Hydrogen technology: mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Berlin [u.a.]
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2008
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| Schriftenreihe: | Green energy and technology
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 687 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783540790273 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137905369645056 |
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| adam_text | GESCANNT DURCH CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 ALINE LEON PARTI HYDROGEN CYCLE 1
INTRODUCTION 11 ALINE LEON 2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 15 STANKO HOCEVAR AND
WILLIAM SUMMERS 3 HYDROGEN STORAGE 81 ALINE LEON 4 HYDROGEN TRANSPORT
AND DISTRIBUTION 129 MATHILDE WEBER AND JEROME PERRIN 5 FUEL CELLS 151
JENS OLUF JENSEN AND QINGFENG LI PART II STATE OF THE ART MOBILE
APPLICATIONS 6 CHALLENGES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR CAR INDUSTRY 187 OLIVER
KIRCHER AND HOLGER BRAESS 7 STATUS ON EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES 207 7A
HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 207 TED HOLLINGER AND TAPAN BOSE 7B
HYBRID IS A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE AUTOMOBILES 235 KEN TANOUE,
HIROMICHI YANAGIHARA AND HIDETOSHI KUSUMI BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/988424169 DIGITALISIERT DURCH * * * INDEX 665 CONTENTS
XI 17B SEM/(S)TEM 549 ERIC LEROY AND BRIGITTE DECAMPS 17C X-RAY
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 575 DIETER SCHILD 17D X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE
STRUCTURE (XAFS) SPECTROSCOPY 603 JORG ROTHE AND ALINE LEON PARTV
PERSPECTIVES 18 SCIENTIFIC SCOPE 625 MAXIMILIAN FICHTNER 19
ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPE 637 MAURIZIO FERMEGLIA 20 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
SCOPE 655 TERESA MALYSHEV CHAPTER 2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION STANKO HOCEVAR
AND WILLIAM SUMMERS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 17 2.2 PRODUCTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS
18 2.2.1 HYDROGEN FROM COAL 18 2.2.2 HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL GAS 25 2.3
HYDROGEN FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY 35 2.4 PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES 40
2.4.1 HYDROGEN FROM WATER ELECTROLYSIS 40 2.4.2 HYDROGEN FROM WIND
ENERGY 48 2.4.3 HYDROGEN FROM SOLAR ENERGY 56 2.4.4 HYDROGEN FROM
BIOMASS (AND BY PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES) 63 2.5 CONCLUSIONS 72
REFERENCES 77 15 81 CHAPTER 3 HYDROGEN STORAGE ALINE LEON 3.1
INTRODUCTION 82 3.2 PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN 83 3.3 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN
(CGH 2 ) 84 3.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CGH 2 84 3.3.2 HYDROGEN COMPRESSORS
85 3.3.3 STORAGE OF CGH 2 92 3.3.4 OUTLOOK 93 3.4 LIQUID HYDROGEN (LH 2
) 93 3.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN 94 3.4.2 LIQUEFACTION OF
HYDROGEN 96 3.4.3 LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE 100 3.4.4 LIQUEFACTION COST
100 3.4.5 OUTLOOK 102 3.5 SOLID STORAGE OF HYDROGEN (SSH 2 ) 102 3.5.1
REVERSIBLE STORAGE SYSTEMS 103 3.5.2 IRREVERSIBLE STORAGE SYSTEMS 117
3.5.3 OUTLOOK 121 3.6 CONCLUSIONS 121 NOTES 120 REFERENCES 123 129
CHAPTER 4 HYDROGEN TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION MATHILDE WEBER AND JEROME
PERRIN 4.1 INTRODUCTION 130 4.2 HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION BY GAS PIPELINES
130 4.2.1 OVERVIEW OF WORLD PIPELINE NETWORKS 131 4.2.2 PIPELINE
CHARACTERISTICS 134 4.3 HYDROGEN DELIVERY BY FLEET 138 4.3.1 DELIVERY BY
COMPRESSED GAS TRAILERS 138 4.3.2 LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION 139
4.4 UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF HYDROGEN 139 4.4.1 NATURAL UNDERGROUND
STORAGE 140 4.4.2 UNDERGROUND STORAGE IN TANKS 141 4.5 HYDROGEN FILLING
STATIONS FOR VEHICLES 145 4.5.1 OVERVIEW 145 4.5.2 HIGH-PRESSURE FILLING
145 4.6 CONCLUSION 148 REFERENCES 149 151 CHAPTER 5 FUEL CELLS JENS OLUF
JENSEN AND QINGFENG LI 5.1 INTRODUCTION 152 5.2 WHAT IS A FUEL CELL? 153
5.3 ENERGY CONVERSION IN A FUEL CELL 155 5.3.1 THE ENERGIES INVOLVED 155
5.3.2 THE CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 156 5.4 THE CELL PERFORMANCE 159 5.4.1
ACTIVATION LOSSES 160 5.4.2 OHMIC LOSSES 164 5.4.3 MASS TRANSPORT LOSSES
164 5.5 THE CONSTRUCTION AND SYSTEM 165 5.5.1 SINGLE CELLS AND STACKS
165 5.5.2 FUEL PROCESSING 167 5.5.3 FUEL AND AIR STOICHIOMETRY 169 5.5.4
FUEL CELL SYSTEMS 170 5.6 FUEL CELL TYPES 171 5.7 ALKALINE FUEL CELLS
(AFC) 173 5.7.1 ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODES 173 5.7.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND
SYSTEM 173 5.7.3 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 174 5.7.4 NABHT FUEL CELLS
174 5.8 PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS (PAFC) 175 5.8.1 ELECTROLYTE AND
ELECTRODES 175 5.8.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 175 5.8.3 ADVANTAGES AND
CHALLENGES 176 5.9 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC) 176 5.9.1
ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODES 176 5.9.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 177 5.9.3
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS 178 REFERENCES 184 152 J.O. JENSEN AND Q. LI
5.9.4 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 179 5.9.5 HIGH-TEMPERATURE PEMFC 179
5.10 MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFC) 180 5.10.1 ELECTROLYTE AND
ELECTRODES 181 5.10.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 181 5.10.3 ADVANTAGES
AND CHALLENGES 182 5.11 SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC) 182 5.11.1
ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODES 182 5.11.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 183
5.11.3 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 184 CHAPTER 6 CHALLENGES AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR CAR INDUSTRY OLIVER KIRCHER AND HOLGER BRAESS 6.1
STATUS QUO OF EXISTING CAR TECHNOLOGIES 188 6.2 CURRENT FUEL
ALTERNATIVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO SUBSTITUTE GASOLINE AND DIESEL 189
6.2.1 SYNTHETIC FUELS 190 6.2.2 BIO-FUELS 191 6.2.3 COMPRESSED OR
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS 192 6.2.4 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) 192 6.2.5
BATTERY ELECTRIC STORAGE 192 6.2.6 HYDROGEN 193 6.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ON HYDROGEN POWERED CARS 193 6.4 CUSTOMER-DRIVEN REQUIREMENTS ON
HYDROGEN POWERED CARS 200 6.4.1 FAST AND CONVENIENT RE-FILLING 200 6.4.2
DRIVING RANGE AND DRIVING DYNAMICS 201 6.4.3 OPERABILITY UNDER ALL
CLIMATE CONDITIONS 202 6.4.4 RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY 202 6.5 SUMMARY
AND OUTLOOK 203 NOTES 203 REFERENCES 204 187 207 CHAPTER 7 STATUS ON
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES CHAPTER 7A HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE TED
HOLLINGER AND TAPAN BOSE 7A.L HYDROGEN PROPERTIES AS A FUEL 209 7A.L.L
PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN 209 7A.L.2 CONSEQUENCES OF THESE PROPERTIES FOR
AN ICE 211 7A.2 OVERCOMING THE LARGER CYLINDER VOLUME REQUIRED BY
HYDROGEN 213 7A.2.1 USE OF A TURBO CHARGER OR DIRECT INJECTION 213
7A.2.2 USE OF AMMONIA AS A HYDROGEN CARRIER 215 7A.2.3 USE OF MIXED
GASES 215 7A.3 ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS 216 7A.4 ENGINE CONTROLS 216
7A.5 DELIVERY MODE OF THE FUEL (OR FUEL INJECTION) 219 7A.6 COMPONENTS
IN AN H2 ICE 220 7A.6.1 INTAKE MANIFOLD 220 7A.6.2 CYLINDER HEAD 220
7A.6.3 EXHAUST SYSTEM 220 7A.6.4 TURBO CHARGER 221 7A.7 WHAT ABOUT THE
WATER? 226 7A.8 HC AND NO X EMISSIONS 226 7A.9 EMBRITTLEMENT 227 7A.LO
SENSORS AND VENTING 227 7A.LL FUTURE APPLICATIONS 228 7A.LL.L ALL
ELECTRIC ENGINE 229 7A.LL.2 ENGINE EFFICIENCY 229 7A.LL.3 AIR QUALITY
AND EFFICIENCY 230 7A.LL.4 POWER VS. SPEED 230 7A.L2 CONCLUSION 231
REFERENCES 233 235 CHAPTER 7B HYBRID IS A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE
AUTOMOBILES KEN TANOUE, HIROMICHI YANAGIHARA AND HIDETOSHI KUSUMI 7B.L
INTRODUCTION 236 7B.2 CHALLENGES FOR HV DEVELOPMENT 239 7B.3 ESSENCE OF
HYBRID TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EVOLUTION 239 7B.3.1 THE TOYOTA PRIUS AND ITS
HISTORY [1 - 2 - 31 240 7B.3.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FOR HVS * 21
242 7B.3.3 ELECTRIC MOTOR & TRANSMISSION 245 7B.3.4 INVERTER 253 7B.3.5
BATTERY F14 - 15 - 16] 262 7B.3.6 MAGNET MATERIAL [17] 269 7B.4 THE
PRESENCE AND FUTURE OF HV MASS MARKET PENETRATION 270 7B.4.1 THE PRIUS
DEVELOPMENT 270 7B.4.2 HYBRIDS COMPARED TO GASOLINE AND DIESEL 270 7B.5
NEW POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCES 271 7B.6 CONCLUSION 271 REFERENCES 271 273
CHAPTER 7C FUEL CELL VEHICLES: FUNDAMENTALS, SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES,
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS J^ITTMAR VON HELMOLT
AND ULRICH EBERLE 7C.L INTRODUCTION 274 7C.2 THE PEM FUEL CELL 274
7C.2.1 EFFICIENCY OF THE FUEL CELL 275 7C.2.2 THE PEM FUEL CELL UNDER
LOAD CONDITIONS 277 7C.3 THE ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEM 279 7C.4 AUXILIARY
COMPONENTS 280 7C.4.1 AIR SUPPLY 281 7C.4.2 FUEL SYSTEM, ANODE
RE-CIRCULATION PUMP 282 7C.4.3 FURTHER AUXILIARY DEVICES 283 7C.5
TANK-TO-WHEEL EFFICIENCY MAP 284 7C.6 ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE 286 7C.7
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 287 REFERENCES 290 291
CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPMENT OF STORAGE TANKS CHAPTER 8A HIGH-PRESSURE VESSELS
NEEL SIROSH AND ALAN NIEDZWIECKI 8A.L INTRODUCTION 292 8A.2 TYPES OF
PRESSURE VESSELS 294 8A.3 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEM 296 8A.4
STORAGE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 299 8A.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 300 8A.5.1
THERMOSET MATRICES 301 8A.5.2 THERMOPLASTIC MATRICES 301 8A.5.3 GLASS
FIBERS 301 8A.5.4 CARBON FIBERS 302 8A.5.5 ORGANIC FIBERS 302 8A.5.6
LINER MATERIALS 303 8A.6 DESIGN APPROACH 303 8A.7 MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES 303 8A.8 TEST AND VALIDATION 305 8A.9 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
306 8A.L0 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN SAFETY 307 8A.LO.L HYDROGEN LOSS 307
8A.L0.2 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT 308 8A.LO.3 STRESSES DUE TO HIGHER
PRESSURES 308 8A.L0.4 HIGH TEMPERATURES 308 8A.L 1 STEPS TO
COMMERCIALIZATION 309 REFERENCES 309 311 CHAPTER 8B CRYOGENIC RESERVOIRS
FRIEDEL MICHEL 8B. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN (LH 2 ) 312
8B.L.L STORAGE EFFICIENCY 312 8B. 1.2 GENERAL FUNCTION OF A LIQUID
STORAGE 314 8B. 1.3 ADVANTAGE OF AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO LH 2 FOR
MOBILE APPLICATION 314 8B.2 REQUIREMENTS ON MOBILE LH 2 FUEL TANKS 315
8B.2.1 BASIC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 315 8B.2.2 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS 316
8B.2.3 SAFETY REGULATIONS 316 8B.3 STATE OF THE ART OF THE LH 2 TANK 318
8B.3.1 GENERAL CONCEPT OF A LIQUID HYDROGEN TANK 318 8B.3.2 COMPONENTS
DESIGN 320 8B.3.3 THERMAL MANAGEMENT 321 8B.3.4 PRESSURE MANAGEMENT 324
8B.3.5 WEIGHT REDUCTION 326 8B.4 TYPES OF CRYOGENIC TANKS 328 8B.4.1
EXAMPLES OF CYLINDRICAL TANKS 329 8B.4.2 FLAT-SHAPE TANK 331 8B.4.3 BMW
RACE CAR TANK 331 8B.5 CHALLENGES FOR COMMERCIALISATION 332 8B.6 OUTLOOK
333 REFERENCES 333 335 CHAPTER 9 SAFETY ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN VEHICLES
AND INFRASTRUCTURE WOLFGANG BREITUNG 9.1 MOTIVATION OF SAFETY
INVESTIGATIONS 336 9.1.1 SAFETY-RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF VEHICLE FUELS 337
9.1.2 STATISTICS OF HYDROGEN INCIDENTS 341 9.2 ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN
ACCIDENTS 344 9.3 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 346 9.3.1 FIRST PHASE: COMBUSTIBLE
MIXTURE GENERATION 347 9.3.2 SECOND PHASE: CRITERIA FOR HAZARD POTENTIAL
349 9.3.3 THIRD PHASE: COMBUSTION SIMULATION 353 9.3.4 FOURTH PHASE:
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS 354 9.3.5 MITIGATION MEASURES 354 9.4 APPLICATION
IN THE CASE OF H2 RELEASE IN A GARAGE 355 9.4.1 MIXTURE GENERATION 356
9.4.2 HAZARD POTENTIAL 357 9.4.3 COMBUSTION 361 9.4.4 CONSEQUENCE
ANALYSIS 363 9.4.5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF GARAGE INVESTIGATIONS 366 9.5
SAFETY ISSUES FOR HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 367 9.5.1 HAZARDS
RESULTING FROM VEHICLE OPERATION 368 9.5.2 SAFETY ISSUES FOR REFUELLING
STATIONS 370 9.6 OUTLOOK 373 REFERENCES 375 381 CHAPTER 11 STATUS OF
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES ROBERT HAHN 11.1 BATTERIES 380 11.1.1 EXISTING
POWER AND ENERGY DENSITY 380 11.1.2 LITHIUM-BASED RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
382 11.1.3 WAFER-LEVEL BATTERIES 388 11.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC PORTABLE MODULES
389 11.2.1 DESCRIPTION 390 11.2.2 FLEXIBLE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES 392 11.3
STATUS OF PORTABLE FUEL CELLS 394 11.3.1 AIR-BREATHING PORTABLE PEM FUEL
CELL 395 11.3.2 PORTABLE PEM FUEL CELLS AVAILABLE 398 11.4 COMPARISON OF
LI-ION BATTERIES AND PORTABLE FUEL CELLS 401 11.5 OUTLOOK 405 REFERENCES
405 CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE SYSTEMS ROBERT HAHN 12.1
INTRODUCTION 410 12.2 THE FUEL CELL CORE - MICRO FABRICATION
TECHNOLOGIES 411 12.2.1 HYDROGEN PEM MICRO FUEL CELLS 412 12.2.2 DIRECT
METHANOL MICRO FUEL CELLS 420 12.3 SYSTEM CONCEPTS FOR SMALL FUEL CELLS
423 12.3.1 DMFC 423 12.3.2 PEM FUEL CELLS WITH CHEMICAL HYDRIDES 425
12.3.3 GALVANIC CELLS 428 12.4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND THERMAL MANAGEMENT
431 12.5 STANDARDISATION 434 REFERENCES 436 409 439 CHAPTER 13
CHALLENGES FOR THE INDUSTRY MATTHIAS BRONOLD 13.1 BASICS OF DMFC SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY 441 13.2 BASIC CHALLENGES 443 13.2.1 PERFORMANCE 444 13.2.2
RELIABILITY 446 13.2.3 DURABILITY 447 13.2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE 448 13.3
OUTLOOK 449 REFERENCES 449 CHAPTER 15 SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE HYDROGEN
STORAGE MATERIALS MICHAEL FELDERHOFF 15.1 INTRODUCTION 455 15.2 NEW
REACTION PATHWAYS USING THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS 456 15.3 CHEMICAL
SYNTHESIS (SCHLENK TECHNIQUE) 457 15.3.1 DESCRIPTION 457 15.3.2
SYNTHESIS OF MG(ALH4) 2 AND CA(ALH4) 2 459 15.4 MECHANICAL SYNTHESIS
(BALL MILLING AND REACTIVE BALL MILLING [9] 459 15.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF
THE BALL MILLING PROCESS 459 15.4.2 PARAMETERS OF IMPORTANCE (MILLING
TIME, ADDITION OF CATALYST, ETC...) ..461 15.4.3 SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIAL
HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS 464 15.5 CONCLUSION 469 REFERENCES 469 455
471 CHAPTER 16 KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER 16A MEASUREMENT OF H2
SORPTION PROPERTIES JACQUES HUOT 16A.L INTRODUCTION 472 16A.2
THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF HYDROGENATION 473 16A.2.1 THERMODYNAMICS
473 16A.2.2 KINETICS OF HYDRIDE FORMATION 477 16A.2.3 OTHER IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES 480 16A.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND DEVICES 480 16A.3.1
VOLUMETRIC METHODS 481 16A.3.2 GRAVIMETRIC METHODS 483 16A.3.3 OTHER
METHODS 485 16A.4 DETAILS OF THE VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENT 485 16A.4.1
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS 485 16A.4.2 ACCESSORIES 488 16A.4.3 STATE
EQUATION OF THE GAS 490 16A.4.4 MEASUREMENT PROCESS 490 16A.4.5 EFFECT
OF ALIQUOT SIZE 491 16A.5 SAFETY 492 16A.6 CONCLUSION 493 REFERENCES 494
APPENDIX A 499 501 CHAPTER 16B HIGH-PRESSURE DSC EKKEHARD FIIGLEIN AND
ALINE LEON 16B.L INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 502 16B.2 MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLES OF DTA AND DSC 504 16B.3 HIGH-PRESSURE DSC 507 16B.3.1
DESCRIPTION 507 I6B.3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION 509 16B.3.3 SIGNAL
CONSTITUTION 510 16B.3.4 CALIBRATION (TEMPERATURE AND SENSITIVITY) 512
16B.4 APPLICATIONS 513 16B.4.1 THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF MG(BH 4 ) 2 [23] 515
16B.4.2 VAN T HOFFPLOT OFMGH 2 516 16B.4.3 ACTIVATION ENERGIES OF LIAIRT
[25] 518 16B.5 CONCLUSION 520 REFERENCES 520 523 CHAPTER 17 STATUS ON
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES CHAPTER 17A POWDER DIFFRACTION MAGNUS H. S0RBY
17A.L PRINCIPLES OF DIFFRACTION 524 17A.2 DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS AND
NEUTRONS 526 17A.2.1 SOURCES OF RADIATION FOR DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENTS
528 17A.2.2 INSTRUMENTS FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION 530 17A.3 EXTRACTING
INFORMATION FROM POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA 532 17A.3.1 THE FINGERPRINT
METHOD FOR PHASE IDENTIFICATION 532 17A.3.2 THE RIETVELD METHOD 533
17A.3.3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 535 17A.4 POWDER DIFFRACTION
INVESTIGATIONS OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS 538 17A.4.1 CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 539 17A.4.2 IN SITU INVESTIGATIONS 540 17A.4.3
THE SOLID SOLUBILITY OF TI IN NAALHU 546 REFERENCES 546 FURTHER READING
537 549 CHAPTER 17B SEM/(S)TEM ERIC LEROY AND BRIGITTE DECAMPS 17B.L
INTRODUCTION 550 17B.2 PRINCIPLE OF EDS AND EELS SPECTROSCOPY 551
17B.2.1 THE EDS TECHNIQUE 552 17B.2.2 THE EELS TECHNIQUE 554 17B.2.3
SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR AIR-SENSITIVE SAMPLES 557 17B.2.4
SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF THE PREPARATION OF BEAM-SENSITIVE SAMPLES 557
17B.3 SEM/(S)TEM INVESTIGATION OF NAAMI DOPED WITH DIFFERENT PRECURSORS
561 17B.3.1 TIF 3 PRECURSOR 561 17B.3.2 TI(0B )4 PRECURSOR 561 17B.3.3
TI(OB ) 4 /ZR(O/ R)4 PRECURSOR 562 17B.3.4 RII3.6THF CLUSTER
PRECURSOR 562 17B.3.5 TICLJ PRECURSOR 566 17B.4 CONCLUSIONS 571
REFERENCES 572 575 CHAPTER 17C X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY DIETER
SCHILD 17C.L XPS TECHNIQUE 575 17C.L.L BASICS AND DEFINITIONS 575 17C.
1.2 DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC CONCENTRATION 577 17C.L.3 SPECTRAL FEATURES
578 17C.L.4 SURFACE SENSITIVITY 580 17C.1.5 CHARGE REFERENCING 582
17C.L.6 XPS SPUTTER DEPTH PROFILING 583 17C.2 INSTRUMENT 584 17C.2.1 THE
NEED FOR ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM 584 17C.2.2 ENERGY RESOLUTION AND INSTRUMENT
CALIBRATION 585 17C.3 APPLICATION TO NAALRT DOPED WITH TI-BASED
PRECURSOR 587 17C.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 587 17C.3.2 XPS SURVEY SPECTRA
AND ATOMIC CONCENTRATIONS 588 17C.3.3 BINDING ENERGIES 590 17C.3.4 XPS
DEPTH PROFILES OF TI-DOPED NAALR, BASED ON TICL 3 595 17C.3.5 GAINED
KNOWLEDGE 597 REFERENCES 598 603 CHAPTER 17D X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE
STRUCTURE (XAFS) SPECTROSCOPY JORG ROTHE AND ALINE LEON 17D.L X-RAY
ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE (XAFS) 605 17D.L.L EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATA
REDUCTION 606 17D.L.2 EXAFS: EXTENDED X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE
608 17A1.3 XANES: X-RAY ABSORPTION NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE 611 17D.2
INVESTIGATION OF TI-DOPED NAAIR* BY XAFS 612 17D.2.1 INITIAL
DEHYDROGENATION/REHYDROGENATION WITH T1CI3 AS DOPANT MATERIAL .613
17D.2.2 TIN * 6THF IN COMPARISON TO TICLS AS DOPANT MATERIAL - FURTHER
HYDROGEN CYCLING 616 17D.2.3 AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY 619 17D.3 OUTLOOK
621 REFERENCES 621 CHAPTER 18 SCIENTIFIC SCOPE MAXIMILIAN FICHTNER 18.1
INTRODUCTION 625 18.2 PRODUCTION 627 18.3 STORAGE 630 18.3.1 PRESSURIZED
HYDROGEN 632 18.3.2 LIQUID HYDROGEN 632 18.3.3 SOLID STORAGE 633
REFERENCES 635 625 637 CHAPTER 19 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPE MAURIZIO FERMEGLIA
19.1 INTRODUCTION 637 19.2 GLOBAL WARMING AND CO 2 HANDLING 639 19.2.1
CURRENT FIGURES 639 19.2.2 IMPACT OF CO 2 EMISSIONS 640 19.2.3
STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE CO 2 EMISSIONS 642 19.3 HYDROGEN AND THE ENERGY
MARKET 647 19.3.1 STATUS OF HYDROGEN ECONOMY 647 19.3.2 INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES TO FACILITATE HYDROGEN PENETRATION IN THE MARKET 647 19.4
CONCLUSIONS 651 REFERENCES 652
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GESCANNT DURCH CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 ALINE LEON PARTI HYDROGEN CYCLE 1
INTRODUCTION 11 ALINE LEON 2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 15 STANKO HOCEVAR AND
WILLIAM SUMMERS 3 HYDROGEN STORAGE 81 ALINE LEON 4 HYDROGEN TRANSPORT
AND DISTRIBUTION 129 MATHILDE WEBER AND JEROME PERRIN 5 FUEL CELLS 151
JENS OLUF JENSEN AND QINGFENG LI PART II STATE OF THE ART MOBILE
APPLICATIONS 6 CHALLENGES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR CAR INDUSTRY 187 OLIVER
KIRCHER AND HOLGER BRAESS 7 STATUS ON EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES 207 7A
HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 207 TED HOLLINGER AND TAPAN BOSE 7B
HYBRID IS A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE AUTOMOBILES 235 KEN TANOUE,
HIROMICHI YANAGIHARA AND HIDETOSHI KUSUMI BIBLIOGRAFISCHE INFORMATIONEN
HTTP://D-NB.INFO/988424169 DIGITALISIERT DURCH * * * INDEX 665 CONTENTS
XI 17B SEM/(S)TEM 549 ERIC LEROY AND BRIGITTE DECAMPS 17C X-RAY
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY 575 DIETER SCHILD 17D X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE
STRUCTURE (XAFS) SPECTROSCOPY 603 JORG ROTHE AND ALINE LEON PARTV
PERSPECTIVES 18 SCIENTIFIC SCOPE 625 MAXIMILIAN FICHTNER 19
ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPE 637 MAURIZIO FERMEGLIA 20 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
SCOPE 655 TERESA MALYSHEV CHAPTER 2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION STANKO HOCEVAR
AND WILLIAM SUMMERS 2.1 INTRODUCTION 17 2.2 PRODUCTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS
18 2.2.1 HYDROGEN FROM COAL 18 2.2.2 HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL GAS 25 2.3
HYDROGEN FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY 35 2.4 PRODUCTION FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES 40
2.4.1 HYDROGEN FROM WATER ELECTROLYSIS 40 2.4.2 HYDROGEN FROM WIND
ENERGY 48 2.4.3 HYDROGEN FROM SOLAR ENERGY 56 2.4.4 HYDROGEN FROM
BIOMASS (AND BY PHOTOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES) 63 2.5 CONCLUSIONS 72
REFERENCES 77 15 81 CHAPTER 3 HYDROGEN STORAGE ALINE LEON 3.1
INTRODUCTION 82 3.2 PURIFICATION OF HYDROGEN 83 3.3 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN
(CGH 2 ) 84 3.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF CGH 2 84 3.3.2 HYDROGEN COMPRESSORS
85 3.3.3 STORAGE OF CGH 2 92 3.3.4 OUTLOOK 93 3.4 LIQUID HYDROGEN (LH 2
) 93 3.4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN 94 3.4.2 LIQUEFACTION OF
HYDROGEN 96 3.4.3 LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE 100 3.4.4 LIQUEFACTION COST
100 3.4.5 OUTLOOK 102 3.5 SOLID STORAGE OF HYDROGEN (SSH 2 ) 102 3.5.1
REVERSIBLE STORAGE SYSTEMS 103 3.5.2 IRREVERSIBLE STORAGE SYSTEMS 117
3.5.3 OUTLOOK 121 3.6 CONCLUSIONS 121 NOTES 120 REFERENCES 123 129
CHAPTER 4 HYDROGEN TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION MATHILDE WEBER AND JEROME
PERRIN 4.1 INTRODUCTION 130 4.2 HYDROGEN DISTRIBUTION BY GAS PIPELINES
130 4.2.1 OVERVIEW OF WORLD PIPELINE NETWORKS 131 4.2.2 PIPELINE
CHARACTERISTICS 134 4.3 HYDROGEN DELIVERY BY FLEET 138 4.3.1 DELIVERY BY
COMPRESSED GAS TRAILERS 138 4.3.2 LIQUEFIED HYDROGEN TRANSPORTATION 139
4.4 UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF HYDROGEN 139 4.4.1 NATURAL UNDERGROUND
STORAGE 140 4.4.2 UNDERGROUND STORAGE IN TANKS 141 4.5 HYDROGEN FILLING
STATIONS FOR VEHICLES 145 4.5.1 OVERVIEW 145 4.5.2 HIGH-PRESSURE FILLING
145 4.6 CONCLUSION 148 REFERENCES 149 151 CHAPTER 5 FUEL CELLS JENS OLUF
JENSEN AND QINGFENG LI 5.1 INTRODUCTION 152 5.2 WHAT IS A FUEL CELL? 153
5.3 ENERGY CONVERSION IN A FUEL CELL 155 5.3.1 THE ENERGIES INVOLVED 155
5.3.2 THE CONVERSION EFFICIENCY 156 5.4 THE CELL PERFORMANCE 159 5.4.1
ACTIVATION LOSSES 160 5.4.2 OHMIC LOSSES 164 5.4.3 MASS TRANSPORT LOSSES
164 5.5 THE CONSTRUCTION AND SYSTEM 165 5.5.1 SINGLE CELLS AND STACKS
165 5.5.2 FUEL PROCESSING 167 5.5.3 FUEL AND AIR STOICHIOMETRY 169 5.5.4
FUEL CELL SYSTEMS 170 5.6 FUEL CELL TYPES 171 5.7 ALKALINE FUEL CELLS
(AFC) 173 5.7.1 ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODES 173 5.7.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND
SYSTEM 173 5.7.3 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 174 5.7.4 NABHT FUEL CELLS
174 5.8 PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELLS (PAFC) 175 5.8.1 ELECTROLYTE AND
ELECTRODES 175 5.8.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 175 5.8.3 ADVANTAGES AND
CHALLENGES 176 5.9 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC) 176 5.9.1
ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODES 176 5.9.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 177 5.9.3
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELLS 178 REFERENCES 184 152 J.O. JENSEN AND Q. LI
5.9.4 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 179 5.9.5 HIGH-TEMPERATURE PEMFC 179
5.10 MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS (MCFC) 180 5.10.1 ELECTROLYTE AND
ELECTRODES 181 5.10.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 181 5.10.3 ADVANTAGES
AND CHALLENGES 182 5.11 SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS (SOFC) 182 5.11.1
ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODES 182 5.11.2 CELLS, STACKS, AND SYSTEM 183
5.11.3 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES 184 CHAPTER 6 CHALLENGES AND
REQUIREMENTS FOR CAR INDUSTRY OLIVER KIRCHER AND HOLGER BRAESS 6.1
STATUS QUO OF EXISTING CAR TECHNOLOGIES 188 6.2 CURRENT FUEL
ALTERNATIVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO SUBSTITUTE GASOLINE AND DIESEL 189
6.2.1 SYNTHETIC FUELS 190 6.2.2 BIO-FUELS 191 6.2.3 COMPRESSED OR
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS 192 6.2.4 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) 192 6.2.5
BATTERY ELECTRIC STORAGE 192 6.2.6 HYDROGEN 193 6.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
ON HYDROGEN POWERED CARS 193 6.4 CUSTOMER-DRIVEN REQUIREMENTS ON
HYDROGEN POWERED CARS 200 6.4.1 FAST AND CONVENIENT RE-FILLING 200 6.4.2
DRIVING RANGE AND DRIVING DYNAMICS 201 6.4.3 OPERABILITY UNDER ALL
CLIMATE CONDITIONS 202 6.4.4 RELIABILITY AND DURABILITY 202 6.5 SUMMARY
AND OUTLOOK 203 NOTES 203 REFERENCES 204 187 207 CHAPTER 7 STATUS ON
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES CHAPTER 7A HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE TED
HOLLINGER AND TAPAN BOSE 7A.L HYDROGEN PROPERTIES AS A FUEL 209 7A.L.L
PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN 209 7A.L.2 CONSEQUENCES OF THESE PROPERTIES FOR
AN ICE 211 7A.2 OVERCOMING THE LARGER CYLINDER VOLUME REQUIRED BY
HYDROGEN 213 7A.2.1 USE OF A TURBO CHARGER OR DIRECT INJECTION 213
7A.2.2 USE OF AMMONIA AS A HYDROGEN CARRIER 215 7A.2.3 USE OF MIXED
GASES 215 7A.3 ENGINE EXHAUST EMISSIONS 216 7A.4 ENGINE CONTROLS 216
7A.5 DELIVERY MODE OF THE FUEL (OR FUEL INJECTION) 219 7A.6 COMPONENTS
IN AN H2 ICE 220 7A.6.1 INTAKE MANIFOLD 220 7A.6.2 CYLINDER HEAD 220
7A.6.3 EXHAUST SYSTEM 220 7A.6.4 TURBO CHARGER 221 7A.7 WHAT ABOUT THE
WATER? 226 7A.8 HC AND NO X EMISSIONS 226 7A.9 EMBRITTLEMENT 227 7A.LO
SENSORS AND VENTING 227 7A.LL FUTURE APPLICATIONS 228 7A.LL.L ALL
ELECTRIC ENGINE 229 7A.LL.2 ENGINE EFFICIENCY 229 7A.LL.3 AIR QUALITY
AND EFFICIENCY 230 7A.LL.4 POWER VS. SPEED 230 7A.L2 CONCLUSION 231
REFERENCES 233 235 CHAPTER 7B HYBRID IS A KEY TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE
AUTOMOBILES KEN TANOUE, HIROMICHI YANAGIHARA AND HIDETOSHI KUSUMI 7B.L
INTRODUCTION 236 7B.2 CHALLENGES FOR HV DEVELOPMENT 239 7B.3 ESSENCE OF
HYBRID TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EVOLUTION 239 7B.3.1 THE TOYOTA PRIUS AND ITS
HISTORY [1 - 2 - 31 240 7B.3.2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FOR HVS ''* 21
242 7B.3.3 ELECTRIC MOTOR & TRANSMISSION 245 7B.3.4 INVERTER 253 7B.3.5
BATTERY F14 - 15 - 16] 262 7B.3.6 MAGNET MATERIAL [17] 269 7B.4 THE
PRESENCE AND FUTURE OF HV MASS MARKET PENETRATION 270 7B.4.1 THE PRIUS
DEVELOPMENT 270 7B.4.2 HYBRIDS COMPARED TO GASOLINE AND DIESEL 270 7B.5
NEW POTENTIAL ENERGY SOURCES 271 7B.6 CONCLUSION 271 REFERENCES 271 273
CHAPTER 7C FUEL CELL VEHICLES: FUNDAMENTALS, SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES,
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS J^ITTMAR VON HELMOLT
AND ULRICH EBERLE 7C.L INTRODUCTION 274 7C.2 THE PEM FUEL CELL 274
7C.2.1 EFFICIENCY OF THE FUEL CELL 275 7C.2.2 THE PEM FUEL CELL UNDER
LOAD CONDITIONS 277 7C.3 THE ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEM 279 7C.4 AUXILIARY
COMPONENTS 280 7C.4.1 AIR SUPPLY 281 7C.4.2 FUEL SYSTEM, ANODE
RE-CIRCULATION PUMP 282 7C.4.3 FURTHER AUXILIARY DEVICES 283 7C.5
TANK-TO-WHEEL EFFICIENCY MAP 284 7C.6 ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE 286 7C.7
SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK ON FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 287 REFERENCES 290 291
CHAPTER 8 DEVELOPMENT OF STORAGE TANKS CHAPTER 8A HIGH-PRESSURE VESSELS
NEEL SIROSH AND ALAN NIEDZWIECKI 8A.L INTRODUCTION 292 8A.2 TYPES OF
PRESSURE VESSELS 294 8A.3 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEM 296 8A.4
STORAGE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 299 8A.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 300 8A.5.1
THERMOSET MATRICES 301 8A.5.2 THERMOPLASTIC MATRICES 301 8A.5.3 GLASS
FIBERS 301 8A.5.4 CARBON FIBERS 302 8A.5.5 ORGANIC FIBERS 302 8A.5.6
LINER MATERIALS 303 8A.6 DESIGN APPROACH 303 8A.7 MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES 303 8A.8 TEST AND VALIDATION 305 8A.9 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
306 8A.L0 COMPRESSED HYDROGEN SAFETY 307 8A.LO.L HYDROGEN LOSS 307
8A.L0.2 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT 308 8A.LO.3 STRESSES DUE TO HIGHER
PRESSURES 308 8A.L0.4 HIGH TEMPERATURES 308 8A.L 1 STEPS TO
COMMERCIALIZATION 309 REFERENCES 309 311 CHAPTER 8B CRYOGENIC RESERVOIRS
FRIEDEL MICHEL 8B. 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID HYDROGEN (LH 2 ) 312
8B.L.L STORAGE EFFICIENCY 312 8B. 1.2 GENERAL FUNCTION OF A LIQUID
STORAGE 314 8B. 1.3 ADVANTAGE OF AND CHALLENGES RELATED TO LH 2 FOR
MOBILE APPLICATION 314 8B.2 REQUIREMENTS ON MOBILE LH 2 FUEL TANKS 315
8B.2.1 BASIC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 315 8B.2.2 VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS 316
8B.2.3 SAFETY REGULATIONS 316 8B.3 STATE OF THE ART OF THE LH 2 TANK 318
8B.3.1 GENERAL CONCEPT OF A LIQUID HYDROGEN TANK 318 8B.3.2 COMPONENTS
DESIGN 320 8B.3.3 THERMAL MANAGEMENT 321 8B.3.4 PRESSURE MANAGEMENT 324
8B.3.5 WEIGHT REDUCTION 326 8B.4 TYPES OF CRYOGENIC TANKS 328 8B.4.1
EXAMPLES OF CYLINDRICAL TANKS 329 8B.4.2 FLAT-SHAPE TANK 331 8B.4.3 BMW
RACE CAR TANK 331 8B.5 CHALLENGES FOR COMMERCIALISATION 332 8B.6 OUTLOOK
333 REFERENCES 333 335 CHAPTER 9 SAFETY ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN VEHICLES
AND INFRASTRUCTURE WOLFGANG BREITUNG 9.1 MOTIVATION OF SAFETY
INVESTIGATIONS 336 9.1.1 SAFETY-RELEVANT PROPERTIES OF VEHICLE FUELS 337
9.1.2 STATISTICS OF HYDROGEN INCIDENTS 341 9.2 ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN
ACCIDENTS 344 9.3 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 346 9.3.1 FIRST PHASE: COMBUSTIBLE
MIXTURE GENERATION 347 9.3.2 SECOND PHASE: CRITERIA FOR HAZARD POTENTIAL
349 9.3.3 THIRD PHASE: COMBUSTION SIMULATION 353 9.3.4 FOURTH PHASE:
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS 354 9.3.5 MITIGATION MEASURES 354 9.4 APPLICATION
IN THE CASE OF H2 RELEASE IN A GARAGE 355 9.4.1 MIXTURE GENERATION 356
9.4.2 HAZARD POTENTIAL 357 9.4.3 COMBUSTION 361 9.4.4 CONSEQUENCE
ANALYSIS 363 9.4.5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF GARAGE INVESTIGATIONS 366 9.5
SAFETY ISSUES FOR HYDROGEN VEHICLES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 367 9.5.1 HAZARDS
RESULTING FROM VEHICLE OPERATION 368 9.5.2 SAFETY ISSUES FOR REFUELLING
STATIONS 370 9.6 OUTLOOK 373 REFERENCES 375 381 CHAPTER 11 STATUS OF
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES ROBERT HAHN 11.1 BATTERIES 380 11.1.1 EXISTING
POWER AND ENERGY DENSITY 380 11.1.2 LITHIUM-BASED RECHARGEABLE BATTERY
382 11.1.3 WAFER-LEVEL BATTERIES 388 11.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC PORTABLE MODULES
389 11.2.1 DESCRIPTION 390 11.2.2 FLEXIBLE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES 392 11.3
STATUS OF PORTABLE FUEL CELLS 394 11.3.1 AIR-BREATHING PORTABLE PEM FUEL
CELL 395 11.3.2 PORTABLE PEM FUEL CELLS AVAILABLE 398 11.4 COMPARISON OF
LI-ION BATTERIES AND PORTABLE FUEL CELLS 401 11.5 OUTLOOK 405 REFERENCES
405 CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE SYSTEMS ROBERT HAHN 12.1
INTRODUCTION 410 12.2 THE FUEL CELL CORE - MICRO FABRICATION
TECHNOLOGIES 411 12.2.1 HYDROGEN PEM MICRO FUEL CELLS 412 12.2.2 DIRECT
METHANOL MICRO FUEL CELLS 420 12.3 SYSTEM CONCEPTS FOR SMALL FUEL CELLS
423 12.3.1 DMFC 423 12.3.2 PEM FUEL CELLS WITH CHEMICAL HYDRIDES 425
12.3.3 GALVANIC CELLS 428 12.4 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND THERMAL MANAGEMENT
431 12.5 STANDARDISATION 434 REFERENCES 436 409 439 CHAPTER 13
CHALLENGES FOR THE INDUSTRY MATTHIAS BRONOLD 13.1 BASICS OF DMFC SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY 441 13.2 BASIC CHALLENGES 443 13.2.1 PERFORMANCE 444 13.2.2
RELIABILITY 446 13.2.3 DURABILITY 447 13.2.4 INFRASTRUCTURE 448 13.3
OUTLOOK 449 REFERENCES 449 CHAPTER 15 SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE HYDROGEN
STORAGE MATERIALS MICHAEL FELDERHOFF 15.1 INTRODUCTION 455 15.2 NEW
REACTION PATHWAYS USING THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS 456 15.3 CHEMICAL
SYNTHESIS (SCHLENK TECHNIQUE) 457 15.3.1 DESCRIPTION 457 15.3.2
SYNTHESIS OF MG(ALH4) 2 AND CA(ALH4) 2 459 15.4 MECHANICAL SYNTHESIS
(BALL MILLING AND REACTIVE BALL MILLING [9] 459 15.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF
THE BALL MILLING PROCESS 459 15.4.2 PARAMETERS OF IMPORTANCE (MILLING
TIME, ADDITION OF CATALYST, ETC.) .461 15.4.3 SYNTHESIS OF POTENTIAL
HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS 464 15.5 CONCLUSION 469 REFERENCES 469 455
471 CHAPTER 16 KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER 16A MEASUREMENT OF H2
SORPTION PROPERTIES JACQUES HUOT 16A.L INTRODUCTION 472 16A.2
THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS OF HYDROGENATION 473 16A.2.1 THERMODYNAMICS
473 16A.2.2 KINETICS OF HYDRIDE FORMATION 477 16A.2.3 OTHER IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES 480 16A.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND DEVICES 480 16A.3.1
VOLUMETRIC METHODS 481 16A.3.2 GRAVIMETRIC METHODS 483 16A.3.3 OTHER
METHODS 485 16A.4 DETAILS OF THE VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENT 485 16A.4.1
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS 485 16A.4.2 ACCESSORIES 488 16A.4.3 STATE
EQUATION OF THE GAS 490 16A.4.4 MEASUREMENT PROCESS 490 16A.4.5 EFFECT
OF ALIQUOT SIZE 491 16A.5 SAFETY 492 16A.6 CONCLUSION 493 REFERENCES 494
APPENDIX A 499 501 CHAPTER 16B HIGH-PRESSURE DSC EKKEHARD FIIGLEIN AND
ALINE LEON 16B.L INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS 502 16B.2 MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLES OF DTA AND DSC 504 16B.3 HIGH-PRESSURE DSC 507 16B.3.1
DESCRIPTION 507 I6B.3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION 509 16B.3.3 SIGNAL
CONSTITUTION 510 16B.3.4 CALIBRATION (TEMPERATURE AND SENSITIVITY) 512
16B.4 APPLICATIONS 513 16B.4.1 THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF MG(BH 4 ) 2 [23] 515
16B.4.2 VAN'T HOFFPLOT OFMGH 2 516 16B.4.3 ACTIVATION ENERGIES OF LIAIRT
[25] 518 16B.5 CONCLUSION 520 REFERENCES 520 523 CHAPTER 17 STATUS ON
EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES CHAPTER 17A POWDER DIFFRACTION MAGNUS H. S0RBY
17A.L PRINCIPLES OF DIFFRACTION 524 17A.2 DIFFRACTION OF X-RAYS AND
NEUTRONS 526 17A.2.1 SOURCES OF RADIATION FOR DIFFRACTION EXPERIMENTS
528 17A.2.2 INSTRUMENTS FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION 530 17A.3 EXTRACTING
INFORMATION FROM POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA 532 17A.3.1 THE FINGERPRINT
METHOD FOR PHASE IDENTIFICATION 532 17A.3.2 THE RIETVELD METHOD 533
17A.3.3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 535 17A.4 POWDER DIFFRACTION
INVESTIGATIONS OF HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIALS 538 17A.4.1 CRYSTAL
STRUCTURE DETERMINATION 539 17A.4.2 IN SITU INVESTIGATIONS 540 17A.4.3
THE SOLID SOLUBILITY OF TI IN NAALHU 546 REFERENCES 546 FURTHER READING
537 549 CHAPTER 17B SEM/(S)TEM ERIC LEROY AND BRIGITTE DECAMPS 17B.L
INTRODUCTION 550 17B.2 PRINCIPLE OF EDS AND EELS SPECTROSCOPY 551
17B.2.1 THE EDS TECHNIQUE 552 17B.2.2 THE EELS TECHNIQUE 554 17B.2.3
SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR AIR-SENSITIVE SAMPLES 557 17B.2.4
SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF THE PREPARATION OF BEAM-SENSITIVE SAMPLES 557
17B.3 SEM/(S)TEM INVESTIGATION OF NAAMI DOPED WITH DIFFERENT PRECURSORS
561 17B.3.1 TIF 3 PRECURSOR 561 17B.3.2 TI(0B")4 PRECURSOR 561 17B.3.3
TI(OB") 4 /ZR(O/ R)4 PRECURSOR 562 17B.3.4 RII3.6THF CLUSTER
PRECURSOR 562 17B.3.5 TICLJ PRECURSOR 566 17B.4 CONCLUSIONS 571
REFERENCES 572 575 CHAPTER 17C X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY DIETER
SCHILD 17C.L XPS TECHNIQUE 575 17C.L.L BASICS AND DEFINITIONS 575 17C.
1.2 DETERMINATION OF ATOMIC CONCENTRATION 577 17C.L.3 SPECTRAL FEATURES
578 17C.L.4 SURFACE SENSITIVITY 580 17C.1.5 CHARGE REFERENCING 582
17C.L.6 XPS SPUTTER DEPTH PROFILING 583 17C.2 INSTRUMENT 584 17C.2.1 THE
NEED FOR ULTRA-HIGH VACUUM 584 17C.2.2 ENERGY RESOLUTION AND INSTRUMENT
CALIBRATION 585 17C.3 APPLICATION TO NAALRT DOPED WITH TI-BASED
PRECURSOR 587 17C.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 587 17C.3.2 XPS SURVEY SPECTRA
AND ATOMIC CONCENTRATIONS 588 17C.3.3 BINDING ENERGIES 590 17C.3.4 XPS
DEPTH PROFILES OF TI-DOPED NAALR, BASED ON TICL 3 595 17C.3.5 GAINED
KNOWLEDGE 597 REFERENCES 598 603 CHAPTER 17D X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE
STRUCTURE (XAFS) SPECTROSCOPY JORG ROTHE AND ALINE LEON 17D.L X-RAY
ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE (XAFS) 605 17D.L.L EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATA
REDUCTION 606 17D.L.2 EXAFS: EXTENDED X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE
608 17A1.3 XANES: X-RAY ABSORPTION NEAR-EDGE STRUCTURE 611 17D.2
INVESTIGATION OF TI-DOPED NAAIR* BY XAFS 612 17D.2.1 INITIAL
DEHYDROGENATION/REHYDROGENATION WITH T1CI3 AS DOPANT MATERIAL .613
17D.2.2 TIN * 6THF IN COMPARISON TO TICLS AS DOPANT MATERIAL - FURTHER
HYDROGEN CYCLING 616 17D.2.3 AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY 619 17D.3 OUTLOOK
621 REFERENCES 621 CHAPTER 18 SCIENTIFIC SCOPE MAXIMILIAN FICHTNER 18.1
INTRODUCTION 625 18.2 PRODUCTION 627 18.3 STORAGE 630 18.3.1 PRESSURIZED
HYDROGEN 632 18.3.2 LIQUID HYDROGEN 632 18.3.3 SOLID STORAGE 633
REFERENCES 635 625 637 CHAPTER 19 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPE MAURIZIO FERMEGLIA
19.1 INTRODUCTION 637 19.2 GLOBAL WARMING AND CO 2 HANDLING 639 19.2.1
CURRENT FIGURES 639 19.2.2 IMPACT OF CO 2 EMISSIONS 640 19.2.3
STRATEGIES TO REDUCE THE CO 2 EMISSIONS 642 19.3 HYDROGEN AND THE ENERGY
MARKET 647 19.3.1 STATUS OF HYDROGEN ECONOMY 647 19.3.2 INNOVATIVE
TECHNOLOGIES TO FACILITATE HYDROGEN PENETRATION IN THE MARKET 647 19.4
CONCLUSIONS 651 REFERENCES 652 |
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| author2 | Léon, Aline |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | a l al |
| author_facet | Léon, Aline |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023479684 |
| classification_rvk | ZP 4150 |
| classification_tum | ERG 770f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)315954042 (DE-599)DNB988424169 |
| dewey-full | 621.042 629.25 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics 629 - Other branches of engineering |
| dewey-raw | 621.042 629.25 |
| dewey-search | 621.042 629.25 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.042 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Energietechnik Verkehr / Transport |
| discipline_str_mv | Maschinenbau / Maschinenwesen Energietechnik, Energiewirtschaft Energietechnik Verkehr / Transport |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV023479684 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:37:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:19:43Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783540790273 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016661868 |
| oclc_num | 315954042 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1046 DE-703 DE-29T DE-573 DE-92 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-634 |
| owner_facet | DE-1046 DE-703 DE-29T DE-573 DE-92 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-83 DE-1102 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-634 |
| physical | XV, 687 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Green energy and technology |
| spelling | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables Aline Léon (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2008 XV, 687 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Green energy and technology Literaturangaben Wasserstoffmotor (DE-588)4516622-5 gnd rswk-swf Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd rswk-swf Wasserstoffenergietechnik (DE-588)4121905-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Wasserstoffenergietechnik (DE-588)4121905-3 s DE-604 Wasserstoffmotor (DE-588)4516622-5 s Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 s Léon, Aline edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-540-69925-5 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016661868&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables Wasserstoffmotor (DE-588)4516622-5 gnd Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd Wasserstoffenergietechnik (DE-588)4121905-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4516622-5 (DE-588)4008195-3 (DE-588)4121905-3 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables |
| title_auth | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables |
| title_exact_search | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables |
| title_full | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables Aline Léon (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables Aline Léon (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables Aline Léon (ed.) |
| title_short | Hydrogen technology |
| title_sort | hydrogen technology mobile and portable applications with 50 tables |
| title_sub | mobile and portable applications ; with ... 50 tables |
| topic | Wasserstoffmotor (DE-588)4516622-5 gnd Brennstoffzelle (DE-588)4008195-3 gnd Wasserstoffenergietechnik (DE-588)4121905-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wasserstoffmotor Brennstoffzelle Wasserstoffenergietechnik Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016661868&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leonaline hydrogentechnologymobileandportableapplicationswith50tables |