The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations: a study of the European food processing industries
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Regierungsdokument Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cheltenham [u.a.]
Elgar
1998
Luxembourg Office for Official Publ. of the European Communities [u.a.] |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 250 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1858988217 9282739686 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations |b a study of the European food processing industries |c David Hitchens ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Cheltenham [u.a.] |b Elgar |c 1998 | |
| 264 | 1 | |a Luxembourg |b Office for Official Publ. of the European Communities [u.a.] | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food industry and trade -- Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food industry and trade -- Environmental aspects -- Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Food industry and trade -- Law and legislation -- Europe | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820136087092199424 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
List of tables vii
List of diagrams xm
List of abbreviations Xlv
Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xvn
1 Introduction
2 Systems of regulation of effluent discharge: international
comparisons
3 Structural background of the meat and dairy processing sectors 21
4 Environmental regulation - negative and positive impacts on
cost competitiveness: a theoretical and empirical consideration 45
5 Research method ^
6 Description of the sample "°
7 Company performance and characteristics 70
8 Waste and effluent costs and abatement initiatives 83
9 Environmental initiatives, quality of effluent, waste inspection and
Q4
environmental compliance
10 The relationship between economic performance and
environmental performance 10^
11 Productivity and employment effects of waste regulation 119
12 Environmental regulation, costs and company competitiveness 126
13 Conclusion 135
APPENDICES
1 The Italian system of regulation of effluent discharge 147
2 The German system of regulation of effluent discharge 158
3 Industrial structure of the meat and dairy processing sectors in
Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland 171
V
vi Contents
4 Industrial structure of the meat and dairy processing sectors in
Italy 194
5 Industrial structure of the meat and dairy processing sectors in
Germany 206
6 International competitiveness performance 224
References 231
Index 243
List of tables
1.1 Pollution abatement and control expenditure, 1990 2
2.1 Republic of Ireland charging for waste water services 16
3.1 Selected output and employment data for the meat sector,
West Germany and Italy, 1975-89 22
3.2 Selected output and employment data for the meat sector,
Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 23
3.3 Selected output and employment data for the dairy sector,
West Germany and Italy, 1975-89 24
3.4 Selected output and employment data for the dairy sector,
Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 25
3.5 GVA factor cost per employee in the meat sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-91 26
3.6 GVA factor cost per employee in the dairy sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-91 26
3.7 Total labour costs per employee in the meat sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 27
3.8 Total labour costs per employee in the dairy sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 27
3.9 Values of food processing exports - meat, 1989 28
3.10 Values of food processing exports - dairy, 1989 28
3.11 Comparative openness to trade in the EU transport equipment,
meat processing and dairy industries in 1992 29
3.12 Italian regional data for the food processing industry
as a whole, 1991 31
3.13 EU average annual percentage growth rates (real terms) in meat
processing, 1983-97 32
3.14 EU average growth rates per cent (real terms) in milk
processing, 1983-97 34
3.15 Factors determining competitiveness performance 36
4.1 UK measurements of the extent of price elasticity of
demand for milk and meat products, 1988 51
4.2 Pollution abatement costs as a per cent of value of shipments
(that is, turnover), 1991 56
6.1 Numbers of firms sampled by region 66
vii
viii List of tables
6.2 Sample according to location and legal form of business
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 67
6.3 Size distribution of the firms sampled (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 68
6.4 Products produced by sample firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 69
6.5 Numbers of firms 'broadly' matched 69
7.1 Relative total labour costs, 1970-94 73
7.2 Relative total unit labour costs, 1970-94 73
7.3 Numbers of firms matched (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 75
7.4 Comparative productivity performance of sample firms 75
7.5 Comparative product quality 76
7.6 Numbers of firms identified as best practice producers 77
7.7 Numbers of firms with relatively high productivity levels
in national terms 77
7.8 Export ratios in sample firms 78
7.9 Employment change at sample plants and firms, 1990-95
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 78
7.10 Relationship between performance variables (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 79
7.11 Machine age by country and region 81
7.12 Average percentages of certificated qualifications 81
7.13 Employment in R D as a percentage of firm total 82
8.1 Water used annually, all firms 84
8.2 (a) Intensity of water use; (b) Distribution of dairy companies
according to water use; (c) Distribution of meat companies
according to water use 84
8.3 Source of water supply and water supply costs 85
8.4 Cost of waste water 86
8.5 Numbers of firms discharging to sewers, rivers, streams,
land and so on 87
8.6 Range of sewer discharge costs facing firms 88
8.7 (a) Effluent plant running costs; (b) Range of effluent plant costs 89
8.8 (a) Characteristics of effluent plants; (b) Capital costs in the
1990s shown as a range 90
8.9 Packaging waste disposal costs 91
8.10 Distribution of total environmental costs by numbers of
companies 92
8.11 Waste water cost levels for each firm alongside their
environmental costs 92
8.12 Plant size and environmental costs 93
9.1 Number of plants with a written environmental policy 94
9.2 Drivers for undertaking environmental initiatives 95
9.3 Number of environmental initiatives undertaken by firms
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 96
List of tables ix
9.4 Types of environmental initiative undertaken (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 97
9.5 Initiatives undertaken by individual firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 98
9.6 Cost of waste water and average number of initiatives 104
9.7 Liquid waste performance of sample companies (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 106
9.8 Frequency of inspection and analysis of liquid waste (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 107
9.9 Plant size and number of initiatives 108
10.1 Comparative productivity and environmental costs (a) Dairy;
(b)Meat 110
10.2 Environmental costs for above average performance firms 111
10.3 Environmental costs for firms with certain characteristics 112
10.4 Comparative productivity and environmental initiatives
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 113
10.5 Waste costs and number of environmental initiatives
(a) Germany and Ireland; (b) Germany and Italy;
(c) Ireland and Italy 114
10.6 Firm performance and number of environmental initiatives 116
10.7 Firm characteristics and number of environmental initiatives 116
10.8 Firm performance and management culture 117
11.1 Productivity effects arising from the reduction of waste and
effluent (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 119
11.2 Effluent plant employment by region (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 120
11.3 Employment in other environmental procedures by region
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 121
11.4 Tasks and typical skill levels involved 123
11.5 Examples given by firms as to environmentally-related
use of management time 125
12.1 Employment change at sample plants and firms, 1990-95
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 127
12.2 Numbers of firms exporting and exports as a percentage of
all sales 128
12.3 Main export markets 128
12.4 Sales by type of customer (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 129
12.5 Competitive advantages at sample firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 131
12.6 Competitive disadvantages at sample firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 132
A 1.1 Legal requirements for discharging industrial effluents
into rivers and streams (Table A of the Merli Act) and
sewage systems with no centralized treatment plant
(Table C of the Merli Act) 147
x List of tables
A 1.2 Values taken by F and s according to effluent volume
and number of inhabitants served under the AGAC
charging system, 1995 150
A 1.3 Values taken by dt according to the number of inhabitants
served by each plant under the AGAC charging system, 1995 151
A 1.4 Legal restriction to effluent discharge in Italy and Emilia
Romagna 155
A2.1 Requirements for the direct discharge of sewage for the dairy
and meat processing industries 159
A2.2 Composition of sewage in the dairy industry 160
A2.3 Requirements for the discharge of sewage from municipalities 160
A2.4 Weighting of pollutants according to the law on waste water
charge 162
A2.5 Percentage of administrative expenditures of the revenue
from the waste water charge, 1982 164
A2.6 Waste water fees for indirect dischargers in the Federal
Republic of Germany 165
A2.7 Effects of sewage technologies in the dairy industry 168
A3.1 Distribution of Northern Ireland's pig meat firms by turnover,
1990 171
A3.2 Northern Ireland's pig processing industry employment;
1985 and 1990 172
A3.3 Northern Ireland pig meat: components of value added,
1989-91 172
A3.4 Northern Ireland pig meat: geographical composition of sales,
1989-91 173
A3.5 Value of Republic of Ireland pig meat output, 1990-92 174
A3.6 Growth in the volume of Republic of Ireland pig meat output,
1986-90 174
A3.7 Republic of Ireland pig livestock numbers, 1990-92 174
A3.8 Republic of Ireland pig meat employment, 1986-90 175
A3.9 Republic of Ireland bacon, ham and pork exports, 1990-92 175
A3.10 Northern Ireland poultry slaughtering and poultry
meat distribution of firms, 1991 176
A3.11 Northern Ireland poultry meat processing sector financial
variables, 1992-93 176
A 3.12 Northern Ireland poultry processing productivity and
other ratios, 1993 177
A3.13 Geographical composition of Northern Ireland poultry sales,
1992-93 177
A3.14 Republic of Ireland value of poultry sector output, 1990-92 179
A3.15 Republic of Ireland volume of poultry sector output, 1986-90 179
List of tables xi
A3.16 Republic of Ireland poultry employment, 1986-90 179
A3.17 Northern Ireland beef and sheep meat processing sector
financial data, 1992-93 180
A3.18 Northern Ireland beef and sheep meat processing productivity
and other ratios, 1993 180
A3.19 Geographical composition of Northern Ireland beef and
sheep meat sales, 1992-93 181
A3.20 Destination of Northern Ireland beef exports, 1990-91,
1991-92 181
A3.21 Destination of Northern Ireland beef exports, 1990-91,
1991-92 181
A3.22 Destination of Northern Ireland sheep meat exports, 1990-91,
1991-92 182
A3.23 Republic of Ireland value of cattle and calves output, 1990-92 184
A3.24 Republic of Ireland value of sheep and lambs output, 1990-92 184
A3.25 Republic of Ireland beef sector volume of output, 1986-90 184
A3.26 Republic of Ireland mutton and lamb volume of output,
1986-90 184
A3.27 Republic of Ireland beef employment, 1986-90 185
A3.28 Republic of Ireland sheep meat employment, 1986-90 185
A3.29 Republic of Ireland beef, mutton and lamb exports, 1990-92 185
A3.30 Republic of Ireland slaughtering of cattle at meat export
premises, 1989-92 185
A3.31 Republic of Ireland exports of live cattle, 1990-92 186
A3.32 Northern Ireland dairy firms distribution by employment size,
1991 188
A3.33 Northern Ireland milk sector financial data, 1992-93 188
A3.34 Northern Ireland milk sector productivity and other ratios,
1993 189
A3.35 Geographical composition of Northern Ireland milk
sector sales, 1992-93 189
A3.36 Republic of Ireland value of milk output, 1990-92 190
A3.37 Republic of Ireland volume of milk output, 1986-90 190
A3.38 Republic of Ireland milk employment, 1986-90 191
A3.39 Republic of Ireland dairy exports, 1991-93 191
A3.40 Republic of Ireland utilization of milk by product type,
1990-92 191
A3.41 Republic of Ireland production of selected dairy products,
1990-92 192
A3.42 Republic of Ireland dairy exports by product type, 1991-92 192
A4.1 The food processing industry in Italy, number of firms and
employment, 1991 194
xii List of tables
A4.2 Average size of food processing firms, 1981-91 195
A4.3 Imports, exports and trade deficit of dairy products in Italy,
1993-94 196
A4.4 Production and sales of dairy products, 1992 197
A4.5 Dairy firms with more than 20 employees: costs, revenues
and gross product, 1991 197
A4.6 Dairy firms with more than 20 employees: employment and
labour costs structure, 1991 198
A4.7 Labour productivity in dairy firms with more than
20 employees, 1991 198
A4.8 Production and sales of meat, 1992 199
A4.9 Meat processing firms with more than 20 employees: costs,
revenues and gross product, 1991 199
A4.10 Meat processing firms with more than 20 employees:
employment and labour costs structure, 1991 200
A4.11 Labour productivity in meat processing firms with more
than 20 employees, 1991 200
A5.1 Distribution of German meat and dairy firms by
employment size 206
A5.2 Change in the number of German dairy firms 207
A5.3 Indicators for the German meat industry 207
A5.4 Distribution of turnover according to firm size 208
A5.5 Products/production in German small firms 209
A5.6 Raw milk input according to legal structure of firms, 1988
and 1991 215
A6.1 Comparative manufacturing productivity, 1987 224
List of diagrams
2.1 Optimum charging per unit of pollution 12
4.1 Impact of environmental regulation: sub-marginal firms 46
4.2 Shift in the long-run industry supply curve following increased
environmental protection costs 47
4.3 Supply curve shift 47
4.4 Impact of environmentally related ATC and MC increases on a
monopoly 49
4.5 Increased environmental protection measures inducing an
increase in demand 49
4.6 A shift in the supply curve (induced by environmental
regulation) when price elasticity of demand is low 50
4.7 Impact of environmental regulation when the factors are
readily substitutable 52
4.8 Impact of environmental regulation when there is zero
factor substitution 53
xiii |
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of tables vii
List of diagrams xm
List of abbreviations Xlv
Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xvn
1 Introduction
2 Systems of regulation of effluent discharge: international
comparisons
3 Structural background of the meat and dairy processing sectors 21
4 Environmental regulation - negative and positive impacts on
cost competitiveness: a theoretical and empirical consideration 45
5 Research method ^
6 Description of the sample "°
7 Company performance and characteristics 70
8 Waste and effluent costs and abatement initiatives 83
9 Environmental initiatives, quality of effluent, waste inspection and
Q4
environmental compliance
10 The relationship between economic performance and
environmental performance 10^
11 Productivity and employment effects of waste regulation 119
12 Environmental regulation, costs and company competitiveness 126
13 Conclusion 135
APPENDICES
1 The Italian system of regulation of effluent discharge 147
2 The German system of regulation of effluent discharge 158
3 Industrial structure of the meat and dairy processing sectors in
Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland 171
V
vi Contents
4 Industrial structure of the meat and dairy processing sectors in
Italy 194
5 Industrial structure of the meat and dairy processing sectors in
Germany 206
6 International competitiveness performance 224
References 231
Index 243
List of tables
1.1 Pollution abatement and control expenditure, 1990 2
2.1 Republic of Ireland charging for waste water services 16
3.1 Selected output and employment data for the meat sector,
West Germany and Italy, 1975-89 22
3.2 Selected output and employment data for the meat sector,
Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 23
3.3 Selected output and employment data for the dairy sector,
West Germany and Italy, 1975-89 24
3.4 Selected output and employment data for the dairy sector,
Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 25
3.5 GVA factor cost per employee in the meat sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-91 26
3.6 GVA factor cost per employee in the dairy sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-91 26
3.7 Total labour costs per employee in the meat sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 27
3.8 Total labour costs per employee in the dairy sector,
West Germany, Italy, Republic of Ireland and UK, 1975-89 27
3.9 Values of food processing exports - meat, 1989 28
3.10 Values of food processing exports - dairy, 1989 28
3.11 Comparative openness to trade in the EU transport equipment,
meat processing and dairy industries in 1992 29
3.12 Italian regional data for the food processing industry
as a whole, 1991 31
3.13 EU average annual percentage growth rates (real terms) in meat
processing, 1983-97 32
3.14 EU average growth rates per cent (real terms) in milk
processing, 1983-97 34
3.15 Factors determining competitiveness performance 36
4.1 UK measurements of the extent of price elasticity of
demand for milk and meat products, 1988 51
4.2 Pollution abatement costs as a per cent of value of shipments
(that is, turnover), 1991 56
6.1 Numbers of firms sampled by region 66
vii
viii List of tables
6.2 Sample according to location and legal form of business
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 67
6.3 Size distribution of the firms sampled (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 68
6.4 Products produced by sample firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 69
6.5 Numbers of firms 'broadly' matched 69
7.1 Relative total labour costs, 1970-94 73
7.2 Relative total unit labour costs, 1970-94 73
7.3 Numbers of firms matched (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 75
7.4 Comparative productivity performance of sample firms 75
7.5 Comparative product quality 76
7.6 Numbers of firms identified as best practice producers 77
7.7 Numbers of firms with relatively high productivity levels
in national terms 77
7.8 Export ratios in sample firms 78
7.9 Employment change at sample plants and firms, 1990-95
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 78
7.10 Relationship between performance variables (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 79
7.11 Machine age by country and region 81
7.12 Average percentages of certificated qualifications 81
7.13 Employment in R D as a percentage of firm total 82
8.1 Water used annually, all firms 84
8.2 (a) Intensity of water use; (b) Distribution of dairy companies
according to water use; (c) Distribution of meat companies
according to water use 84
8.3 Source of water supply and water supply costs 85
8.4 Cost of waste water 86
8.5 Numbers of firms discharging to sewers, rivers, streams,
land and so on 87
8.6 Range of sewer discharge costs facing firms 88
8.7 (a) Effluent plant running costs; (b) Range of effluent plant costs 89
8.8 (a) Characteristics of effluent plants; (b) Capital costs in the
1990s shown as a range 90
8.9 Packaging waste disposal costs 91
8.10 Distribution of total environmental costs by numbers of
companies 92
8.11 Waste water cost levels for each firm alongside their
environmental costs 92
8.12 Plant size and environmental costs 93
9.1 Number of plants with a written environmental policy 94
9.2 Drivers for undertaking environmental initiatives 95
9.3 Number of environmental initiatives undertaken by firms
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 96
List of tables ix
9.4 Types of environmental initiative undertaken (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 97
9.5 Initiatives undertaken by individual firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 98
9.6 Cost of waste water and average number of initiatives 104
9.7 Liquid waste performance of sample companies (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 106
9.8 Frequency of inspection and analysis of liquid waste (a) Dairy;
(b) Meat 107
9.9 Plant size and number of initiatives 108
10.1 Comparative productivity and environmental costs (a) Dairy;
(b)Meat 110
10.2 Environmental costs for above average performance firms 111
10.3 Environmental costs for firms with certain characteristics 112
10.4 Comparative productivity and environmental initiatives
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 113
10.5 Waste costs and number of environmental initiatives
(a) Germany and Ireland; (b) Germany and Italy;
(c) Ireland and Italy 114
10.6 Firm performance and number of environmental initiatives 116
10.7 Firm characteristics and number of environmental initiatives 116
10.8 Firm performance and management culture 117
11.1 Productivity effects arising from the reduction of waste and
effluent (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 119
11.2 Effluent plant employment by region (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 120
11.3 Employment in other environmental procedures by region
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 121
11.4 Tasks and typical skill levels involved 123
11.5 Examples given by firms as to environmentally-related
use of management time 125
12.1 Employment change at sample plants and firms, 1990-95
(a) Dairy; (b) Meat 127
12.2 Numbers of firms exporting and exports as a percentage of
all sales 128
12.3 Main export markets 128
12.4 Sales by type of customer (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 129
12.5 Competitive advantages at sample firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 131
12.6 Competitive disadvantages at sample firms (a) Dairy; (b) Meat 132
A 1.1 Legal requirements for discharging industrial effluents
into rivers and streams (Table A of the Merli Act) and
sewage systems with no centralized treatment plant
(Table C of the Merli Act) 147
x List of tables
A 1.2 Values taken by F and s according to effluent volume
and number of inhabitants served under the AGAC
charging system, 1995 150
A 1.3 Values taken by dt according to the number of inhabitants
served by each plant under the AGAC charging system, 1995 151
A 1.4 Legal restriction to effluent discharge in Italy and Emilia
Romagna 155
A2.1 Requirements for the direct discharge of sewage for the dairy
and meat processing industries 159
A2.2 Composition of sewage in the dairy industry 160
A2.3 Requirements for the discharge of sewage from municipalities 160
A2.4 Weighting of pollutants according to the law on waste water
charge 162
A2.5 Percentage of administrative expenditures of the revenue
from the waste water charge, 1982 164
A2.6 Waste water fees for indirect dischargers in the Federal
Republic of Germany 165
A2.7 Effects of sewage technologies in the dairy industry 168
A3.1 Distribution of Northern Ireland's pig meat firms by turnover,
1990 171
A3.2 Northern Ireland's pig processing industry employment;
1985 and 1990 172
A3.3 Northern Ireland pig meat: components of value added,
1989-91 172
A3.4 Northern Ireland pig meat: geographical composition of sales,
1989-91 173
A3.5 Value of Republic of Ireland pig meat output, 1990-92 174
A3.6 Growth in the volume of Republic of Ireland pig meat output,
1986-90 174
A3.7 Republic of Ireland pig livestock numbers, 1990-92 174
A3.8 Republic of Ireland pig meat employment, 1986-90 175
A3.9 Republic of Ireland bacon, ham and pork exports, 1990-92 175
A3.10 Northern Ireland poultry slaughtering and poultry
meat distribution of firms, 1991 176
A3.11 Northern Ireland poultry meat processing sector financial
variables, 1992-93 176
A 3.12 Northern Ireland poultry processing productivity and
other ratios, 1993 177
A3.13 Geographical composition of Northern Ireland poultry sales,
1992-93 177
A3.14 Republic of Ireland value of poultry sector output, 1990-92 179
A3.15 Republic of Ireland volume of poultry sector output, 1986-90 179
List of tables xi
A3.16 Republic of Ireland poultry employment, 1986-90 179
A3.17 Northern Ireland beef and sheep meat processing sector
financial data, 1992-93 180
A3.18 Northern Ireland beef and sheep meat processing productivity
and other ratios, 1993 180
A3.19 Geographical composition of Northern Ireland beef and
sheep meat sales, 1992-93 181
A3.20 Destination of Northern Ireland beef exports, 1990-91,
1991-92 181
A3.21 Destination of Northern Ireland beef exports, 1990-91,
1991-92 181
A3.22 Destination of Northern Ireland sheep meat exports, 1990-91,
1991-92 182
A3.23 Republic of Ireland value of cattle and calves output, 1990-92 184
A3.24 Republic of Ireland value of sheep and lambs output, 1990-92 184
A3.25 Republic of Ireland beef sector volume of output, 1986-90 184
A3.26 Republic of Ireland mutton and lamb volume of output,
1986-90 184
A3.27 Republic of Ireland beef employment, 1986-90 185
A3.28 Republic of Ireland sheep meat employment, 1986-90 185
A3.29 Republic of Ireland beef, mutton and lamb exports, 1990-92 185
A3.30 Republic of Ireland slaughtering of cattle at meat export
premises, 1989-92 185
A3.31 Republic of Ireland exports of live cattle, 1990-92 186
A3.32 Northern Ireland dairy firms distribution by employment size,
1991 188
A3.33 Northern Ireland milk sector financial data, 1992-93 188
A3.34 Northern Ireland milk sector productivity and other ratios,
1993 189
A3.35 Geographical composition of Northern Ireland milk
sector sales, 1992-93 189
A3.36 Republic of Ireland value of milk output, 1990-92 190
A3.37 Republic of Ireland volume of milk output, 1986-90 190
A3.38 Republic of Ireland milk employment, 1986-90 191
A3.39 Republic of Ireland dairy exports, 1991-93 191
A3.40 Republic of Ireland utilization of milk by product type,
1990-92 191
A3.41 Republic of Ireland production of selected dairy products,
1990-92 192
A3.42 Republic of Ireland dairy exports by product type, 1991-92 192
A4.1 The food processing industry in Italy, number of firms and
employment, 1991 194
xii List of tables
A4.2 Average size of food processing firms, 1981-91 195
A4.3 Imports, exports and trade deficit of dairy products in Italy,
1993-94 196
A4.4 Production and sales of dairy products, 1992 197
A4.5 Dairy firms with more than 20 employees: costs, revenues
and gross product, 1991 197
A4.6 Dairy firms with more than 20 employees: employment and
labour costs structure, 1991 198
A4.7 Labour productivity in dairy firms with more than
20 employees, 1991 198
A4.8 Production and sales of meat, 1992 199
A4.9 Meat processing firms with more than 20 employees: costs,
revenues and gross product, 1991 199
A4.10 Meat processing firms with more than 20 employees:
employment and labour costs structure, 1991 200
A4.11 Labour productivity in meat processing firms with more
than 20 employees, 1991 200
A5.1 Distribution of German meat and dairy firms by
employment size 206
A5.2 Change in the number of German dairy firms 207
A5.3 Indicators for the German meat industry 207
A5.4 Distribution of turnover according to firm size 208
A5.5 Products/production in German small firms 209
A5.6 Raw milk input according to legal structure of firms, 1988
and 1991 215
A6.1 Comparative manufacturing productivity, 1987 224
List of diagrams
2.1 Optimum charging per unit of pollution 12
4.1 Impact of environmental regulation: sub-marginal firms 46
4.2 Shift in the long-run industry supply curve following increased
environmental protection costs 47
4.3 Supply curve shift 47
4.4 Impact of environmentally related ATC and MC increases on a
monopoly 49
4.5 Increased environmental protection measures inducing an
increase in demand 49
4.6 A shift in the supply curve (induced by environmental
regulation) when price elasticity of demand is low 50
4.7 Impact of environmental regulation when the factors are
readily substitutable 52
4.8 Impact of environmental regulation when there is zero
factor substitution 53
xiii |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)11365393X |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023519882 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HD9015 |
| callnumber-raw | HD9015.A2F57 1998 |
| callnumber-search | HD9015.A2F57 1998 |
| callnumber-sort | HD 49015 A2 F57 41998 |
| callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
| classification_rvk | QR 528 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)245666515 (DE-599)BVBBV023519882 |
| dewey-full | 338.4/7664/009421 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 338 - Production |
| dewey-raw | 338.4/7664/0094 21 |
| dewey-search | 338.4/7664/0094 21 |
| dewey-sort | 3338.4 47664 294 221 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Government Document Book |
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| geographic | Europa |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV023519882 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T22:32:39Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:23:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1858988217 9282739686 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016840202 |
| oclc_num | 245666515 |
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| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-523 DE-634 DE-188 |
| physical | XVII, 250 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 1998 |
| publishDateSearch | 1998 |
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| publisher | Elgar Office for Official Publ. of the European Communities [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries David Hitchens ... Cheltenham [u.a.] Elgar 1998 Luxembourg Office for Official Publ. of the European Communities [u.a.] XVII, 250 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Recht Umwelt Food industry and trade -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Environmental aspects -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Law and legislation -- Europe Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 gnd rswk-swf Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd rswk-swf Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd rswk-swf Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd rswk-swf Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 gnd rswk-swf Europa Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 s Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 s Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 s Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 s Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 s DE-604 Hitchens, David M. W. N. 1948- Sonstige (DE-588)11365393X oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016840202&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Recht Umwelt Food industry and trade -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Environmental aspects -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Law and legislation -- Europe Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4034889-1 (DE-588)4170174-4 (DE-588)4061644-7 (DE-588)4031031-0 (DE-588)4065837-5 |
| title | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries |
| title_auth | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries |
| title_exact_search | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries |
| title_full | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries David Hitchens ... |
| title_fullStr | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries David Hitchens ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the European food processing industries David Hitchens ... |
| title_short | The firm, competitiveness and environmental regulations |
| title_sort | the firm competitiveness and environmental regulations a study of the european food processing industries |
| title_sub | a study of the European food processing industries |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Recht Umwelt Food industry and trade -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Environmental aspects -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Law and legislation -- Europe Lebensmittelindustrie (DE-588)4034889-1 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Umweltschutz (DE-588)4061644-7 gnd Klein- und Mittelbetrieb (DE-588)4031031-0 gnd Wettbewerbsfähigkeit (DE-588)4065837-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Recht Umwelt Food industry and trade -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Environmental aspects -- Europe Food industry and trade -- Law and legislation -- Europe Lebensmittelindustrie Mitgliedsstaaten Umweltschutz Klein- und Mittelbetrieb Wettbewerbsfähigkeit Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016840202&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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