Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije: = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Srpsko Geografsko Društvo
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 196 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788682751236 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137809265557504 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | САДРЖАЈ
1
УВОД
g
Предмет, цил, и структура
истраживања
12
Методологија
рада и
досадашња истраженост
проблема
14
2
РЕГИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ У КОНТЕКСТУ
КЉУЧНИХ
САВРЕМЕНИХ ГЕОГРАФСКИХ
ПИТАЊА
21
Нова научна мисао као
теоријско-методолошки оквир
регионализма
21
Нови
појам
реда у природи
26
Од
нове научне
парадигме ка
новој социјалној
парадигми
28
Нека
питања онтолошко-сазнајног карактера
у
географији
31
Теоријско-методолошке
основе
регионализације
36
Системски
приступ као
научна и методолошка
подлога
регионализације
37
Однос дела и целине
38
Место и улога
регионализације
у
спознаји стварности
40
3
СТАНОВНИШТВО КАО
ЕЛЕМЕНТ
РЕГИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ
45
Популациони
системи
-
интегрални
део регионалних система
45
Осврт на општу
теорију регионализације
45
Границе
-
фактор
баријерности
и/или
елемент интегративности
52
Полазне основе и претпоставке демогеографске
регионализације
57
О
појму демо(гео)графске регије
58
Полазни
принципи
демогеографске
регионализације
62
Сврха и
циљ
демогеографске
регионализације
69
Ka
конкретизации демогеографске
регионализације
70
О искуствима других
земаља
71
Осврт на искуства демографске
регионализације
у
Србији
74
Регионализација
као метод и методе демогеографске
регионализације
80
196
1
4
ЕЛЕМЕНТИ
И
ФАКТОРИ ДЕМОГЕОГРАФСКЕ
РЕГИОНАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ СРБИЈЕ
87
Основни елементи
демогеографске регионализације
90
Просторно-демографски
елементи
регионализације
91
Динамика
становништва
-
елемент
за
регионализацију
109
Значај испитивања старосне
структуре становништва
као
елемента
регионализације
116
Социо-економске карактеристике
становништва
у
функцији
демогеографске
регионализације
126
Значај историјско-географских
и
културно-цивилизацијских
фактора
регионализације
143
Демогеографска регионализација Србије
као резултат
просторно-демографских
и
просторно-функцијских
веза и односа
147
Делимитирање демогеографских
региона и субрегиона у простору
Србије
155
5
ЗАКЉУЧАК
169
SYMMARY !77
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
185
SUMMARY
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF REGIONALIZATION OF SERBIA
O tudies
of the population as an important factor of regionalization of Serbia have
kJ
been initiated within a broader research project, known as Geographic Regionali¬
zation of Serbia . This project included all the major aspects of this complex and cur¬
rently very topical problem. Complex research of the population of Serbia is necessary
partly because of the fact that in the second half of the 20th century, very large chan¬
ges happened in various regions of Serbia. These changes were produced by the de¬
velopment of the regions, and are manifested through very noticeable demographic,
structural and spatial disproportions. Initial assumption was that without a comprehen¬
sive understanding of the problems and perspectives of populational development,
there cannot be a scientifically verified definition of principles and aims necessary for
a proper regionalization of Serbia.
Regionalization is an exceptionally complex and contradictory matter, and at the
same time becoming very challenging in the last few years in conditions of accele¬
rated changes in the world. It is believed that regionalization today is an unavoidable
strategic action of directing development processes on a territory. One of the aims of
regionalization is to bring economic, demographic and social development processes
into accord. Discordance of demographic transition courses with economic develop¬
ment caused prominent changes and complex development problems on the territory
of Serbia, which indicate that appropriate attention should be devoted to demographic
occurrences and processes in the approach to its regionalization.
However, we might, conditionally, say that the demo-geographic regionalization,
if a separate system, has no purpose. The purpose becomes clear only if other re¬
gional systems are also considered, so that optimal solutions for the spatio-functional
organization of the country can be found, and harmonized with each other as much as
possible. In this sense, demo-geographic regionalization is only a basis; only one of
the elements, to be understood in a dynamic and evolutional manner; which means, it
is at a lower-level plane of consideration, in our procedure of differentiation of the
geographical space. Defining the principles and isolating the elements is only the first
step, a theoretical background, for the procedure itself, which must follow, and which
is much more difficult to conduct. Each region is a dynamic category, whose borders
change during its historic, cultural and socio-economic development, and this is why
II
178
Å
the answers to the questions of regionalization cannot be provided once and for ever;
the answers will keep spilling over the limits which we set for them. The essence of
the task of regionalization is that we obtain theoretically worked-out, but also practi¬
cally applicable, solutions, for optimal spatial organization, so that the quality of the
management of space might be improved, and with it, the development of society
generally.
Proceeding from this fact, the goal of this paper was to identify the problems of
regional differentiation of geo-spaces and determine the place and role of demograp¬
hic regionalization in the procedure of scientific knowledge, territory differentiation
and organization of geo-space; to set the general definition of regionalism from the
demographic aspect, in the sense of theoretical concept based on empirical research,
so as to obtain a scientific framework for research and functional approach to recogniz¬
ing contemporary problems of development and organizing population; to decide on
principles and elements, and point out to the content, purpose and goals of identifying
demo-geographic regions, in a way which would be adequate for planning regional
development and organizing geo-spaces. Such a set research goal required that the
total problem of demo-geographic regionalization is set on a wider theoretical, but
analytical context, which is defined by mutual dependence of demo-geographic with
other regional systems, as well as with global questions of regionalism and integration
ways.
Demo-geographic regionalization is carried out on the basis of numerous research
findings and corresponding empirical results, with an idea that it serves as a basis for
macro regionalization, general geographic or administrative-management regionaliza¬
tion, as a foundation for space planning or development policy. Global and specific
perception of numerous relevant components of regionalization had been carried out,
with a favorable circumstance and significant basis being the following research up to
now: Outline of constant regions for demographic research and the study of the
Geographic Institute Demographic bases for regionalization of Serbia . Unlike de¬
mographic regionalizations, this paper insisted on demo-geographic as a more complex
approach, and a concrete contribution of this paper refers to defining basic principles
and elements of regionalization whereby in the process of delimiting regions, nume¬
rous geographic, natural geographic, anthropo-geographic, territory-economical and
territory functional relations and connections, occurrences and processes were articu¬
lated apart from demographic.
It turned out that internal migrational dynamics is especially important for the
defining of demo-geographic regions and subsystems consisting of population and
settlements. Inter- and intra-regional movements have had strong effects on the form¬
ing of economic and other structural and vital characteristics of the population, and on
the overall spatial structure of Serbia; because this is so, we know that migrations of
the population are one of the basic elements of demo-geographic regionalization.
Migrations of the population directly depend on the process of urbanization; therefore
we may say that regionalization of Serbia largely follows from the trends of urbaniza¬
tion, but, on the other hand, vice versa is also true: regionalization is a precondition
for successful urbanization. Not without reason, B.
Derić
says that for further ur¬
banization of Serbia, one imperative condition is decentralization, which must be
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF
REGIONALIZATION
OF SERBIA
179
accompanied by a complex, spatially and developmentally coherent and functionally
diversified system of townships, so that the developmental impulses, evenly balanced,
should spread through the entire geo-space of Serbia
(Derić
et al.,
1998: 268).
From
the aspect of organization of populational systems, and their natural connectedness
with the system of settlements, it seems logical that we, in the process of regionaliza-
tion, should adopt as our primary principle the demand that the system of settlements
should become rational; this implies that we must upkeep and develop the spatial-
functional unity of settlements, people, and activities. Specifically it means that the
functional spheres (gravitational zones) of the centers (large towns) must become bet¬
ter incorporated into the systems of the regions around them.
On the basis of theoretical knowledge about the demo-geographic regionalization,
and also on the basis of research of aims, principles and criteria of regionalism, and
practical experience (until now) with regionalization in the ex-Yugoslav countries and
in other European countries, and knowing the attempts made previously to define the
demo-geographic regions of Serbia, we arrive at several key judgments about the ef¬
fects of population on regionalization. These would be the following judgments:
a) Regionalization is crucial as a strategic instrument, a method of scientific deal¬
ing with the reality, a way of managing the geo-space, and of organizing the country s
administration. This means that when we divide the country into regions, it is not only
a spatial model, it is also an aspect of organization of society. However, this will work
successfully only if regionalization is seen as a synthesis of differentiation and integra¬
tion. In the procedure of regionalization, we should keep in mind that, when we deal
with smaller territorial units, they have
integrative
function, but when we consider the
connections in a general system, of which the relevant area is a part, regionalism has
a decentralizing function. The fact is, that regionalism has traveled on its own path of
development: from sectionalism and separatism, to an acceptance of its
integrative
meaning and
integrative
connecting; but there is still danger that it might be identified
with the aims of political, economic, cultural, and other domination. One of the reasons
is, that we still do not have a valid and adequate theory of human social behavior, in
the context of inter-regional relationships; but, regionalism surely can assist in the
making of such a theory. To construct valid territorial systems, we must take into ac¬
count the historical-geographic, anthropo-geographic, and cultural-civilizational
facts.
The basic message about regionalism is, that it does not mean a secessionist go¬
ing away , a carving of some piece of land so that it becomes separate from the cou¬
ntry; rather, it means a spatial integration into the country. No region can be defined
outside of the total structure of the country, whose inseparable part it is.
b) Regional analyses ought to include several levels of complexity, from simple
techniques at the initial level, to the development of a comprehensive theory at the
highest level of integration. Scientific differentiation of geo-space ought to be based
on a systemic approach, which will put all the phenomena and processes (including
the populational system) into a relation with other natural and social systems, within
a continuous historical process. Systemic understanding draws its strength from the
knowledge acquired in quantum physics; but the fact is, that even within that modern
approach, not all the phenomena, processes and forms of behavior at sub-quantum
180
1
level have been examined sufficiently; rather, only those elements have been selected
which looked acceptable to the present-day scientific mind. Logic and principles of
quantum interactions have not yet been completely accepted in broadest scientific
circles. One day, when the quantum way of thinking becomes fully integrated into
social sciences, the social theories will have to change. In our introductory theoretical
considerations about the regionalization, a few such possibilities are explored, in the
hope that they might become a part of social consciousness.
This means that even regionalization, as a scientific approach and method, at
today s level of knowledge, can not cover the entire scope of the scientific examination
of the development of population.
c) Regions develop in constant mutual interaction, as complex dynamic systems,
so that our assumptions about them are liable to change often; as D.
Perišić
(1985)
emphasized, these assumptions alter with times and conditions. All the more so are
justified those modern concepts of regionalism in which a region is seen as a fluent
category, without permanently fixed borders, but always convenient to facilitate trans-
border cooperation.
d) In recent years, various regionalizations of Serbia have been proposed, differ¬
ing from each other. This also speaks in favor of new concepts in which a region is
seen as an open structure, with transparent borders, a structure designed for inter-re¬
gional cooperation and for
integrative
purposes. (Unlike the traditional meaning of the
word region , in which it was understood as self-evident that a region must have a
precisely defined identity, size, and borders.) Therefore, regional development today
is part of a global approach, and has two directions, equally significant: development
inside a region, and common development of much broader territories (together). This
would be the intra-and-inter approach.
e) The question of purpose and aim of regionalization is surely important, but we
must not forget that the demo-geographical conditions, expressed by demo-geogra¬
phical regionalization, are only a basis, one of the factors of a more complex, geo¬
graphical regionalization;
f) Some mathematical statistical methods (multifactoral analysis, for instance)
may be very complex, and correlate many parameters; they may fulfill the demands of
complex structural analyses, and may provide good typology, but, still, we can not
establish our demo-geographic regionalization solely on them. Before any final judg¬
ment, we must research thoroughly the real conditions on the terrain, and only then
may we make final conclusions.
g) Historical, socio-economic, cultural-civilizational, geo-strategic, and geo-trans-
portational conditions in Serbia have produced unequal development of population,
great imbalance of demographic trends, but have also caused a high degree of homo¬
geneity of some demographic phenomena in certain areas. For instance, the Yugoslav
government, for a number of years in the second half of the 20th century, has treated
certain state-owned companies and industries as pivots of development , and this
produced large migrations of people towards such places; in consequence, the age-,
gender-, and economic structure in some regions has changed drastically; there were
changes in the work-force, for instance changes of its structure regarding the type of
job and the level of qualification, and there were many other human changes too.
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF
REGIONALIZATION
OF SERBIA
181
I
Economy caused migrations directly, but there were also many other, less direct and
£
less obvious effects, which require more careful studies, because some demographic |
consequences are considerably distant in time from their economic causes. Besides,
s
each demo-geographic system probably has some adaptive and self-regulating
beha-
»
vior, its own, not within the domain of scientific research.
Regionalization of various demographic, territorial-demographic and demo eco¬
nomic traits were carried out for the purpose of research, which were to show to what
extent, in what direction, according to which principles and in what way it is possible
to carry out demographic regionalization in Serbia. It should be noted that most research
on the topic of demographic regionalization indicate that the importance of certain
elements of regionalization is variable and that is dependent on the regional level, and
that the population change during demographic transition imposes a necessity for in¬
troducing new indicators and elements of regionalization.
The goal of this paper was to give theoretical-methodological frameworks and a
broader basis for integration of certain territorial units into unique demo-geographic
regions of Serbia, which would still be in the function of complex regional research
and regional planning. Anything more than that (especially from the aspect of micro
or macro regionalization) would require a team work of a larger number of experts, an
extensive statistical-analytical and research project, as well as sound knowledge of
various local conditions, historical-geographic and civilization events which often re¬
quire deviation from consistent application of formulated criteria and measures for
regionalization. This means that the given proposals should be understood as a princi¬
pled scheme, a general framework of the demo-geographic regionalization of Serbia
on the basis of interdependence of natural and economic wholes, their geographic-
transportation and economic-gravitational connection, development processes and
demographic courses. Every concrete requirement in future practice of planning or
organization of geo-space would require defining goals and principles of regionaliza¬
tion as well.
Having in mind all the stated elements, territorial-functional relations, realized ter¬
ritorial-demographic structure of Serbia and tendencies of demographic courses, as well
as territorial plan of isolated macro regional centers, confirming the homogeneity of
demographic development of various regions, but also researching migration flows under
the influence of push and pull factors during the process of industrialization, urbanization
and land reclamation, the one possible demo-geographic regionalization of Serbia was
presented. The isolated regions are homogeneous in the sense of functional interdepen¬
dence, because each represents a region which is territorially-functionally connected to
a regional center; and heterogeneous of structure, because each region represents a sym¬
biosis of urban, rural and transitional type of structure, which are a result of differentia¬
tion of development and demographic processes, and which imply a corresponding de¬
mographic development, dynamics and composition of population.
Once we specify a region, we will probably still be able to discern, inside it, some
smaller areas with a clear demographic homogeneity, or, belts (or oases) of some par¬
ticular demo-geographical characteristics and flows. However, we expect that this will
not bring into question, or not much, the integrity of the territory which we chose to
call a region.
182
1
h)
The main practical contribution of this study ought to be a more precise defin¬
ing of the demo-geographic basis for a possible regionalization of Serbia; not the
demo-geographical regionalization as such. In this sense, if we do define demo-geo¬
graphical regions, it should be understood as one stage of the work, not as a definitive
regionalization.
i) By studying the scientific and methodological foundations (or lack thereof) of
the numerous competing regionalizations of the country, which are appearing in the
last few years in Serbia in the geographic scientific community but also in other seg¬
ments of the scientific public opinion, we were able to conclude that, from the point
of view of demo-geographic and anthropo-geographic aspects of any future regio¬
nalization, the most appropriate method is to observe how areas (of sub-regional size)
function, and how they gravitate towards towns and their other centers; how this affects
the population; and then perhaps to group them into regions, but without violating their
already existing spatial functions. Such sub-regions are individual units, each for itself,
in several ways: from the point of view of physical-geographic characteristics; each is
economically integrated in the sense that it gravitates economically towards one point;
the whole sub-region is in the same situation as regards traffic and transportation; each
has a historically founded individuality of tradition; and, when we see that they are
such, we can then work towards their valid integration into broader territories, such as,
for instance, regions, but only if we are clear about the purposes of regionalization.
j) One question that remains open is the possibility of defining units larger than
regions, which would mean, several macro-regional units of Serbia. These macro-re¬
gions of Serbia would be administrative-territorial units, and also political and eco¬
nomic, and, at the same time, also units for planning and development. But they are
hard to form; the difficulty is, that Serbia has for many decades developed in a very
uneven and disproportionate manner: there was
Beograd
(which is the true name of
Belgrade), and there was the rest , what remains , namely, all Serbia outside
Beograd.
Such was the predominance of the capital city. For this reason, if we are ever to achieve
a proper macro-regionalization of Serbia, we must first regulate this relationship of
Beograd
towards all the rest of Serbia; but this must lead to many socio-economic,
political, and socio-demographic consequences. Also, this strong
Beograd
agglo¬
meration is important for entire south-eastern Europe (and European Union), espe¬
cially for the European system of multimodular corridors. This means that
Beograd
agglomeration must be treated as an important focus in the integrated structure of
south-east Europe, and for entire Europe. And,
k) in the nature of things, this sort of research always leaves something incomplete,
and some questions unanswered. Some questions demand interdisciplinary or deep
research, some open new horizons and lead towards the definition of new research
tasks. The first group of our tasks refers to a more complete understanding and applica¬
tion of the above-mentioned theoretical concepts, with a systemic approach and our
new concept of space in the geographic studies of population, while the other group
of tasks is to define more precisely the demo-geographical regions, of various levels,
in the geo-space of Serbia.
* * *
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF REGIONALIZATION OF SERBIA
183
Increasing social and ecological problems in the world, fragmentation of human
communities, mass poverty and hunger, are mostly the product of man s view of the
world, a teaching that everything is fragmented and unconnected, each part indepen¬
dent and autochthonous. This is a general problem of fragmentation of human aware¬
ness. Even if a man tries to perceive mankind as one entity, with one common set of
needs, all too often he will think that the human society is something apart from Nature,
and he will try to dominate over Nature, subdue it to his needs, achieve a victory
over it. This is why, in the introductory part of this book promote a rather different
view of reality, as one integrated whole. We examine the basic concepts of the new
scientific thought, which is now slowly growing in the world, starting from the facts
of the quantum theory as a basis for understanding the universal laws of matter and its
motion. Basic laws of quantum physics are in the fundamental nature of everything,
in all natural and social phenomena, and they point towards the paths where the human
consciousness ought to go. As David
Bohm
(1995:
XI) points out, man s overall man¬
ner of thinking about the totality, namely, man s general view of the world, is crucial
for the structure of the human mind itself. If he thinks the totality consists of indepen¬
dent fragments, then his mind will be directed to function fragmentarily; but, if he can
include everything harmoniously in one general unity, undivided and uninterrupted,
limitless (because all borderlines are a parting, a splitting), then his mind will be di¬
rected to work in a similar manner, but, the result will be an orderly action inside the
totality.
II
|
| adam_txt |
САДРЖАЈ
1
УВОД
g
Предмет, цил, и структура
истраживања
12
Методологија
рада и
досадашња истраженост
проблема
14
2
РЕГИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ У КОНТЕКСТУ
КЉУЧНИХ
САВРЕМЕНИХ ГЕОГРАФСКИХ
ПИТАЊА
21
Нова научна мисао као
теоријско-методолошки оквир
регионализма
21
Нови
појам
реда у природи
26
Од
нове научне
парадигме ка
новој социјалној
парадигми
28
Нека
питања онтолошко-сазнајног карактера
у
географији
31
Теоријско-методолошке
основе
регионализације
36
Системски
приступ као
научна и методолошка
подлога
регионализације
37
Однос дела и целине
38
Место и улога
регионализације
у
спознаји стварности
40
3
СТАНОВНИШТВО КАО
ЕЛЕМЕНТ
РЕГИОНАЛИЗАЦИИ
45
Популациони
системи
-
интегрални
део регионалних система
45
Осврт на општу
теорију регионализације
45
Границе
-
фактор
баријерности
и/или
елемент интегративности
52
Полазне основе и претпоставке демогеографске
регионализације
57
О
појму демо(гео)графске регије
58
Полазни
принципи
демогеографске
регионализације
62
Сврха и
циљ
демогеографске
регионализације
69
Ka
конкретизации демогеографске
регионализације
70
О искуствима других
земаља
71
Осврт на искуства демографске
регионализације
у
Србији
74
Регионализација
као метод и методе демогеографске
регионализације
80
196
1
4
ЕЛЕМЕНТИ
И
ФАКТОРИ ДЕМОГЕОГРАФСКЕ
РЕГИОНАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ СРБИЈЕ
87
Основни елементи
демогеографске регионализације
90
Просторно-демографски
елементи
регионализације
91
Динамика
становништва
-
елемент
за
регионализацију
109
Значај испитивања старосне
структуре становништва
као
елемента
регионализације
116
Социо-економске карактеристике
становништва
у
функцији
демогеографске
регионализације
126
Значај историјско-географских
и
културно-цивилизацијских
фактора
регионализације
143
Демогеографска регионализација Србије
као резултат
просторно-демографских
и
просторно-функцијских
веза и односа
147
Делимитирање демогеографских
региона и субрегиона у простору
Србије
155
5
ЗАКЉУЧАК
169
SYMMARY !77
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
185
SUMMARY
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF REGIONALIZATION OF SERBIA
O tudies
of the population as an important factor of regionalization of Serbia have
kJ
been initiated within a broader research project, known as "Geographic Regionali¬
zation of Serbia". This project included all the major aspects of this complex and cur¬
rently very topical problem. Complex research of the population of Serbia is necessary
partly because of the fact that in the second half of the 20th century, very large chan¬
ges happened in various regions of Serbia. These changes were produced by the de¬
velopment of the regions, and are manifested through very noticeable demographic,
structural and spatial disproportions. Initial assumption was that without a comprehen¬
sive understanding of the problems and perspectives of populational development,
there cannot be a scientifically verified definition of principles and aims necessary for
a proper regionalization of Serbia.
Regionalization is an exceptionally complex and contradictory matter, and at the
same time becoming very challenging in the last few years in conditions of accele¬
rated changes in the world. It is believed that regionalization today is an unavoidable
strategic action of directing development processes on a territory. One of the aims of
regionalization is to bring economic, demographic and social development processes
into accord. Discordance of demographic transition courses with economic develop¬
ment caused prominent changes and complex development problems on the territory
of Serbia, which indicate that appropriate attention should be devoted to demographic
occurrences and processes in the approach to its regionalization.
However, we might, conditionally, say that the demo-geographic regionalization,
if a separate system, has no purpose. The purpose becomes clear only if other re¬
gional systems are also considered, so that optimal solutions for the spatio-functional
organization of the country can be found, and harmonized with each other as much as
possible. In this sense, demo-geographic regionalization is only a basis; only one of
the elements, to be understood in a dynamic and evolutional manner; which means, it
is at a lower-level plane of consideration, in our procedure of differentiation of the
geographical space. Defining the principles and isolating the elements is only the first
step, a theoretical background, for the procedure itself, which must follow, and which
is much more difficult to conduct. Each region is a dynamic category, whose borders
change during its historic, cultural and socio-economic development, and this is why
II
178
Å
the answers to the questions of regionalization cannot be provided once and for ever;
the answers will keep spilling over the limits which we set for them. The essence of
the task of regionalization is that we obtain theoretically worked-out, but also practi¬
cally applicable, solutions, for optimal spatial organization, so that the quality of the
management of space might be improved, and with it, the development of society
generally.
Proceeding from this fact, the goal of this paper was to identify the problems of
regional differentiation of geo-spaces and determine the place and role of demograp¬
hic regionalization in the procedure of scientific knowledge, territory differentiation
and organization of geo-space; to set the general definition of regionalism from the
demographic aspect, in the sense of theoretical concept based on empirical research,
so as to obtain a scientific framework for research and functional approach to recogniz¬
ing contemporary problems of development and organizing population; to decide on
principles and elements, and point out to the content, purpose and goals of identifying
demo-geographic regions, in a way which would be adequate for planning regional
development and organizing geo-spaces. Such a set research goal required that the
total problem of demo-geographic regionalization is set on a wider theoretical, but
analytical context, which is defined by mutual dependence of demo-geographic with
other regional systems, as well as with global questions of regionalism and integration
ways.
Demo-geographic regionalization is carried out on the basis of numerous research
findings and corresponding empirical results, with an idea that it serves as a basis for
macro regionalization, general geographic or administrative-management regionaliza¬
tion, as a "foundation" for space planning or development policy. Global and specific
perception of numerous relevant components of regionalization had been carried out,
with a favorable circumstance and significant basis being the following research up to
now: "Outline of constant regions for demographic research" and the study of the
Geographic Institute "Demographic bases for regionalization of Serbia". Unlike de¬
mographic regionalizations, this paper insisted on demo-geographic as a more complex
approach, and a concrete contribution of this paper refers to defining basic principles
and elements of regionalization whereby in the process of delimiting regions, nume¬
rous geographic, natural geographic, anthropo-geographic, territory-economical and
territory functional relations and connections, occurrences and processes were articu¬
lated apart from demographic.
It turned out that internal migrational dynamics is especially important for the
defining of demo-geographic regions and subsystems consisting of population and
settlements. Inter- and intra-regional movements have had strong effects on the form¬
ing of economic and other structural and vital characteristics of the population, and on
the overall spatial structure of Serbia; because this is so, we know that migrations of
the population are one of the basic elements of demo-geographic regionalization.
Migrations of the population directly depend on the process of urbanization; therefore
we may say that regionalization of Serbia largely follows from the trends of urbaniza¬
tion, but, on the other hand, vice versa is also true: regionalization is a precondition
for successful urbanization. Not without reason, B.
Derić
says that "for further ur¬
banization of Serbia, one imperative condition is decentralization, which must be
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF
REGIONALIZATION
OF SERBIA
179
accompanied by a complex, spatially and developmentally coherent and functionally
diversified system of townships, so that the developmental impulses, evenly balanced,
should spread through the entire geo-space of Serbia"
(Derić
et al.,
1998: 268).
From
the aspect of organization of populational systems, and their natural connectedness
with the system of settlements, it seems logical that we, in the process of regionaliza-
tion, should adopt as our primary principle the demand that the system of settlements
should become rational; this implies that we must upkeep and develop the spatial-
functional unity of settlements, people, and activities. Specifically it means that the
functional spheres (gravitational zones) of the centers (large towns) must become bet¬
ter incorporated into the systems of the regions around them.
On the basis of theoretical knowledge about the demo-geographic regionalization,
and also on the basis of research of aims, principles and criteria of regionalism, and
practical experience (until now) with regionalization in the ex-Yugoslav countries and
in other European countries, and knowing the attempts made previously to define the
demo-geographic regions of Serbia, we arrive at several key judgments about the ef¬
fects of population on regionalization. These would be the following judgments:
a) Regionalization is crucial as a strategic instrument, a method of scientific deal¬
ing with the reality, a way of managing the geo-space, and of organizing the country's
administration. This means that when we divide the country into regions, it is not only
a spatial model, it is also an aspect of organization of society. However, this will work
successfully only if regionalization is seen as a synthesis of differentiation and integra¬
tion. In the procedure of regionalization, we should keep in mind that, when we deal
with smaller territorial units, they have
integrative
function, but when we consider the
connections in a general system, of which the relevant area is a part, regionalism has
a decentralizing function. The fact is, that regionalism has traveled on its own path of
development: from sectionalism and separatism, to an acceptance of its
integrative
meaning and
integrative
connecting; but there is still danger that it might be identified
with the aims of political, economic, cultural, and other domination. One of the reasons
is, that we still do not have a valid and adequate theory of human social behavior, in
the context of inter-regional relationships; but, regionalism surely can assist in the
making of such a theory. To construct valid territorial systems, we must take into ac¬
count the historical-geographic, anthropo-geographic, and cultural-civilizational
facts.
The basic message about regionalism is, that it does not mean a secessionist "go¬
ing away", a carving of some piece of land so that it becomes separate from the cou¬
ntry; rather, it means a spatial integration into the country. No region can be defined
outside of the total structure of the country, whose inseparable part it is.
b) Regional analyses ought to include several levels of complexity, from simple
techniques at the initial level, to the development of a comprehensive theory at the
highest level of integration. Scientific differentiation of geo-space ought to be based
on a systemic approach, which will put all the phenomena and processes (including
the populational system) into a relation with other natural and social systems, within
a continuous historical process. Systemic understanding draws its strength from the
knowledge acquired in quantum physics; but the fact is, that even within that modern
approach, not all the phenomena, processes and forms of behavior at sub-quantum
180
1
level have been examined sufficiently; rather, only those elements have been "selected"
which looked acceptable to the present-day scientific mind. Logic and principles of
quantum interactions have not yet been completely accepted in broadest scientific
circles. One day, when the quantum way of thinking becomes fully integrated into
social sciences, the social theories will have to change. In our introductory theoretical
considerations about the regionalization, a few such possibilities are explored, in the
hope that they might become a part of social consciousness.
This means that even regionalization, as a scientific approach and method, at
today's level of knowledge, can not cover the entire scope of the scientific examination
of the development of population.
c) Regions develop in constant mutual interaction, as complex dynamic systems,
so that our assumptions about them are liable to change often; as D.
Perišić
(1985)
emphasized, these assumptions alter with times and conditions. All the more so are
justified those modern concepts of regionalism in which a "region" is seen as a fluent
category, without permanently fixed borders, but always convenient to facilitate trans-
border cooperation.
d) In recent years, various regionalizations of Serbia have been proposed, differ¬
ing from each other. This also speaks in favor of new concepts in which a "region" is
seen as an open structure, with transparent borders, a structure designed for inter-re¬
gional cooperation and for
integrative
purposes. (Unlike the traditional meaning of the
word "region", in which it was understood as self-evident that a region must have a
precisely defined identity, size, and borders.) Therefore, regional development today
is part of a global approach, and has two directions, equally significant: development
inside a region, and common development of much broader territories (together). This
would be the intra-and-inter approach.
e) The question of purpose and aim of regionalization is surely important, but we
must not forget that the demo-geographical conditions, expressed by demo-geogra¬
phical regionalization, are only a basis, one of the factors of a more complex, geo¬
graphical regionalization;
f) Some mathematical statistical methods (multifactoral analysis, for instance)
may be very complex, and correlate many parameters; they may fulfill the demands of
complex structural analyses, and may provide good typology, but, still, we can not
establish our demo-geographic regionalization solely on them. Before any final judg¬
ment, we must research thoroughly the real conditions on the terrain, and only then
may we make final conclusions.
g) Historical, socio-economic, cultural-civilizational, geo-strategic, and geo-trans-
portational conditions in Serbia have produced unequal development of population,
great imbalance of demographic trends, but have also caused a high degree of homo¬
geneity of some demographic phenomena in certain areas. For instance, the Yugoslav
government, for a number of years in the second half of the 20th century, has treated
certain state-owned companies and industries as "pivots of development", and this
produced large migrations of people towards such places; in consequence, the age-,
gender-, and economic structure in some regions has changed drastically; there were
changes in the work-force, for instance changes of its structure regarding the type of
job and the level of qualification, and there were many other human changes too.
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF
REGIONALIZATION
OF SERBIA
181
I
Economy caused migrations directly, but there were also many other, less direct and
£
less obvious effects, which require more careful studies, because some demographic |
consequences are considerably distant in time from their economic causes. Besides,
s
each demo-geographic system probably has some adaptive and self-regulating
beha-
»
vior, its own, not within the domain of scientific research.
Regionalization of various demographic, territorial-demographic and demo eco¬
nomic traits were carried out for the purpose of research, which were to show to what
extent, in what direction, according to which principles and in what way it is possible
to carry out demographic regionalization in Serbia. It should be noted that most research
on the topic of demographic regionalization indicate that the importance of certain
elements of regionalization is variable and that is dependent on the regional level, and
that the population change during demographic transition imposes a necessity for in¬
troducing new indicators and elements of regionalization.
The goal of this paper was to give theoretical-methodological frameworks and a
broader basis for integration of certain territorial units into unique demo-geographic
regions of Serbia, which would still be in the function of complex regional research
and regional planning. Anything more than that (especially from the aspect of micro
or macro regionalization) would require a team work of a larger number of experts, an
extensive statistical-analytical and research project, as well as sound knowledge of
various local conditions, historical-geographic and civilization events which often re¬
quire deviation from consistent application of formulated criteria and measures for
regionalization. This means that the given proposals should be understood as a princi¬
pled scheme, a general framework of the demo-geographic regionalization of Serbia
on the basis of interdependence of natural and economic wholes, their geographic-
transportation and economic-gravitational connection, development processes and
demographic courses. Every concrete requirement in future practice of planning or
organization of geo-space would require defining goals and principles of regionaliza¬
tion as well.
Having in mind all the stated elements, territorial-functional relations, realized ter¬
ritorial-demographic structure of Serbia and tendencies of demographic courses, as well
as territorial plan of isolated macro regional centers, confirming the homogeneity of
demographic development of various regions, but also researching migration flows under
the influence of push and pull factors during the process of industrialization, urbanization
and land reclamation, the one possible demo-geographic regionalization of Serbia was
presented. The isolated regions are homogeneous in the sense of functional interdepen¬
dence, because each represents a region which is territorially-functionally connected to
a regional center; and heterogeneous of structure, because each region represents a sym¬
biosis of urban, rural and transitional type of structure, which are a result of differentia¬
tion of development and demographic processes, and which imply a corresponding de¬
mographic development, dynamics and composition of population.
Once we specify a region, we will probably still be able to discern, inside it, some
smaller areas with a clear demographic homogeneity, or, belts (or oases) of some par¬
ticular demo-geographical characteristics and flows. However, we expect that this will
not bring into question, or not much, the integrity of the territory which we chose to
call a region.
182
1
h)
The main practical contribution of this study ought to be a more precise defin¬
ing of the demo-geographic basis for a possible regionalization of Serbia; not the
demo-geographical regionalization as such. In this sense, if we do define demo-geo¬
graphical regions, it should be understood as one stage of the work, not as a definitive
regionalization.
i) By studying the scientific and methodological foundations (or lack thereof) of
the numerous competing regionalizations of the country, which are appearing in the
last few years in Serbia in the geographic scientific community but also in other seg¬
ments of the scientific public opinion, we were able to conclude that, from the point
of view of demo-geographic and anthropo-geographic aspects of any future regio¬
nalization, the most appropriate method is to observe how areas (of sub-regional size)
function, and how they gravitate towards towns and their other centers; how this affects
the population; and then perhaps to group them into regions, but without violating their
already existing spatial functions. Such sub-regions are individual units, each for itself,
in several ways: from the point of view of physical-geographic characteristics; each is
economically integrated in the sense that it gravitates economically towards one point;
the whole sub-region is in the same situation as regards traffic and transportation; each
has a historically founded individuality of tradition; and, when we see that they are
such, we can then work towards their valid integration into broader territories, such as,
for instance, regions, but only if we are clear about the purposes of regionalization.
j) One question that remains open is the possibility of defining units larger than
regions, which would mean, several macro-regional units of Serbia. These macro-re¬
gions of Serbia would be administrative-territorial units, and also political and eco¬
nomic, and, at the same time, also units for planning and development. But they are
hard to form; the difficulty is, that Serbia has for many decades developed in a very
uneven and disproportionate manner: there was
Beograd
(which is the true name of
Belgrade), and there was "the rest", "what remains", namely, all Serbia outside
Beograd.
Such was the predominance of the capital city. For this reason, if we are ever to achieve
a proper macro-regionalization of Serbia, we must first regulate this relationship of
Beograd
towards all the rest of Serbia; but this must lead to many socio-economic,
political, and socio-demographic consequences. Also, this strong
"Beograd
agglo¬
meration" is important for entire south-eastern Europe (and European Union), espe¬
cially for the European system of multimodular corridors. This means that
Beograd
agglomeration must be treated as an important focus in the integrated structure of
south-east Europe, and for entire Europe. And,
k) in the nature of things, this sort of research always leaves something incomplete,
and some questions unanswered. Some questions demand interdisciplinary or "deep"
research, some open new horizons and lead towards the definition of new research
tasks. The first group of our tasks refers to a more complete understanding and applica¬
tion of the above-mentioned theoretical concepts, with a systemic approach and our
"new" concept of space in the geographic studies of population, while the other group
of tasks is to define more precisely the demo-geographical regions, of various levels,
in the geo-space of Serbia.
* * *
POPULATION AS AN ELEMENT
OF REGIONALIZATION OF SERBIA
183
Increasing social and ecological problems in the world, fragmentation of human
communities, mass poverty and hunger, are mostly the product of man's view of the
world, a teaching that everything is fragmented and unconnected, each part indepen¬
dent and autochthonous. This is a general problem of fragmentation of human aware¬
ness. Even if a man tries to perceive mankind as one entity, with one common set of
needs, all too often he will think that the human society is something apart from Nature,
and he will try to dominate over Nature, "subdue" it to his needs, achieve a "victory"
over it. This is why, in the introductory part of this book promote a rather different
view of reality, as one integrated whole. We examine the basic concepts of the "new"
scientific thought, which is now slowly growing in the world, starting from the facts
of the quantum theory as a basis for understanding the universal laws of matter and its
motion. Basic laws of quantum physics are in the fundamental nature of everything,
in all natural and social phenomena, and they point towards the paths where the human
consciousness ought to go. As David
Bohm
(1995:
XI) points out, man's overall man¬
ner of thinking about the totality, namely, man's general view of the world, is crucial
for the structure of the human mind itself. If he thinks the totality consists of indepen¬
dent fragments, then his mind will be directed to function fragmentarily; but, if he can
include everything harmoniously in one general unity, undivided and uninterrupted,
limitless (because all borderlines are a parting, a splitting), then his mind will be di¬
rected to work in a similar manner, but, the result will be an orderly action inside the
totality.
II |
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| geographic | Serbia Population Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Serbia Population Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV023417853 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:30:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:18:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788682751236 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016600347 |
| oclc_num | 309783911 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 196 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Srpsko Geografsko Društvo |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vojković, Gordana Verfasser aut Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia Gordana Vojković Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia Beograd Srpsko Geografsko Društvo 2007 196 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Regionalism Serbia Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd rswk-swf Regionalisierung (DE-588)4177425-5 gnd rswk-swf Serbia Population Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 s Regionalisierung (DE-588)4177425-5 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016600347&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016600347&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Vojković, Gordana Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia Regionalism Serbia Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd Regionalisierung (DE-588)4177425-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006292-2 (DE-588)4177425-5 (DE-588)4054598-2 |
| title | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia |
| title_alt | Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia |
| title_auth | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia |
| title_exact_search | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia |
| title_full | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia Gordana Vojković |
| title_fullStr | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia Gordana Vojković |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia Gordana Vojković |
| title_short | Stanovništvo kao elemenat regionalizacije Srbije |
| title_sort | stanovnistvo kao elemenat regionalizacije srbije population as an element of regionalization of serbia |
| title_sub | = Population as an element of regionalization of Serbia |
| topic | Regionalism Serbia Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd Regionalisierung (DE-588)4177425-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Regionalism Serbia Bevölkerungsentwicklung Regionalisierung Serbia Population Serbien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016600347&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016600347&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT vojkovicgordana stanovnistvokaoelemenatregionalizacijesrbijepopulationasanelementofregionalizationofserbia AT vojkovicgordana populationasanelementofregionalizationofserbia |