTENT AND ANALYSIS 388 12.8 CONCLUSION 392 CHAPTER 13 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 13.0 INTRODUCTION 393 13.1 THE 1992 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAGENDA 21 394 13.2 GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 396 13.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL TRADE MEASURES 396 13.2.2 GATT PANEL DECISIONS 398 13.2.2.1 THE 1983 CANADA-U.S. TUNA CASE 399 13.2.2.2 THE CANADAHERRING AND SALMON CASE 401 13.2.2.3 THE THAILANDCIGARETTES CASE 402 13.2.2.4 THE U.S.TUNA BAN CASE (TUNA-DOLPHIN I) 404 13.2.2.5 TUNA-DOLPHIN II 407 13.2.3 WTOCASES 408 13.2.3.1 REFORMULATED GASOLINE CASE 408 13.2.3.2 U.S.SHRIMP-TURTLE CASE 410 13.2.3.3 BEEF HORMONE CASE 414 13.2.3.4 SALMON IMPORTATION CASE 416 13.2.4 APPRAISAL 418 13.3 NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 420 13.3.1 OVERVIEW 420 13.3.2 REVIEW OF THE PERTINENT NAFTA PROVISIONS 420 13.3.2.1 ARTICLE 104 422 13.3.2.2 CHAPTER 9 422 13.3.2.3 NAFTA CHAPTER 11 424 13.3.2.3.1 CASE LAW 426 13.3.2.3.2 OFFICIAL INTERPRETATION 433 13.3.2.3.3 APPRAISAL 435 13.3.3 CRITICISM OF NAFTA 436 13.3.4 NORTH AMERICAN AGREEMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION 438 13.3.4.1 OBJECTIVES 439 13.3.4.2 OBLIGATIONS 440 13.3.4.3 NORTH AMERICAN COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION 441 13.3.4.3.1 THE COUNCIL 441 13.3.4.3.2 THE SECRETARIAT 442 13.3.4.3.3 THE JOINT PUBLIC ADVISORY CONTENTS X I COMMITTEE 443 13.3.4.3.4 COOPERATION AND PROVISION OF INFORMATION 444 13.3.4.3.5 THE BORDER ENVIRONMENT COOPERATION COMMISSION AND THE NORTH AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 444 13.3.4.3.6 ASSESSMENT 445 13.3.4.3.7 THE SIDE AGREEMENT IN ACTION 446 13.3.4.3.8 APPRAISAL 451 13.4 CONCLUSION 452 CHAPTER 14 THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS 14.0 INTRODUCTION 453 14.1 THE CHALLENGEOF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION 453 14.2 HISTORICAL PROGRESSION 456 14.3 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 462 14.4 THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 465 14.4.1 THE NEXUS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED HUMAN RIGHTS 465 14.4.2 INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS AND THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT 468 14.5 OPERATIONALIZING THE RIGHT TO ENVIRONMENT 473 14.6 APPRAISAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS 476 14.7 RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUSPEOPLES 476 14.7.1 INTRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY 476 14.7.2 WHAT IS "INDIGENOUS"? 478 14.7.3 EMERGING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION 480 PART IV: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 15 THE UNFINISHED AGENDA: SOME OBSERVATIONS 15.0 THECHALLENGE 487 15.1 THE PLAN TO MEET THE CHALLENGE 489 15.2 THE LAW AND INSTITUTIONS 490 15.3 CONCLUSION 495 INDEX 497
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spelling	Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Verfasser (DE-588)120876949 aut International environmental law for the 21st century Ved P. Nanda and George (Rock) Pring International environmental law & policy for the 21st century Ardsley, NY Transnational Publ. 2003 XIII, 512 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nebent.: International environmental law & policy for the 21st century Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 s DE-604 Pring, George W. 1942- Verfasser (DE-588)129127876 aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016843750&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Nanda, Ved P. 1934- Pring, George W. 1942- International environmental law for the 21st century Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4078523-3
title	International environmental law for the 21st century
title_alt	International environmental law & policy for the 21st century
title_auth	International environmental law for the 21st century
title_exact_search	International environmental law for the 21st century
title_exact_search_txtP	International environmental law for the 21st century
title_full	International environmental law for the 21st century Ved P. Nanda and George (Rock) Pring
title_fullStr	International environmental law for the 21st century Ved P. Nanda and George (Rock) Pring
title_full_unstemmed	International environmental law for the 21st century Ved P. Nanda and George (Rock) Pring
title_short	International environmental law for the 21st century
title_sort	international environmental law for the 21st century
topic	Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Umweltpolitik (DE-588)4078523-3 gnd
topic_facet	Umweltpolitik Environmental law, International Environmental policy Internationales Umweltrecht
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