Introduction to materials chemistry:
"This book gives readers a broad overview of how the fundamentals of chemistry are used to create sophisticated materials and devices that improve modern life. This is an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. It a...
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2008
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "This book gives readers a broad overview of how the fundamentals of chemistry are used to create sophisticated materials and devices that improve modern life. This is an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. It also provides a general overview for professionals in research and/or industry, illustrating the relationships between different types of solids and how combinations of different materials are often used to solve challenging technical problems."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 432 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470293331 0470293330 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Allcock, Harry R. |d 1932- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)136456332 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to materials chemistry |c Harry R. Allcock |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 432 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 520 | 1 | |a "This book gives readers a broad overview of how the fundamentals of chemistry are used to create sophisticated materials and devices that improve modern life. This is an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. It also provides a general overview for professionals in research and/or industry, illustrating the relationships between different types of solids and how combinations of different materials are often used to solve challenging technical problems."--BOOK JACKET. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Génie chimique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemical engineering | |
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| _version_ | 1804137909840773120 |
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| adam_text | Contents
PREFACE
xvii
PART
I
INTRODUCTION
TO MATERIAL SCIENCE
1
1.
What Is Materials Chemistry?
3
A. Different Types of Materials
/ 3
B. Uses of Materials
/ 6
C. Approaches to Producing New Materials, New Properties,
and Uses
/ 8
D. Devices and Machines
/ 10
E. The Role of Chemistry in Materials Science
/11
F. A
Broader Perspective
/ 13
G. Terminology
/ 15
H. Example Journals Where Materials Science Publications
Can be Found
/ 15
I. Study Questions
/ 15
2.
Fundamental Principles that Underiie Materials Chemistry
17
A. Why Are Different Materials Different
/ 17
B. The Role of Different Elements
/ 17
С
Different Types of Chemical Bonds
/ 19
1.
Van
der Waals
Forces and the Lennard-Jones
Potential
/ 20
2.
Covalent Bonds
/ 21
3.
Coordinate Bonds
/ 30
VÍ
CONTENTS
4.
Ionic Assemblies
/ 30
5.
Metallic Bonding
/ 31
D. Size of Molecular Units
/ 32
E. Different Shapes of Component Molecules and Influence of
Solid-State Structure
/ 34
F. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 37
G. Study Questions
/ 38
3.
Basic Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry
40
A. Underlying Principles
/ 40
B. Starting Points for Materials Synthesis
—
Isolation of
Elements
/ 41
С
Principles that Underlie Materials Synthesis
/ 44
1.
Importance of Halides in Materials Synthesis
/ 44
2.
Acidic Hydroxides and Condensation Reactions
/ 46
3.
Metathetical Exchange Reactions
/ 47
4.
Nucleophilic Substitution
/ 48
5.
Electrophilic Substitution
/ 49
6.
Coordination Chemistry
/ 50
7.
Branching and Crosslinking
/ 50
8.
Polymerization-Depolymerization Equilibria
/ 52
D. Illustrative Chemistry of Selected Nonmetallic
Elements
/ 52
1.
Carbon Chemistry
/ 52
2.
Silicon Chemistry
/ 56
3.
Boron Chemistry
/ 60
4.
Phosphorus Chemistry
/ 63
5.
Interelement
Compounds
/ 66
6.
Small Rings, Cages, and Short Chains
/ 66
E. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 66
F. Study Questions
/ 67
4.
Structure Determination and Special Techniques for Materials
Characterization
68
A. Purpose
/ 68
B. Analysis of
Buhe
Materials
/ 68
1.
Elemental Microanalysis
/ 68
2.
Infrared-Raman Spectroscopy
/ 69
3.
Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy
/ 69
4.
Thermal Analysis
/ 70
5.
Stress-Strain and Impact Analysis
/ 74
6.
Х
-Ray Diffraction
/ 75
7.
Refractive Index and Chromatic Dispersion
/ 79
8.
Magnetic Susceptibility
/ 80
CONTENTS
VU
9. Electrical
Conductivity
/ 82
10. Transmission Electron
Microscopy /
83
C.
Surface and Thin-Film Analysis Techniques
/ 83
1.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
/ 83
2.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic
Force Microscopy (AFM)
/ 85
3.
Х
-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
/ 88
4.
Total Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy
/ 90
5.
Ellipsometry
/ 90
6.
Contact Angles
/ 91
D. Solution Analysis Techniques
/ 92
1.
General Comments
/ 92
2.
Solution NMR Spectroscopy
/ 92
3.
Solution-State Light Scattering
/ 92
4.
Gel Permeation Chromatography
/ 92
E. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 93
F. Study Questions
/ 93
PART II DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS
95
5.
Small Molecules in Solids
97
A. Importance of Small-Molecule Materials
/ 97
B. Packing of Small Molecules in the Solid State
/ 98
1.
Shape-Fitting
/ 98
2.
Dipolar or Charged Molecules
/ 99
3.
Hydrogen Bonding
/ 99
С
Self-Assembly by Crystallization
/ 100
D. Spherical Molecules Such as
Fullerenes
in the Solid State
/ 100
E. Disk-Shaped Molecules and Other Flat Structures
/ 101
1.
Liquid Crystallinity from Disk- or Wafer-Shaped
Modecules
/ 101
2.
Electronic Phenomena from Disk-Shaped Molecules
in the Solid State
/ 102
F. Rod-Shaped Molecules
/ 107
G. Charge Transfer Complexes
/ 107
H. Clathrates
—
Molecular Inclusion Adducts
/ 108
1.
Clathrates of Water Ice
/ 110
2.
Urea and Thiourea /111
3.
Perhydrotriphenylene
/ 112
4.
Cyclophosphazenes
/112
5.
Hofmann
and
Werner
-Туре
Complexes
/114
6.
Cyclodextrins,
Cryptâtes,
and Crown Ethers
/114
I. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 115
J. Study Questions
/ 116
Vili
CONTENTS
6. Polymers 118
A. Overview
/ 118
B.
Synthesis of Polymers
/ 119
1.
General Principles
/ 119
2.
Addition Polymerization
/ 119
3.
Condensation Polymerization
/ 130
4.
Ring-Opening Polymerization
/ 132
5.
Electrochemical Polymerization
/ 133
6.
Secondary Reactions
/ 133
С
Structure-Property Relationships and Polymer Design
/ 135
1.
Influence of Molecular Architecture
/ 135
2.
Molecular Weights and Distributions
/ 137
3.
Chain Flexibility
/ 138
4.
Influence of Different Skeletal Elements and Backbone
Bonding
/ 139
5.
Specific Influence of Different Side Groups
/ 139
6.
Effects of Crosslinking
/ 140
D. Polymers in the Solid State
/ 140
1.
Chain Entanglement
/ 140
2.
Crystallinity
/ 141
3.
Liquid Crystallinity
/ 141
E. Fabrication of Polymers
/ 143
1.
Solution Casting of Films
/ 143
2.
Melt-Fabrication of Films
/ 144
3.
Fabrication of Fibers
/ 144
4.
Injection Molding
/ 144
5.
Thermoforming
/ 145
6.
Blow Molding
/ 145
7.
Sintering
/ 145
8.
Polymerization Combined with Fabrication
/ 145
F. Example Polymeric Materials
/ 146
1.
Polymers Produced by Addition Reactions
/ 146
2.
Polyurethanes
/ 147
3.
Polymers Produced by Condensation Reactions
/ 148
4.
Polymers Produced by Ring-Opening
Polymerizations
/ 150
G. Future Challenges in Polymeric Materials Science
/ 154
H. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 154
I. Study Questions
/ 155
7.
Glasses and Ceramics
157
A. Overview
/ 157
B. Oxide Ceramics and Glasses Obtained or Produced Directly
from Mineralogical Materials
/ 159
1.
General Observations
/ 159
CONTENTS
ІХ
2.
Silica,
Silicates,
and Aluminosilicates
—
General
Characteristics /
160
3.
Aluminosilicate
Clays and Related Minerals
—
Properties
and Structure
/ 164
4.
Chrysotile and Other Forms of Asbestos
/ 169
5.
Glasses
/ 170
С
Oxide Ceramics from Small-Molecule Inorganic and
Organometallic Precursors
/ 173
1.
Optical Waveguides (Optical Fibers)
/ 174
2.
The Sol-Gel Process for Low-Temperature Ceramic
Formation
/ 174
3.
Zeolites
/ 178
4.
Calcium Hydroxyapatite
/ 179
D. Nonoxide Ceramics
/ 180
1.
General Aspects
/ 180
2.
Carbon Fiber
/ 181
3.
Silicon Carbide
/ 185
4.
Silicon Nitride
/ 186
5.
Boron Nitride and Other Boron-Containing
Ceramics
/ 188
6.
Aluminum Nitride
/ 189
7.
Other Ceramics Formed by the Preceramic Polymer
Process
/ 190
E. Fabrication of Ceramics and Glasses
/ 190
1.
General Comments
/ 190
2.
Sculpting
/ 191
3.
Melting, Extrusion, and Molding
/ 191
4.
Powder Sintering
/ 191
5.
Sol-Gel Fabrication
/ 192
F. Future Challenges in Ceramics and Glass Science
/192
G. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 193
H. Study Questions
/ 194
8.
Metals
195
A. Important Aspects of Metal Science and Technology
/ 195
1.
Background
/ 195
2.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Metals as
Materials
/ 196
3.
Scope of This Chapter
/ 196
B. Isolation of Specific Metals from Their Ores
/ 197
1.
Iron and Steel
/ 197
2.
Nickel
/ 199
3.
Chromium
/ 200
4.
Aluminum
/ 200
5.
Magnesium
/ 201
CONTENTS
6.
Titanium
/ 201
7.
Tin
/ 201
8.
Copper
/ 202
9.
Silver
/ 202
10.
Gold
/ 203
С
Corrosion
/ 203
D. Solid-State Structure of Metals and Alloys
/ 205
1.
Packing of Spheres
/ 206
2.
Alloys
/ 207
E. Electrical Conductivity
/ 208
F. The Color of Metals
/ 211
G. Thermal Conductivity of Metals
/ 212
H. Magnetic Properties of Metals
/213
I. Mechanical Properties of Metals
/ 214
J. Fabrication of Metals
/ 214
K. Future Challenges in Metallic Materials
/ 215
L. Suggestion for Further Reading
/ 215
M. Study Questions
/ 215
9.
Alloys, Composites, and Defects
217
A. Overview
/ 217
1.
Important Mechanical Properties
/ 217
2.
Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solids
/ 218
3.
Different Types of Composite Materials
/ 219
4.
Defects in Solids
/ 219
B. Pure Materials and Homogeneous Solid Solutions
/ 221
1.
Slip Planes, Dislocations, and Grain Boundaries in
Metals
/ 221
2.
Homogeneous Metallic Alloys
/ 224
3.
Polymer Alloys—Blends
/ 224
4.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
/ 225
5.
Ceramic-Polymer Alloys (Ceramers)
/ 226
С
Heterophase Materials
/ 227
1.
General Observations
/ 227
2.
Reasons for Phase Segregation
/ 228
3.
Phase-Separated Metals
/ 229
4.
Heterophase Mineralogical Materials
/ 229
5.
Microcrystalline Polymers
/ 229
6.
Heterogeneous Ceramic-Polymer Composites
/ 230
7.
Phase-Separated Polymer-Polymer Composites
/ 230
8.
Phase-Separated Block Copolymers
/ 231
9.
Laminates
/ 233
10.
Filled Thermoplastics and Thermosetting
Materials
/ 234
CONTENTS
ХІ
D.
Suggestion for Further Reading
/ 234
E. Study Questions
/ 234
PARTIU
MATERIALS IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
237
10.
Semiconductors and Related Materials
239
A. Importance of Semiconductors
/ 239
B. Semiconductor Theory
/ 240
С
Preparation of Semiconductor-Grade Silicon and Compound
Semiconductors
/ 242
1.
Semiconductor-Grade Silicon
/ 242
2.
Amorphous Semiconductor Silicon
/ 243
3.
Preparation of Compound Semiconductors
/ 244
D. Organic Polymer Semiconductors
/ 244
1.
Background
—
Polyacetylene
/ 244
2.
Poly(phenylene
vinylene)
/ 246
3.
Poly(p-phenylene)
/ 247
4.
Polypyrrole and Polythiophene
/ 247
5.
Polyaniline
/ 247
6.
Mechanism of Conduction in Unsaturated Organic
Polymers
/ 248
E. Photolithography and Microlithography
/ 248
1.
Principles of Semiconductor Fabrication
/ 248
2.
Overview of the Semiconductor Manufacturing
Process
/ 250
3.
Equipment
/ 253
F. Photoresists
/ 255
1.
General Features of Resists
/ 255
2.
Novolac Positive Tone Resists
/ 255
3.
Chemical Amplification
/ 256
4.
Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) Resists
/ 257
5.
Multilayer Lithography
/ 257
6.
All-Dry Resists
/ 258
G. Electron Beam Lithography
/ 258
H.
Х
-Ray Lithography
/ 258
I. Circuit Wiring
/ 258
J. Semiconductor Devices
/ 259
1.
Devices Based on Presence of a Single
Semiconductor
/ 259
2.
The Transistor and the Metal Oxide Integrated
Circuit
/ 260
3.
Phenomena Based on a
p
-η
Junction
/ 261
K. Unsolved Problems in Semiconductor Materials Science
/ 267
L. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 267
M. Study Questions
/ 268
XU CONTENTS
11.
Superconductors
269
A. Overview
/ 269
Β.
Nomenclature
/ 271
C.
Synthesis of High-Temperature Superconductors
/ 272
D. Solid-State Structure
/ 274
E. Theories of Superconduction
/ 277
F. Other Superconducting Systems
/ 278
G. Current and Proposed Uses for Superconductors
/ 279
H. Challenges for the Future
/ 280
I. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 280
J. Study Questions
/ 280
12.
Solid Ionic Conductors: Advanced Materials for Energy
Generation and Energy Storage
282
A. General Observations
/ 282
B. Fuel Cell Materials
/ 284
1.
Background
/ 284
2.
General Principles
/ 284
3.
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(РЕМ)
Fuel Cells
/ 285
4.
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
/ 290
5.
Alkaline Fuel Cells
/ 291
6.
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
/ 292
7.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
/ 293
С
Battery Electrolyte Materials
/ 295
1.
Background
/ 295
2.
Lithium Ion ( Rocking Chair ) Batteries
/ 295
3.
Principles behind Lithium Ion Transport
Membranes
/ 296
4.
Metallic Lithium/Solid Polymer or Gel Electrolyte
Batteries
/ 298
5.
Example Polymers for Lithium Battery Applications
/ 299
6.
Lithium-Seawater Batteries
/ 300
D. Capacitors and Supercapacitors
/ 301
E. Challenges for the Future
/ 303
1.
Challenges for Materials in Fuel Cells
/ 303
2.
Challenges in Battery Science and Technology
/ 304
3.
Challenges for Capacitors and Supercapacitors
/ 304
F. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 305
G. Study Questions
/ 306
13.
Membranes
307
A. Background
/ 307
B. Porous Membranes
/ 308
1.
Mechanism of Operation
/ 308
CONTENTS
ХШ
C.
Membranes
that Function by a Chemical Reaction
/ 309
D. Nonporous Membranes that Do Not React with Participating
Molecules
/ 310
E. Specific Examples of Materials Used in Solid Polymeric
Membranes
/ 312
1.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Membranes for Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide Transmission
/ 312
2.
Desalination Membranes
/ 312
3.
Dialysis Membranes
/ 312
4.
Membranes for Controlled Drug Delivery
/313
F. Gel Membranes
/ 313
1.
General Principles
/ 313
2.
The Special Case of Gel Membranes as On/Off Switching
Systems
/ 314
G. Testing of Membranes
/314
1.
Gas Separations
/ 315
2.
Liquid Separations
/ 316
3.
Controlled Drug Release and Dialysis Membranes
/ 316
H. Sound Transducer Membranes
/ 317
1.
Principle of Operation
/ 317
2.
A Polymeric Example
—
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
/ 318
3.
Ceramic-Type Piezoelectric Materials
/ 319
I. Challenges for the Future
/ 320
J. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 320
K. Study Questions
/ 321
14.
Optical and Photonic Materials
323
A. Overview
/ 323
1.
Passive versus Responsive Optical Materials
/ 323
2.
Importance of Refractive Index
/ 324
3.
Optical Dispersion
/ 326
4.
Optical Birefringence
/ 328
B. Passive Optical Materials
/ 329
1.
Materials and Devices for Passive Optical
Applications
/ 329
2.
General-Purpose Optical Materials
/ 329
3.
Lenses and Prisms
/ 330
4.
OpticalWaveguides
/ 331
5.
Waveguide Multiplex/Demultiplex Devices
/ 334
6.
Optical Filters
/ 335
7.
Optical Polarizing Filters
/ 336
С
Responsive Optical Materials
/ 338
1.
General Observations
/ 338
2.
Liquid Crystalline Materials
/ 339
XIV
CONTENTS
3. Photochromic Materials / 341
4.
Nonlinear Optical
Materials / 343
5. Electrochromic Devices / 350
6. Thermochromism / 351
7.
Light-Emitting
Materials / 352
D.
Challenges for the Future
/ 352
E.
Final Comments
/ 352
F.
Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 353
G. Study Questions
/ 353
15.
Surface Science of Materials
355
A. Perspective
/ 355
B. Summary of Characterization Methods
/ 356
C. Surfaces of Metals
/ 356
1.
Important Aspects
/ 356
2.
Etching of Metal Surfaces
/ 357
3.
Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals
/ 357
4.
Metal Surfaces and Vapor Deposition, Sputtering, or
Solution Reactions
/ 357
D. Ceramic Surfaces
/ 358
1.
Oxide Ceramic Surfaces
/ 358
2.
Chemical Modification of Glass Surfaces
/ 359
3.
Nonoxide Ceramic Fiber Surfaces
/ 359
4.
Ceramic Decomposition by Pollutants
/ 359
E. Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
1.
General Aspects of Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
2.
Unusual Characteristics of Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
3.
Chemical Modification of Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
4.
Polymer Surfaces in Offset Lithography Printing
/ 361
5.
Plasma Modification of Polymer Surfaces
/ 362
6.
Influence of Polymer Fabrication Method
/ 362
7.
Micro- and Nanofiber Surfaces
/ 363
8.
Role of Block Copolymers at Surfaces
/ 364
F. Surfaces of Semiconductors
/ 364
1.
Oxidation of Semiconductor Silicon
/ 364
2.
High-Surface-Area Semiconductors
/ 364
G. Assembly of Molecules on Surfaces
/ 366
1.
Langmuir-Blodgett Techniques
/ 366
2.
Self-Assembly on Gold Surfaces
/ 366
3.
Layer-by-Layer Assembly
/ 368
4.
Surface Patterning by AFM
/ 368
H. Adhesion and Surface Chemistry
/ 368
1.
General Characteristics of Adhesion
/ 368
2.
Chemical Bonding as a Source of Adhesion
/ 368
3.
Physical Bonding of Surfaces
/ 369
CONTENTS XV
I. Relationship to Other Materials Topics
/ 369
1.
Soft Contact Printing
/ 369
2.
Biomedical
Materials Surfaces
/ 370
J. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 371
K. Study Questions
/ 372
16.
Biomedical
Materials
373
A. Special Requirements for
Biomedical
Materials
/ 373
B. Traditional
Biomedical
Materials
/ 375
1.
Metals
/ 375
2.
Ceramics
/ 376
3.
Polymers
/ 376
С
Materials for Specific Medical Applications
/ 382
1.
Cardiovascular Materials
/ 382
2.
Surgical Sutures, Clips, and Staples
/ 386
3.
Orthopedic Materials
/ 386
4.
Optical Materials in Medicine
/ 387
5.
Controlled Drug and Vaccine Delivery
/ 387
6.
Tissue Engineering
/ 391
D. Fabrication and Testing of
Biomedical
Materials
/ 393
1.
Fabrication
/ 393
2.
Testing of
Biomedical
Materials
/ 393
E. Unsolved Problems in
Biomedical
Materials Science
/ 394
F. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 395
G. Study Questions
/ 396
17.
Materials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
398
A. Background and Motivation
/ 398
B. Synthesis and Fabrication of Nanostructures
/ 400
1.
Top-Down Nanostructure Preparations
/ 400
2.
Bottom-Up Synthesis Methods
/ 401
С
Examples of Nanostructures
/ 402
1.
Nanofibers
/ 402
2.
Nanowires
/ 403
3.
Nanoscale Particles
/ 404
4.
Nanochannels and Nanotubes
/ 406
5.
Nanoscale Features in Electronics and Photonics
/ 409
6.
Nanomachines
/ 409
D. Major Challenges in Nanoscience and Technology
/ 410
E. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 410
F. Study Questions
/ 411
GLOSSARY
413
INDEX
419
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
PREFACE
xvii
PART
I
INTRODUCTION
TO MATERIAL SCIENCE
1
1.
What Is Materials Chemistry?
3
A. Different Types of Materials
/ 3
B. Uses of Materials
/ 6
C. Approaches to Producing New Materials, New Properties,
and Uses
/ 8
D. Devices and Machines
/ 10
E. The Role of Chemistry in Materials Science
/11
F. A
Broader Perspective
/ 13
G. Terminology
/ 15
H. Example Journals Where Materials Science Publications
Can be Found
/ 15
I. Study Questions
/ 15
2.
Fundamental Principles that Underiie Materials Chemistry
17
A. Why Are Different Materials Different
/ 17
B. The Role of Different Elements
/ 17
С
Different Types of Chemical Bonds
/ 19
1.
Van
der Waals
Forces and the Lennard-Jones
Potential
/ 20
2.
Covalent Bonds
/ 21
3.
Coordinate Bonds
/ 30
VÍ
CONTENTS
4.
Ionic Assemblies
/ 30
5.
Metallic Bonding
/ 31
D. Size of Molecular Units
/ 32
E. Different Shapes of Component Molecules and Influence of
Solid-State Structure
/ 34
F. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 37
G. Study Questions
/ 38
3.
Basic Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry
40
A. Underlying Principles
/ 40
B. Starting Points for Materials Synthesis
—
Isolation of
Elements
/ 41
С
Principles that Underlie Materials Synthesis
/ 44
1.
Importance of Halides in Materials Synthesis
/ 44
2.
Acidic Hydroxides and Condensation Reactions
/ 46
3.
Metathetical Exchange Reactions
/ 47
4.
Nucleophilic Substitution
/ 48
5.
Electrophilic Substitution
/ 49
6.
Coordination Chemistry
/ 50
7.
Branching and Crosslinking
/ 50
8.
Polymerization-Depolymerization Equilibria
/ 52
D. Illustrative Chemistry of Selected Nonmetallic
Elements
/ 52
1.
Carbon Chemistry
/ 52
2.
Silicon Chemistry
/ 56
3.
Boron Chemistry
/ 60
4.
Phosphorus Chemistry
/ 63
5.
Interelement
Compounds
/ 66
6.
Small Rings, Cages, and Short Chains
/ 66
E. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 66
F. Study Questions
/ 67
4.
Structure Determination and Special Techniques for Materials
Characterization
68
A. Purpose
/ 68
B. Analysis of
Buhe
Materials
/ 68
1.
Elemental Microanalysis
/ 68
2.
Infrared-Raman Spectroscopy
/ 69
3.
Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectroscopy
/ 69
4.
Thermal Analysis
/ 70
5.
Stress-Strain and Impact Analysis
/ 74
6.
Х
-Ray Diffraction
/ 75
7.
Refractive Index and Chromatic Dispersion
/ 79
8.
Magnetic Susceptibility
/ 80
CONTENTS
VU
9. Electrical
Conductivity
/ 82
10. Transmission Electron
Microscopy /
83
C.
Surface and Thin-Film Analysis Techniques
/ 83
1.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
/ 83
2.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Atomic
Force Microscopy (AFM)
/ 85
3.
Х
-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
/ 88
4.
Total Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy
/ 90
5.
Ellipsometry
/ 90
6.
Contact Angles
/ 91
D. Solution Analysis Techniques
/ 92
1.
General Comments
/ 92
2.
Solution NMR Spectroscopy
/ 92
3.
Solution-State Light Scattering
/ 92
4.
Gel Permeation Chromatography
/ 92
E. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 93
F. Study Questions
/ 93
PART II DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIALS
95
5.
Small Molecules in Solids
97
A. Importance of Small-Molecule Materials
/ 97
B. Packing of Small Molecules in the Solid State
/ 98
1.
Shape-Fitting
/ 98
2.
Dipolar or Charged Molecules
/ 99
3.
Hydrogen Bonding
/ 99
С
Self-Assembly by Crystallization
/ 100
D. Spherical Molecules Such as
Fullerenes
in the Solid State
/ 100
E. Disk-Shaped Molecules and Other Flat Structures
/ 101
1.
Liquid Crystallinity from Disk- or Wafer-Shaped
Modecules
/ 101
2.
Electronic Phenomena from Disk-Shaped Molecules
in the Solid State
/ 102
F. Rod-Shaped Molecules
/ 107
G. Charge Transfer Complexes
/ 107
H. Clathrates
—
Molecular Inclusion Adducts
/ 108
1.
Clathrates of Water Ice
/ 110
2.
Urea and Thiourea /111
3.
Perhydrotriphenylene
/ 112
4.
Cyclophosphazenes
/112
5.
Hofmann
and
Werner
-Туре
Complexes
/114
6.
Cyclodextrins,
Cryptâtes,
and Crown Ethers
/114
I. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 115
J. Study Questions
/ 116
Vili
CONTENTS
6. Polymers 118
A. Overview
/ 118
B.
Synthesis of Polymers
/ 119
1.
General Principles
/ 119
2.
Addition Polymerization
/ 119
3.
Condensation Polymerization
/ 130
4.
Ring-Opening Polymerization
/ 132
5.
Electrochemical Polymerization
/ 133
6.
Secondary Reactions
/ 133
С
Structure-Property Relationships and Polymer Design
/ 135
1.
Influence of Molecular Architecture
/ 135
2.
Molecular Weights and Distributions
/ 137
3.
Chain Flexibility
/ 138
4.
Influence of Different Skeletal Elements and Backbone
Bonding
/ 139
5.
Specific Influence of Different Side Groups
/ 139
6.
Effects of Crosslinking
/ 140
D. Polymers in the Solid State
/ 140
1.
Chain Entanglement
/ 140
2.
Crystallinity
/ 141
3.
Liquid Crystallinity
/ 141
E. Fabrication of Polymers
/ 143
1.
Solution Casting of Films
/ 143
2.
Melt-Fabrication of Films
/ 144
3.
Fabrication of Fibers
/ 144
4.
Injection Molding
/ 144
5.
Thermoforming
/ 145
6.
Blow Molding
/ 145
7.
Sintering
/ 145
8.
Polymerization Combined with Fabrication
/ 145
F. Example Polymeric Materials
/ 146
1.
Polymers Produced by Addition Reactions
/ 146
2.
Polyurethanes
/ 147
3.
Polymers Produced by Condensation Reactions
/ 148
4.
Polymers Produced by Ring-Opening
Polymerizations
/ 150
G. Future Challenges in Polymeric Materials Science
/ 154
H. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 154
I. Study Questions
/ 155
7.
Glasses and Ceramics
157
A. Overview
/ 157
B. Oxide Ceramics and Glasses Obtained or Produced Directly
from Mineralogical Materials
/ 159
1.
General Observations
/ 159
CONTENTS
ІХ
2.
Silica,
Silicates,
and Aluminosilicates
—
General
Characteristics /
160
3.
Aluminosilicate
Clays and Related Minerals
—
Properties
and Structure
/ 164
4.
Chrysotile and Other Forms of Asbestos
/ 169
5.
Glasses
/ 170
С
Oxide Ceramics from Small-Molecule Inorganic and
Organometallic Precursors
/ 173
1.
Optical Waveguides (Optical Fibers)
/ 174
2.
The Sol-Gel Process for Low-Temperature Ceramic
Formation
/ 174
3.
Zeolites
/ 178
4.
Calcium Hydroxyapatite
/ 179
D. Nonoxide Ceramics
/ 180
1.
General Aspects
/ 180
2.
Carbon Fiber
/ 181
3.
Silicon Carbide
/ 185
4.
Silicon Nitride
/ 186
5.
Boron Nitride and Other Boron-Containing
Ceramics
/ 188
6.
Aluminum Nitride
/ 189
7.
Other Ceramics Formed by the Preceramic Polymer
Process
/ 190
E. Fabrication of Ceramics and Glasses
/ 190
1.
General Comments
/ 190
2.
Sculpting
/ 191
3.
Melting, Extrusion, and Molding
/ 191
4.
Powder Sintering
/ 191
5.
Sol-Gel Fabrication
/ 192
F. Future Challenges in Ceramics and Glass Science
/192
G. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 193
H. Study Questions
/ 194
8.
Metals
195
A. Important Aspects of Metal Science and Technology
/ 195
1.
Background
/ 195
2.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Metals as
Materials
/ 196
3.
Scope of This Chapter
/ 196
B. Isolation of Specific Metals from Their Ores
/ 197
1.
Iron and Steel
/ 197
2.
Nickel
/ 199
3.
Chromium
/ 200
4.
Aluminum
/ 200
5.
Magnesium
/ 201
CONTENTS
6.
Titanium
/ 201
7.
Tin
/ 201
8.
Copper
/ 202
9.
Silver
/ 202
10.
Gold
/ 203
С
Corrosion
/ 203
D. Solid-State Structure of Metals and Alloys
/ 205
1.
Packing of Spheres
/ 206
2.
Alloys
/ 207
E. Electrical Conductivity
/ 208
F. The Color of Metals
/ 211
G. Thermal Conductivity of Metals
/ 212
H. Magnetic Properties of Metals
/213
I. Mechanical Properties of Metals
/ 214
J. Fabrication of Metals
/ 214
K. Future Challenges in Metallic Materials
/ 215
L. Suggestion for Further Reading
/ 215
M. Study Questions
/ 215
9.
Alloys, Composites, and Defects
217
A. Overview
/ 217
1.
Important Mechanical Properties
/ 217
2.
Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solids
/ 218
3.
Different Types of Composite Materials
/ 219
4.
Defects in Solids
/ 219
B. Pure Materials and Homogeneous Solid Solutions
/ 221
1.
Slip Planes, Dislocations, and Grain Boundaries in
Metals
/ 221
2.
Homogeneous Metallic Alloys
/ 224
3.
Polymer Alloys—Blends
/ 224
4.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
/ 225
5.
Ceramic-Polymer "Alloys" (Ceramers)
/ 226
С
Heterophase Materials
/ 227
1.
General Observations
/ 227
2.
Reasons for Phase Segregation
/ 228
3.
Phase-Separated Metals
/ 229
4.
Heterophase Mineralogical Materials
/ 229
5.
Microcrystalline Polymers
/ 229
6.
Heterogeneous Ceramic-Polymer Composites
/ 230
7.
Phase-Separated Polymer-Polymer Composites
/ 230
8.
Phase-Separated Block Copolymers
/ 231
9.
Laminates
/ 233
10.
Filled Thermoplastics and Thermosetting
Materials
/ 234
CONTENTS
ХІ
D.
Suggestion for Further Reading
/ 234
E. Study Questions
/ 234
PARTIU
MATERIALS IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
237
10.
Semiconductors and Related Materials
239
A. Importance of Semiconductors
/ 239
B. Semiconductor Theory
/ 240
С
Preparation of Semiconductor-Grade Silicon and Compound
Semiconductors
/ 242
1.
Semiconductor-Grade Silicon
/ 242
2.
Amorphous Semiconductor Silicon
/ 243
3.
Preparation of Compound Semiconductors
/ 244
D. Organic Polymer Semiconductors
/ 244
1.
Background
—
Polyacetylene
/ 244
2.
Poly(phenylene
vinylene)
/ 246
3.
Poly(p-phenylene)
/ 247
4.
Polypyrrole and Polythiophene
/ 247
5.
Polyaniline
/ 247
6.
Mechanism of Conduction in Unsaturated Organic
Polymers
/ 248
E. Photolithography and Microlithography
/ 248
1.
Principles of Semiconductor Fabrication
/ 248
2.
Overview of the Semiconductor Manufacturing
Process
/ 250
3.
Equipment
/ 253
F. Photoresists
/ 255
1.
General Features of Resists
/ 255
2.
Novolac Positive Tone Resists
/ 255
3.
Chemical Amplification
/ 256
4.
Poly(4-hydroxystyrene) Resists
/ 257
5.
Multilayer Lithography
/ 257
6.
All-Dry Resists
/ 258
G. Electron Beam Lithography
/ 258
H.
Х
-Ray Lithography
/ 258
I. Circuit Wiring
/ 258
J. Semiconductor Devices
/ 259
1.
Devices Based on Presence of a Single
Semiconductor
/ 259
2.
The Transistor and the Metal Oxide Integrated
Circuit
/ 260
3.
Phenomena Based on a
p
-η
Junction
/ 261
K. Unsolved Problems in Semiconductor Materials Science
/ 267
L. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 267
M. Study Questions
/ 268
XU CONTENTS
11.
Superconductors
269
A. Overview
/ 269
Β.
Nomenclature
/ 271
C.
Synthesis of High-Temperature Superconductors
/ 272
D. Solid-State Structure
/ 274
E. Theories of Superconduction
/ 277
F. Other Superconducting Systems
/ 278
G. Current and Proposed Uses for Superconductors
/ 279
H. Challenges for the Future
/ 280
I. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 280
J. Study Questions
/ 280
12.
Solid Ionic Conductors: Advanced Materials for Energy
Generation and Energy Storage
282
A. General Observations
/ 282
B. Fuel Cell Materials
/ 284
1.
Background
/ 284
2.
General Principles
/ 284
3.
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane
(РЕМ)
Fuel Cells
/ 285
4.
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
/ 290
5.
Alkaline Fuel Cells
/ 291
6.
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
/ 292
7.
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
/ 293
С
Battery Electrolyte Materials
/ 295
1.
Background
/ 295
2.
Lithium Ion ("Rocking Chair") Batteries
/ 295
3.
Principles behind Lithium Ion Transport
Membranes
/ 296
4.
Metallic Lithium/Solid Polymer or Gel Electrolyte
Batteries
/ 298
5.
Example Polymers for Lithium Battery Applications
/ 299
6.
Lithium-Seawater Batteries
/ 300
D. Capacitors and Supercapacitors
/ 301
E. Challenges for the Future
/ 303
1.
Challenges for Materials in Fuel Cells
/ 303
2.
Challenges in Battery Science and Technology
/ 304
3.
Challenges for Capacitors and Supercapacitors
/ 304
F. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 305
G. Study Questions
/ 306
13.
Membranes
307
A. Background
/ 307
B. Porous Membranes
/ 308
1.
Mechanism of Operation
/ 308
CONTENTS
ХШ
C.
Membranes
that Function by a Chemical Reaction
/ 309
D. Nonporous Membranes that Do Not React with Participating
Molecules
/ 310
E. Specific Examples of Materials Used in Solid Polymeric
Membranes
/ 312
1.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Membranes for Oxygen and
Carbon Dioxide Transmission
/ 312
2.
Desalination Membranes
/ 312
3.
Dialysis Membranes
/ 312
4.
Membranes for Controlled Drug Delivery
/313
F. Gel Membranes
/ 313
1.
General Principles
/ 313
2.
The Special Case of Gel Membranes as On/Off Switching
Systems
/ 314
G. Testing of Membranes
/314
1.
Gas Separations
/ 315
2.
Liquid Separations
/ 316
3.
Controlled Drug Release and Dialysis Membranes
/ 316
H. Sound Transducer Membranes
/ 317
1.
Principle of Operation
/ 317
2.
A Polymeric Example
—
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)
/ 318
3.
Ceramic-Type Piezoelectric Materials
/ 319
I. Challenges for the Future
/ 320
J. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 320
K. Study Questions
/ 321
14.
Optical and Photonic Materials
323
A. Overview
/ 323
1.
Passive versus Responsive Optical Materials
/ 323
2.
Importance of Refractive Index
/ 324
3.
Optical Dispersion
/ 326
4.
Optical Birefringence
/ 328
B. Passive Optical Materials
/ 329
1.
Materials and Devices for Passive Optical
Applications
/ 329
2.
General-Purpose Optical Materials
/ 329
3.
Lenses and Prisms
/ 330
4.
OpticalWaveguides
/ 331
5.
Waveguide Multiplex/Demultiplex Devices
/ 334
6.
Optical Filters
/ 335
7.
Optical Polarizing Filters
/ 336
С
Responsive Optical Materials
/ 338
1.
General Observations
/ 338
2.
Liquid Crystalline Materials
/ 339
XIV
CONTENTS
3. Photochromic Materials / 341
4.
Nonlinear Optical
Materials / 343
5. Electrochromic Devices / 350
6. Thermochromism / 351
7.
Light-Emitting
Materials / 352
D.
Challenges for the Future
/ 352
E.
Final Comments
/ 352
F.
Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 353
G. Study Questions
/ 353
15.
Surface Science of Materials
355
A. Perspective
/ 355
B. Summary of Characterization Methods
/ 356
C. Surfaces of Metals
/ 356
1.
Important Aspects
/ 356
2.
Etching of Metal Surfaces
/ 357
3.
Heterogeneous Catalysis by Metals
/ 357
4.
Metal Surfaces and Vapor Deposition, Sputtering, or
Solution Reactions
/ 357
D. Ceramic Surfaces
/ 358
1.
Oxide Ceramic Surfaces
/ 358
2.
Chemical Modification of Glass Surfaces
/ 359
3.
Nonoxide Ceramic Fiber Surfaces
/ 359
4.
Ceramic Decomposition by Pollutants
/ 359
E. Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
1.
General Aspects of Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
2.
Unusual Characteristics of Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
3.
Chemical Modification of Polymer Surfaces
/ 360
4.
Polymer Surfaces in Offset Lithography Printing
/ 361
5.
Plasma Modification of Polymer Surfaces
/ 362
6.
Influence of Polymer Fabrication Method
/ 362
7.
Micro- and Nanofiber Surfaces
/ 363
8.
Role of Block Copolymers at Surfaces
/ 364
F. Surfaces of Semiconductors
/ 364
1.
Oxidation of Semiconductor Silicon
/ 364
2.
High-Surface-Area Semiconductors
/ 364
G. Assembly of Molecules on Surfaces
/ 366
1.
Langmuir-Blodgett Techniques
/ 366
2.
Self-Assembly on Gold Surfaces
/ 366
3.
Layer-by-Layer Assembly
/ 368
4.
Surface Patterning by AFM
/ 368
H. Adhesion and Surface Chemistry
/ 368
1.
General Characteristics of Adhesion
/ 368
2.
Chemical Bonding as a Source of Adhesion
/ 368
3.
Physical Bonding of Surfaces
/ 369
CONTENTS XV
I. Relationship to Other Materials Topics
/ 369
1.
Soft Contact Printing
/ 369
2.
Biomedical
Materials Surfaces
/ 370
J. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 371
K. Study Questions
/ 372
16.
Biomedical
Materials
373
A. Special Requirements for
Biomedical
Materials
/ 373
B. Traditional
Biomedical
Materials
/ 375
1.
Metals
/ 375
2.
Ceramics
/ 376
3.
Polymers
/ 376
С
Materials for Specific Medical Applications
/ 382
1.
Cardiovascular Materials
/ 382
2.
Surgical Sutures, Clips, and Staples
/ 386
3.
Orthopedic Materials
/ 386
4.
Optical Materials in Medicine
/ 387
5.
Controlled Drug and Vaccine Delivery
/ 387
6.
Tissue Engineering
/ 391
D. Fabrication and Testing of
Biomedical
Materials
/ 393
1.
Fabrication
/ 393
2.
Testing of
Biomedical
Materials
/ 393
E. Unsolved Problems in
Biomedical
Materials Science
/ 394
F. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 395
G. Study Questions
/ 396
17.
Materials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
398
A. Background and Motivation
/ 398
B. Synthesis and Fabrication of Nanostructures
/ 400
1.
"Top-Down" Nanostructure Preparations
/ 400
2.
"Bottom-Up" Synthesis Methods
/ 401
С
Examples of Nanostructures
/ 402
1.
Nanofibers
/ 402
2.
Nanowires
/ 403
3.
Nanoscale Particles
/ 404
4.
Nanochannels and Nanotubes
/ 406
5.
Nanoscale Features in Electronics and Photonics
/ 409
6.
Nanomachines
/ 409
D. Major Challenges in Nanoscience and Technology
/ 410
E. Suggestions for Further Reading
/ 410
F. Study Questions
/ 411
GLOSSARY
413
INDEX
419 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Allcock, Harry R. 1932- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136456332 |
| author_facet | Allcock, Harry R. 1932- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Allcock, Harry R. 1932- |
| author_variant | h r a hr hra |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023482909 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TP155 |
| callnumber-raw | TP155 |
| callnumber-search | TP155 |
| callnumber-sort | TP 3155 |
| callnumber-subject | TP - Chemical Technology |
| classification_rvk | UQ 8000 VE 9300 VE 9670 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)213446566 (DE-599)GBV566646099 |
| dewey-full | 660 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| dewey-raw | 660 |
| dewey-search | 660 |
| dewey-sort | 3660 |
| dewey-tens | 660 - Chemical engineering |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik |
| format | Book |
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This is an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. 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| id | DE-604.BV023482909 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:38:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:19:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470293331 0470293330 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016665006 |
| oclc_num | 213446566 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-20 DE-29T DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-20 DE-29T DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 DE-384 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XVIII, 432 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Allcock, Harry R. 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)136456332 aut Introduction to materials chemistry Harry R. Allcock Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2008 XVIII, 432 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This book gives readers a broad overview of how the fundamentals of chemistry are used to create sophisticated materials and devices that improve modern life. This is an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering. It also provides a general overview for professionals in research and/or industry, illustrating the relationships between different types of solids and how combinations of different materials are often used to solve challenging technical problems."--BOOK JACKET. Génie chimique Chemical engineering Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016665006&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Allcock, Harry R. 1932- Introduction to materials chemistry Génie chimique Chemical engineering Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079184-1 |
| title | Introduction to materials chemistry |
| title_auth | Introduction to materials chemistry |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to materials chemistry |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to materials chemistry |
| title_full | Introduction to materials chemistry Harry R. Allcock |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to materials chemistry Harry R. Allcock |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to materials chemistry Harry R. Allcock |
| title_short | Introduction to materials chemistry |
| title_sort | introduction to materials chemistry |
| topic | Génie chimique Chemical engineering Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Génie chimique Chemical engineering Werkstoffkunde |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016665006&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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