Verfügbarkeit: Cancer imaging

Cancer imaging: 1 Lung and breast carcinomas

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Hayat, M. A. 1936- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2008
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	LII, 602 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780123704689 0123704685

Internformat

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 cc4500
001	BV023406549
003	DE-604
005	20080903
007	t
008	080721s2008 ad\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d
020			\|a 9780123704689 \|9 978-0-12-370468-9
020			\|a 0123704685 \|9 0-12-370468-5
035			\|a (OCoLC)263733973
035			\|a (DE-599)BVBBV023406549
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakwb
041	0		\|a eng
049			\|a DE-355
100	1		\|a Hayat, M. A. \|d 1936- \|e Verfasser \|0 (DE-588)129731447 \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Cancer imaging \|n 1 \|p Lung and breast carcinomas \|c ed. by M. A. Hayat
264		1	\|a Amsterdam [u.a.] \|b Elsevier, Acad. Press \|c 2008
300			\|a LII, 602 S. \|b Ill., graph. Darst.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
773	0	8	\|w (DE-604)BV023406535 \|g 1
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Klappentext
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016589229

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804137791912673280
adam_text	Contents of Volume 1 Contents of Volume 2 xxiii Contributors xxix Preface xxxix Selected Glossary xli Introduction xlix Part I instrumentation 1 .1 Strategies for Imaging Biology in Cancer and Other Diseases 3 Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk and Debabrata Banerjee Introduction 3 Imaging Strategies 4 Conferring Imaging Visibility 4 Peptides, Proteins, and Probes 4 Imaging Reporter Genes 5 Imaging Modalities 7 Preclinical Applications 7 Gene Transcription 7 Ribonucieic Acid Biology 8 Protein Biology 8 Imaging Strategies for Clinical Applications 3 0 Receptors and Cel-Surface Targets ! 0 Enzyme Activities і І Transporters 1 1 Cei Death I ì Acknowledgments 1 2 References 1 2 Î.2 2.Î Synthesis of ^F-fluoromisonidazole Tracer for Positron Emission Tomography 15 Ganghua Tang 15 Introduction Methods 16 Results and Discussion References 2 1 19 Ì.3 Radiation Hormesis 23 Rekha D. Jhamnani and Mannudeep K. Kalra Introduction 23 Hormesis 23 Mechanisms 24 Animal Studies 24 Human Studies 24 Controversy 25 References 26 Part II General Imaging Applications Molecular imaging in Early Therapy Monitoring 29 Susanne Klutmann and Alexander Stahl introduction 29 The Place of Early Therapy Monitoring in the Management of Cancer 29 VII VI!) Contents of Volume 1 What Can be Expected from Positron Emission Tomography Imaging? 30 F-18-FDG in Therapy Monitoring 30 Monitoring Neoadjuvant Therapy 31 Therapy Monitoring in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 31 Therapy Monitoring in Non-Hodgkin s Lymphoma (NHL) 32 Therapy Monitoring in Carcinomas of the Esophagus, Esophagogastric Junction, and Stomach 33 General Aspects of Early Therapy Monitoring with FDG-Positron Emission Tomography 33 Specific Aspects 34 Procedural Aspects 35 Colorectal Cancer 35 References 36 2.2 Positron Emission Tomography in Medicine: An Overview 39 Abbas Alavi and Steve S. Huang Introduction 39 Positron Emission Tomography in Oncology 39 Positron Emission Tomography in Lung and Breast Cancer 41 Positron Emission Tomography in Brain Imaging 42 Positron Emission Tomography in Cardiac Imaging 43 Positron Emission Tomography in Infection and Inflammation 43 Cell Proliferation Agents 43 Hypoxia Positron Emission Tomography Imaging 44 Peptide and Protein Positron Emission Tomography Tracers 44 References 44 2.3 Radiation Dose and Image Quality 45 Colin J. Martin and David G. Sutton Introduction 45 Radiation Dose 46 Image Quality 48 X-ray Beam Interactions 49 Radiographic Imaging 50 Fluoroscopy 53 Radiation Quality 54 Tube Potential 54 Filtration 54 Scattered Radiation 55 Optimization of Technique in Fluoroscopy 56 Computed Tomography 56 Computed Tomography Scanners 56 Radiation Dose and Image Quality 57 Computed Tomography Dose Assessment 58 Radionuclide Imaging 58 Imaging Technique 59 Radiation Dose and Image Quality 59 Conclusions 60 References 61 2.4 Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Overview 63 Alan Jasanoff Introduction 63 Relaxation Agents 64 Basic Principles of Relaxation Contrast 64 Determinants of Inner Sphere Relaxivity 65 Determinants of Outer Sphere Relaxivity 66 Characteristics of T, Agents 67 Characteristics of T2 Agents 67 Advances in the Design of Relaxation Agents 69 Chemical Exchange-dependent Saturation Transfer Agents 70 The CEST Effect 70 CEST Agents and Applications 72 Nonproton Contrast Agents 73 Direct Detection of Nuclei Other Than Protons 73 19F and 13C Imaging Agents 73 Hyperpolarization Techniques 75 Conclusions 75 References 76 Contents of Volume 1 їх 2.5 2.6 Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening 79 Lincoln L Berland and Nancy W. Berland Introduction 79 What Is Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening? 79 How Is it Done? Standards, Protocols, and Informed Consent 80 What Is Found on Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening? 80 Renal Cell Carcinoma 80 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 81 Ovarian Carcinoma 81 Other Findings on Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening 81 Liver Lesions 81 Adrenal Lesions 81 Other Miscellaneous Conditions 82 Risks and Costs of Positive Results 82 Risks of Positive Results 82 Radiation 82 Costs of Positive Results 83 Analyzing the Rationale of Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening 83 Analogies to Existing Screening Practices 83 Distrust of Authority and Self-empowerment 84 Is Proof of Value Necessary? 84 is Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening Truly Screening? 85 Psychological Implications 86 Variability of Rate of Positive Results 86 Enhancement of Radiology s Role in Medicine 87 Entrepreneurial Value of Screening 87 References 88 Whole-body ^F-fluorodeoxyglucose- Positron Emission Tomography: Is It Valuable for Health Screening? 89 Matthias Weckesser and Otmar Schober Introduction 89 Current Positron Emission Tomography Screening Programs 91 2.7 2.8 2.9 Considerations on Screening Programs 91 ^F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 92 Negative Tumors 92 Radiation Protection 92 References 93 Staging Solid Tumors with 1 8F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 95 Gerald Antoch and Andreas Bockisch Introduction 95 PET/CT Imaging Protocols for Staging Solid Tumors 96 Staging Solid Tumors with FDG-PET/CT 9Ć T-stage 97 N-stage 98 M-stage 100 References 102 Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging: Clinical Diagnosis 103 E. Y-K Ng, S. С Fok, and Julie Richardson Introduction 103 Review of Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging 104 Some Past and Recent LDPI Applications 1 06 Potential Integration of LDPI in Cancer Diagnosis 1 10 Conclusions 1 12 Acknowledgment 1 12 References 1 12 Dynamic Sonographic Tissue Perfusion Measurement with the PixelFlux Method 1 1 5 Thomas Scholbach, Jakob Scholbach, and Èrcole Di Martino Introduction 1 15 Tumor Perfusion Evaluation — State of the Art 115 Contents of Volume 1 2.10 2.11 18 Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurement (PixelFlux) 1 16 Preconditions 1 1 7 Workflow 1 17 Procedure 1 17 Output 1 17 Use of Contrast Enhancers Application Î 18 PixelFlux Application in Oncology 1 18 Evaluation of PixelFlux Results Comparison of Results with Other Techniques 1 23 Conclusions and Outlook 123 References 124 Irrtmuno-Positron Emission Tomography 127 Lars R. Perk, Gerard W. M. Visser, and Guus A. M. S. van Dongen Introduction 127 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies 128 Therapy Planning with Monoclonal Antibodies 128 Immuno-PET: Imaging and Quantification 129 Clinical PET Imaging Systems 130 Positron Emitters for Immuno-Pet 130 Experience with Preclinical Immuno-Pet 131 Experience with Clinical Immuno-Pet 133 Acknowledgments 136 References 136 Role of Imaging Biomarkers in Drug Development 139 Janet C. Miller, A. Gregory Sorensen, and Homer H. Pien Introduction 139 Biomarkers and Surrogate Markers 140 Imaging Biomarkers 140 Anatomic Imaging 142 Physiological Imaging Molecular Imaging Conclusions 156 References 156 144 148 Part III Lung Carcinoma 3.1 The Role of Imaging in Lung Cancer 163 Clifton F Mountain and Kay E. Hermes Introduction 163 The International System for Staging Lung Cancer 163 Stage Groups and Survival Patterns 164 The Role of Imaging in Lung Cancer Staging 165 Imaging for Primary Tumor Evaluation 165 Imaging for Evaluation of Regional Lymph Nodes 167 Imaging for Evaluation of Distant Metastasis 167 Restaging 168 Implications of Imaging for Lung Cancer Screening 168 Conclusions 169 References 169 3.2 Lung Cancer Staging: Integrated 1 8F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Computed Tomography Alone 171 Kyung Soo Lee Introduction 171 Results Obtained by Previous Studies 172 Т -Staging 1 72 N-Staging 172 M-Staging 173 Problems and Their Solutions 174 Potential Advancements 1 75 References 175 Contents of Volume 1 XI 3.3 3.4 Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer 177 Claudia I. Henschke, Rowena Yip, Matthew D. Cham, and David F Yankelevitz Introduction 177 Prior Screening Studies 177 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Johns Hopkins Medical Institution (JHMI) Studies 178 Mayo Lung Project (MLP) 178 Czechoslovakia Study 1 78 Recommendations and Controversy Resulting from Prior Studies 178 The Early Lung Cancer Action Project Paradigm for Evalution of Screening 1 79 The Early Lung Cancer Action Project 180 Computed Tomography Screening in Japan 181 The New York Early Lung Cancer Action Project 181 International Conferences on Screening for Lung Cancer 181 International Early Lung Cancer Action Program 182 National Cancer Institute Conferences 182 Performance of Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer 182 Updated Recommendations Regarding Screening 185 Problems Identified in Performing Randomized Screening Trials 185 References 188 Lung Cancer: Role of Multislice Computed Tomography 191 Suzanne Matthews and Sameh K. Morcos Introduction 191 Multislice Computed Tomography Technique for Diagnosis and Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma 192 Scanning Protocol 192 Imaging Protocol 192 Multislice Computed Tomography Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma 192 T-staging 192 Chest Wall Invasion 193 Invasion of Fissures and Diaphragm 194 Invasion of Mediastinum 194 N-staging 194 M-staging 195 Assessment of Response to Treatment and Tumor Recurrence 195 Virtual Bronchoscopy 196 Conclusions 196 References 196 3.5 Surgically Resected Pleomorphic Lung Carcinoma: Computed Tomography 199 Tae Sung Kim Intoduction 199 Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Lung 199 References 202 3.6 Lung Cancer: Low-dose Helical Computed Tomography 203 Yoshiyuki Abe, Masato Nakamura, Yuichi Ozeki, Kikuo Machida, and Toshiro Ogata Introduction 203 Materials and Methods 204 Results 204 Discussion 205 References 206 3.7 Lung Cancer: Computer-aided Diagnosis with Computed Tomography 209 Yoshiyuki Abe, Katsumi Tamura, Ikuko Sakata, Jiro Ishida, Masayoshi Nagata, Masato Nakamura, Kikuo Machida, and Toshiro Ogata Intoduction 209 Materials and Methods Results 21 1 Discussion 212 Conclusions 213 References 213 210 Xli Contents of Volume 3.8 Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Computed Tomography 215 Hiroshi Onishi, Atsushi Nambu, Tomoki Kimura, and Yasushi Nagata Introduction 215 Definition of Stereotactic Radiotherapy 216 Clinical Status of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Lung Carcinoma 216 The Significance of Computed Tomography Imaging for Stereotactic Radiotherapy 216 Utility of Computed Tomography for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Lung Carcinoma 21 7 Definition of Target Volumes with Computed Tomography Images 217 Radiologie-Pathologie Correlation of Stage I Lung Carcinoma 218 Usefulness of Thin-section Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Lung Carcinoma 218 Attenuation of Lung Carcinoma 218 Solid Attenuation 218 Ground-glass Opacity 2 1 8 Borders Characteristics 219 Spicula and Pleural Indentation 219 Growth Patterns of Lung Carcinoma 219 Limits of Computed Tomography for Evaluating Lung Tumors 220 Management of Respiratory Motion of the Target during Irradiation 220 Simulation Using Slow-scan Computed Tomography for Free or Suppressed Breathing Technique 220 Three-dimensional Stereotactic Repositioning of the Isocenter during Irradiation 221 Computed Tomography-Linear Accelerator (Linac) Unit 221 Cone Beam Computed Tomography 221 Evaluation of the Treatment Effect and Differentiation between Inflammatory Change and a Recurrent Mass 222 Peculiarity of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 222 Appearance Time of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 223 Summary of Computed Tomography Findings of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 224 Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Tumor Response and Progression 225 Tumor Response 225 Local Recurrence 225 Cases of Computed Tomography Findings after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 226 Guidelines for Quality Control of Computed Tomography Images 226 Future Direction 227 Image Quality of Cone Beam Computed Tomography 227 Megavoltage Computed Tomography 227 Helical Tomotherapy 227 Imaging Supplement for Computed Tomography for Evaluating Tumor Malignancy and Extension 228 References 229 3.9 Thin-section Computed Tomography Correlates with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Mucin-producing Adenocarcinoma of the Lung 231 Ukihide Tateishi, Testuo Maeda, and Yasuaki Arai Introduction 231 Materials and Methods 232 Results 233 Discussion 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 3.10 Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: 8F-f luorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 237 Rodney J. Hicks and Robert E. Ware Introduction 237 Role of FDG-PET on Diagnosing Lung Cancer 238 Contents of Volume 1 XIII Preoperative PET Staging of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 239 Evaluation of Distant Metastasis (M) Stage 240 Evaluation of Intrathoracic Lymph Node (N) Stage 240 Evaluation of Tumor (T) Stage 241 Impact of Staging FDG-PET on Patient Management 241 Role of PET in Therapeutic Response Assessment in NSCLC 243 Use of FDG-PET for Restaging Following Definitive Treatment Of NSCLC 244 A Philosophical Perspective on the Quantitative Analysis of FDG Uptake in NSCLC 244 Use of Hybrid PET-CT Images in Staging 246 Conclusions 246 References 246 3.11 Evaluating Positron Emission Tomography in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Moving Beyond Accuracy to Outcome 249 Harm van Tinteren, Otto S. Hoekstra, Carin A. Uyl-de Groot, and Maarten Boers Introduction 249 Diagnostic Accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 250 The Framework 251 Literature Analysis 251 Exploiting Clinical Data Obtained Prior to Introducing a New Test 251 Decision Modeling 252 Clinical-Value Studies 252 Randomized Controlled Trials 253 Economic Evaluation 254 Before and After Implementation 254 Conclusions 255 References 255 3.12 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: False-positive Results with ^F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 257 Siroos Mirzaei, Helmut Prosch, Peter Knoll, and Gerhard Mostbeck Introduction 257 Physiological High Uptake of i8F-FDG in Different Tissues 258 Head and Central Nervous System 258 Neck 258 Chest 258 Abdomen 258 Urinary Tract 258 Breast 259 Skeletal Muscle 259 Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Benign Disease 259 High Metabolic Activity after Treatment 261 Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Artifacts 262 Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Artifacts by New PET Devices 262 Conclusions 263 References 263 3.13 Oxygen-enhanced Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Lung 267 Eberhard D. Pracht, Johannes F T. Arnold, Nicole Seiberlich, Markus Kotas, Michael Flentje, and Peter M. Jakob Introduction 267 Respiratory Physiology 268 Theory of Oxygen-enhanced Imaging 269 ^-Relaxation in the Human Lung 269 Influence of Oxygen and the Oxygen Transfer Function (OTF) 270 ^ Relaxation in the Human Lung 274 Oxygen-enhanced Imaging in Volunteers and Patients 276 XÌV Contents of Volume 1 Improvement of Imaging Technique 276 Studies in Patients and Correlation with Physiologic Parameters 277 Conclusions 277 References 278 3.14 Detection of Pulmonary Gene Transfer Using Iodide- 1 24/Positron Emission Tomogrpahy 281 Frederick E. Domann and Gang Niu Introduction 281 Pulmonary Applications of Gene Therapy 281 Gene Therapy for Inherited Lung Diseases 282 Cystic Fibrosis 282 Alpha- 1 Anitrypsin Deficiency 283 Gene Therapy for Lung Cancer 283 Gene Delivery Vehicles and Vectors 283 Retroviruses 284 Adenoviruses 284 Adeno-associated Viruses (AAV) 284 Nonviral Liposomal Vectors 284 Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Gene Transfer 284 Reporter Gene Systems 285 Herpes Simplex Virus- 1 Thymidine Kinase (HSVi-TKj 286 Sodium Iodide Symporter 287 Considerations in PET imaging of Pulmonary Gene Transfer 288 Gene Transfer Barriers 288 Iodine- 124 as Imaging Agent 288 Relationship between PET Signal and Reporter Gene Expression 289 Resolution and Sensitivity of PET 290 Acknowledgements 290 References 290 3.15 Lung Cancer with idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: High-resolution Computed Tomography 295 Kazuma Kishi and Atsuko Kurosaki Introduction 295 Prevalence of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 295 Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 296 Clinical Features 296 Chest Radiograph 296 Computed Tomography and High-resolution Computed Tomography Findings 296 References 298 Part IV Breast Carcinoma 4.1 Categorization of Mammographie Density for Breast Cancer: Clinical Significance 301 Mariko Morishita, Akira Ohtsuru, Ichiro Isomoto, and Shunichi Yamashita Introduction 30 1 Breast Density by Mammography 301 Clinical Applications of Breast- density Category 303 Analysis of Patient Characteristics by Breast-density Category 303 Steroid Receptor Status and Breast-density Category 303 Comparison of Nottingham Prognostic Index Scores in Breast-density Categories 304 Patient Prognosis and Breast-density Category 304 Analytic Considerations 304 References 305 4.2 Breast Tumor Classification and Visualization with Machine-learning Approaches 309 Tim W. Nattkemper, Andreas Degenhard, and Thorsten Twellmann Introduction 309 The Contribution of Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks 310 State-of-the-Art Approaches to Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Visualization 3 1 1 Learning Algorithms 312 Learning Clusters 3 1 2 Contents of Volume 1 xv Human Experts versus Computer Algorithms 314 Monitoring Tumor Development 31 7 Supervised Learning Algorithms 318 Supervised Detection and Segmentation of Lesions 319 Supervised Classification of Lesions 319 Summary and Outlook 321 Acknowledgements 321 References 321 4.3 Mass Detection Scheme for Digitized Mammography 325 Bin Zheng Introduction 325 Basic Architecture of Mass Detection Schemes 325 Computer-aided Detection Schemes Based on a Single Image 325 Computer-aided Detection Schemes Based on multi-image 329 Evaluation and Application of Commercial Computer-aided Detection Systems 331 New Developments in Mass Detection Schemes 332 Improvement of Computer-aided Detection Performance 333 Improvement of Reproducibility of Computer- aided Detection Schemes 333 Interactive Computer-aided Detection Systems 334 References 336 4.4 Full-field Digital Phase-contrast Mammography 339 Toyohiko Tanaka, Chika Honda, Satom Matsuo, and Tomonori Gido Introduction 339 Historical Background of the Phase-contrast Technique 340 Absorption Contrast and Phase Contrast 340 Edge Effect Due to Phase Contrast 341 Realization of the Phase-contrast Technique in Mammography 341 Design of Digital Image Acquisition and Output 341 Magnification-demagnification Effect in Digital Mammography 342 Sharpness 342 Image Noise 343 Improvement of Image Quality by the Magnification-demagnification Effect 343 Improvement of Image Sharpness in Digital Full-field PCM 343 Clinical Images 344 Clinical Experience 345 Future Development 345 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 4.5 Full-field Digital Mammography versus Film-screen Mammography 349 Arne Fischmann Introduction and Historical Perspective 349 Physical Performance of Digital Compared to Film-screen Mammography 350 Phantom Studies Comparing Full-field Digital Mammography and Film-screen Mammography 350 Simulated Microcalcifications 351 Clinical or Diagnostic Digital Mammography 353 Full-field Digital Mammography and Fum-screen Mammography in Screening 354 Oslo I and II Studies 355 Digital Mammography Imaging Screening Trial 355 Financial Considerations of Digital Mammography 356 Radiation Dose Considerations 356 References 357 xv¡ Contents of Volume 1 4.6 4.7 4.8 Use of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting invasive Lobular Carcinoma 359 Carla Boetes and Ritse M. Mann Introduction 359 Incidence 359 Presentation 359 Pathology 360 Mammography 360 Ultrasound 360 Goal of MRI in the Assessment of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma 361 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 361 Dynamic Sequences in Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 362 False-Negative Imaging on Magnetic Resonance Imaging 363 Conclusions 364 References 364 Axillary Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer: Pinhole Collimator Single- Photon Emission Computed Tomography 367 Giuseppe Madeddu, Orazio Schillaci, and Angela Spanu Introduction 367 Tc-tetrofosmin pjnhole-Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 369 Method 369 Results and Discussion 369 Conclusions 371 References 372 Detection of Small-size Primary Breast Cancer: Tc-tetrofosmin Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 375 Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci, and Giuseppe Madeddu Introduction 375 The Planar and SPECT Scintimammography Method 376 Results and Discussion Conclusions 380 References 381 377 4.9 Microcalcification in Breast Lesions: Radiography and Histopathology 383 Arne Fischmann Introduction 383 Histopathology 383 Detection 384 Classification of Breast Calcifications 385 Systematic Classification 385 Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System 386 Work-up of Breast Calcifications 389 Summary 391 References 391 4.10 Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: Doppler Sonography 393 José Lufs del Cura Introduction 393 Doppler Ultrasound Technique in Breast Diseases 394 Breast Doppler Limitations 394 Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Solid Breast Lesions 395 Tumor Vessel Identification 395 Quantitative Criteria 395 Semiquantitative Criteria 396 Breast Cancer Prognosis 397 Assessment of Lymph Node Involvement 397 Recurrence versus Scar in Operated Patients 398 Treatment Monitoring 398 Conclusions 398 References 399 Contents of Volume 1 XVII 4.11 Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Color-Doppler Ultrasound Contrast Medium (Levovist) 401 Paolo Vallone Introduction 40 J Materials and Methods 401 Results 402 Discussion 402 References 406 4.12 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Breast Cancer: Current Techniques and Clinical Applications 407 Sina Meisamy, Patrick J. Bolan, and Michael Garwood Introduction 407 Background 407 The Choline Peak 407 Why Is tCho Elevated in Cancer? 408 Technique 408 Tumor Localization 408 Technical Issues 408 Respiratory Artifact 409 Quantification 409 How Reliable Is the tCho Measurement? 410 Clinical Applications 410 Diagnosis 410 Sample Diagnostic Cases 41 1 Therapeutic Monitoring with Early Feedback 412 Sample Therapeutic Monitoring Cases 413 Acknowledgement 414 References 414 4.13 Breast Scintigraphy 417 Orazio Schillaci, Angela Spanu, and Giuseppe Madeddu Introduction 417 Breast Scintigraphy 417 Planar Method 417 Planar Results 418 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Method 418 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Results 419 Dedicated Imaging Systems 419 Methods 419 Results 420 Clinical Indications of Breast Scintigraphy or Scintimammography 421 References 421 4.14 Primary Breast Cancer: False-negative and False-positive Bone Scintigraphy 423 Hatíce Mirac Binnaz Demirkan and Hatice Durak Introduction 423 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria 423 Procedures and Technical Aspects of Bone Scan 423 Clinical Applications in Breast Cancer 427 Pitfalls of Bone Scan Encountered in Breast Cancer Patients and their Solutions with Potential Advances 429 References 431 4.15 Improved Sensitivity and Specificity of Breast Cancer Thermo- graphy 435 E. Y-K. Ng Introduction 435 Image Analysis Tools 436 Thermography 436 Artificial Neural Networks 437 Backpropagation 437 Radial Basis Function Network 438 Biostatistical Methods 438 Data Acqusition 439 Procedures for Thermal Imaging 439 Designed Integrated Approach 440 Step 1 : Linear Regression 440 Step 2: ANN RBFN/BFN 440 Step3: ROC Analysis 441 XVIII Contents of Volume Results and Discussion 441 Summarized Results for Step 1 : Linear Regression 441 Selected Results for Step 2: ANN RBFN/BPN 441 Selected Results (with Area > 0.85) for Step 3: ROC Analysis 44 1 Conclusions and Future Trends 442 Acknowledgements 443 References 443 4.16 Optical Mammography Sergio Fantini and Paola Taroni 445 Introduction 445 Sources of Intrinsic Optical Contrast in Breast Tissue 446 Principles of Optical Mammography 447 Continuous-wave Approaches: Dynamic Measurements and Spectral Information 448 Time-resolved Approaches 448 Interpretation of Optical Mammograms 450 Prospects of Optical Mammography 452 Acknowledgements 453 References 453 4.17 Digital Mammography John M. Lewin 455 Introduction 455 Technical Advantages of Digital Mammography 455 Technologies Used for Digital Mammography 456 Clinical Advantages of Digital Mammography 456 Advanced Applications of Digital Mammography Tomosynthesis 457 Contrast-enhanced Digital Mammography 458 References 458 457 4.18 Screening for Breast Cancer in Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging versus Mammography 459 Mieke Kriege, Cecile T. M. Brekelmans, and Jan G. M. Klij η Introduction 459 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Studies 461 Results 461 Discussion 462 References 463 4.19 Mammographie Screening: Impact on Survival 465 James S. Michaelson Introduction 465 Why Screening Works 465 Screening Effectiveness 465 Cancers Become More Lethal as they Increase in Size 466 Present and Future Life-saving Impact of Screening 466 Life-saving Potential of Screening 467 Tumor Size and Survival 467 False-positives 468 How is Screening Actually Used 468 Present Status of Breast Cancer Screening 469 References 470 4.20 False-positive Mammography Examinations 473 Pamela S. Ganschow and Joann G. Eimore Introduction 473 Definitions 473 Current Estimates of False-positive Rates in the United States and International Guidelines 474 Cumulative False-positive Rates 475 Predictors of False-positive Mammograms 475 Patients factors 476 Radiologist Factors 478 Contents of Volume 1 xix 479 4.21 4.22 480 Facility and System Factors Predicting the Cumulative Risk of False-positive Mammograms Significance of False-positive Mammography Examination Recall Rates in the United States versus Other Countries 481 Efforts to Reduce False-positive Mammograms and to Better Deal with Expected False-Positive Screenings 483 Acknowledgment 483 References 483 Breast Dose in Thoracic Computed Tomography 487 Eric N. С Milne Introduction 487 Methodology 488 Results 488 Discussion 489 Cancer Risks 489 Computed Tomography of the Breast 490 Reducing Radiation Dose 490 Imaging without Using Ionizing Radiation 490 Optical Imaging 491 Ultrasound 49 Î Magnetic Resonance Imaging References 492 480 491 Absorbed Dose Measurement in Mammography 493 Marianne C. Aznar and Bengt A. Hemdal Introduction 493 Estimation of Absorbed Dose to the Breast 494 Concepts and Quantities Used From Measurement to Dose Estimate 496 Dose Limits and Diagnostic Reference Leveis 497 Dosimeters for Indirect Measurements ionízaäon chambers 498 Semiconductors 494 498 Dosimeters for Direct in vivo Measurements 498 Thermoluminescence Detectors 499 Novel in vivo Techniques 499 Summary and Conclusions 500 References 500 4.23 Metastatic Choriocarcinoma to the Breast: Mammography and Color Doppler Ultrasound 503 Naveen Kalra and Vijaynadh Ojili 4.24 4.25 503 504 Introduction Mammography Ultrasonography and Color Doppler 504 Tissue Diagnosis 506 References 507 Detection and Characterization of Breast Lesions: Color-coded Signai intensity Curve Software for Magnetic Resonance-based Breast Imaging 509 Fcderica Pediconi, Fiorella Altomari, Luigi Carotenuto, Simona Padula, Carlo Catalano, and Roberto PassaricHo Introduction 509 Computer-aided Diagnosis: Features and Applications 5 1 1 Computer-aided Detection for Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 512 Characterization Algorithm 514 Registration Algorithm 514 Conclusions 515 References 5 Î 7 Detection of Breast Malignancy: Different Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities 519 Wei Huang and Luminiţa A. Tudorica Introduction 5 1 9 Major Breast imaging Modalities 519 Breast Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance imaging 520 XX Contents of Volume 1 Subjective Assessment 520 Empirical Quantitative Characterization 521 Analytical Pharmacokinetic Modeling 522 Breast H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 523 Breast T2*-Weighted Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging 525 References 526 4.26 Breast Lesions: Computerized Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 529 Kenneth G. A. Gilhuijs Introduction 529 Mechanisms of Functional Imaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging 530 Interpretation of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 531 Reduction of Motion Artifacts 532 Computerized Extraction of Temporal Features 533 Computerized Extraction of the Region of Interest 534 Computerized Extraction of Morphological Features 535 Computerized Classification of Features of Enhancement 536 Current Status and Future Role of Computerized Analysis of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 537 References 538 4.27 Optical Imaging Techniques for Breast Cancer 539 Alexander Wall and Christoph Bremer Introduction 539 Tomographie Imaging 540 Nonspecific Contrast Agents (Perfusion-type Contrast Agents) 540 Fluorochromes with Molecular Specificity 542 Smart Probes 542 Targeted Probes 542 Multimodality Probes 543 Outlook References 544 544 4.28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Measurements of Breast Tumor Volume and Vascularity for Monitoring Response to Treatment 547 Savannah C. Partridge Introduction 547 Magnetic Resonance imaging of the Breast 547 Neoadjuvant Treatment 547 Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Monitor Treatment Response 548 Measuring Changes in Tumor Size with Treatment 548 Measuring Changes in Tumor Vascularity with Treatment 548 Imaging Considerations 548 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acquisition 548 Imaging Postprocessing 549 Assessing Treatment Response 550 Changes in Tumor Volume Predict Recurrence-free Survival (RFS) 550 Vascular Changes with Treatment 550 Conclusions 551 Acknowledgements 552 References 552 4.29 Defining Advanced Breast Cancer: 1 8F-fluorodeoxygIucose-Positron Emission Tomography 555 William B. Eubank Introduction 555 Positron Emission Tomography Principles 556 Positron Emission Tomography Instrumentation 556 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 556 Axillary Node Staging 557 Detection of Locoregional and Distant Recurrences 557 Contents of Volume 1 xxi 4.31 Locoregional Recurrences Intrathoracic Lymphatic Recurrences 558 557 Distant Métastases 559 Response to Therapy 560 Impact of FDG-PET on Patient Management 561 Beyond FDG: Future Applications of PET to Breast Cancer 562 Estrogen Receptor Imaging 562 References 563 4.30 Leiomyoma of the Breast Parenchyma: Mammographie, Sonographic, and Histopathologic Features 567 Aysin Pourbagher and M. Ali Pourbagher Introduction 567 Mammographie Appearance Sonographic Appearance References 570 568 568 Detection of Breast Cancer: Dynamic Infrared Imaging 571 Terry M, Button Introduction: Infrared and its Detection 571 History of Infrared for Breast Cancer Detection 572 4.32 Dynamic Infrared Imaging 573 Mechanism for Breast Cancer Detection with Dynamic Infrared 575 Applications of Dynamic Infrared Imaging 576 Pitfalls of Dynamic Infrared Imaging 577 Conclusion: The Future of Infrared and Dynamic Infrared Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection 578 Acknowledgements 579 References 579 Phyllodes Breast Tumors: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 581 Aimée В. Herzog and Susanne Wurdinger Introduction 581 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphology 582 Signal Intensity 582 Contrast-enhancement Characteristics 583 Guidelines 583 References 584 Index 585 582 (lancer Imaging concentrates on the application of imag¬ ing technology to the diagnosis and prognosis of lung and breast carcinomas, two of the most prevalent world-wide malignancies. There are ~ 1.2 million new cases of lung cancer diagnosed globally every year, and ~ 1.1 million pa¬ tients die of this malignancy. Lung carcinoma screening, staging, diagnosing, and applying different imaging modali¬ ties are discussed in detail. Both the established as well as new imaging techniques and modalities are included, such as ultrasound, X-ray, color Doppler sonography; PET. CT, PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, diffusion tensor imaging, dynamic infrared imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results of imaging are presented in the form of black and white and color images that are appropriately labeled. Each chapter is comprehensive and stands alone in terms of determination of cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and thus the reader does not have to scour multiple places in the book or outside sources. • Seeks to integrate molecular oncology into clinical practice and addresses the relationship between ra¬ diation dose and image quality. • Offers in-depth discussion of the role of molecular imaging in identifying changes for the emergence and progression of cancer at the cellular and/or molecular levels. • Analyzes the capability of various imaging tech¬ niques in the quantification of drug properties in viro and their role in the development of effective drugs. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor M. A. Hayat has published extensively in the fields of microscopy, cytology, immunohistochemistry, immuno- eytochemistry, and antigen reirieval methods. He is Distin¬ guished Professor, Department of Biological Sciences. Kean University, Union, New Jersey. USA.
adam_txt	Contents of Volume 1 Contents of Volume 2 xxiii Contributors xxix Preface xxxix Selected Glossary xli Introduction xlix Part I instrumentation 1 .1 Strategies for Imaging Biology in Cancer and Other Diseases 3 Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk and Debabrata Banerjee Introduction 3 Imaging Strategies 4 Conferring Imaging Visibility 4 Peptides, Proteins, and Probes 4 Imaging Reporter Genes 5 Imaging Modalities 7 Preclinical Applications 7 Gene Transcription 7 Ribonucieic Acid Biology 8 Protein Biology 8 Imaging Strategies for Clinical Applications 3 0 Receptors and Cel-Surface Targets ! 0 Enzyme Activities і І Transporters 1 1 Cei Death I ì Acknowledgments 1 2 References 1 2 Î.2 2.Î Synthesis of ^F-fluoromisonidazole Tracer for Positron Emission Tomography 15 Ganghua Tang 15 Introduction Methods 16 Results and Discussion References 2 1 19 Ì.3 Radiation Hormesis 23 Rekha D. Jhamnani and Mannudeep K. Kalra Introduction 23 Hormesis 23 Mechanisms 24 Animal Studies 24 Human Studies 24 Controversy 25 References 26 Part II General Imaging Applications Molecular imaging in Early Therapy Monitoring 29 Susanne Klutmann and Alexander Stahl introduction 29 The Place of Early Therapy Monitoring in the Management of Cancer 29 VII VI!) Contents of Volume 1 What Can be Expected from Positron Emission Tomography Imaging? 30 F-18-FDG in Therapy Monitoring 30 Monitoring Neoadjuvant Therapy 31 Therapy Monitoring in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) 31 Therapy Monitoring in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) 32 Therapy Monitoring in Carcinomas of the Esophagus, Esophagogastric Junction, and Stomach 33 General Aspects of Early Therapy Monitoring with FDG-Positron Emission Tomography 33 Specific Aspects 34 Procedural Aspects 35 Colorectal Cancer 35 References 36 2.2 Positron Emission Tomography in Medicine: An Overview 39 Abbas Alavi and Steve S. Huang Introduction 39 Positron Emission Tomography in Oncology 39 Positron Emission Tomography in Lung and Breast Cancer 41 Positron Emission Tomography in Brain Imaging 42 Positron Emission Tomography in Cardiac Imaging 43 Positron Emission Tomography in Infection and Inflammation 43 Cell Proliferation Agents 43 Hypoxia Positron Emission Tomography Imaging 44 Peptide and Protein Positron Emission Tomography Tracers 44 References 44 2.3 Radiation Dose and Image Quality 45 Colin J. Martin and David G. Sutton Introduction 45 Radiation Dose 46 Image Quality 48 X-ray Beam Interactions 49 Radiographic Imaging 50 Fluoroscopy 53 Radiation Quality 54 Tube Potential 54 Filtration 54 Scattered Radiation 55 Optimization of Technique in Fluoroscopy 56 Computed Tomography 56 Computed Tomography Scanners 56 Radiation Dose and Image Quality 57 Computed Tomography Dose Assessment 58 Radionuclide Imaging 58 Imaging Technique 59 Radiation Dose and Image Quality 59 Conclusions 60 References 61 2.4 Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Overview 63 Alan Jasanoff Introduction 63 Relaxation Agents 64 Basic Principles of Relaxation Contrast 64 Determinants of Inner Sphere Relaxivity 65 Determinants of Outer Sphere Relaxivity 66 Characteristics of T, Agents 67 Characteristics of T2 Agents 67 Advances in the Design of Relaxation Agents 69 Chemical Exchange-dependent Saturation Transfer Agents 70 The CEST Effect 70 CEST Agents and Applications 72 Nonproton Contrast Agents 73 Direct Detection of Nuclei Other Than Protons 73 19F and 13C Imaging Agents 73 Hyperpolarization Techniques 75 Conclusions 75 References 76 Contents of Volume 1 їх 2.5 2.6 Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening 79 Lincoln L Berland and Nancy W. Berland Introduction 79 What Is Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening? 79 How Is it Done? Standards, Protocols, and Informed Consent 80 What Is Found on Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening? 80 Renal Cell Carcinoma 80 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 81 Ovarian Carcinoma 81 Other Findings on Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening 81 Liver Lesions 81 Adrenal Lesions 81 Other Miscellaneous Conditions 82 Risks and Costs of Positive Results 82 Risks of Positive Results 82 Radiation 82 Costs of Positive Results 83 Analyzing the Rationale of Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening 83 Analogies to Existing Screening Practices 83 Distrust of Authority and Self-empowerment 84 Is Proof of Value Necessary? 84 is Whole-body Computed Tomography Screening Truly Screening? 85 Psychological Implications 86 Variability of Rate of Positive Results 86 Enhancement of Radiology's Role in Medicine 87 Entrepreneurial Value of Screening 87 References 88 Whole-body ^F-fluorodeoxyglucose- Positron Emission Tomography: Is It Valuable for Health Screening? 89 Matthias Weckesser and Otmar Schober Introduction 89 Current Positron Emission Tomography Screening Programs 91 2.7 2.8 2.9 Considerations on Screening Programs 91 ^F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 92 Negative Tumors 92 Radiation Protection 92 References 93 Staging Solid Tumors with 1 8F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography 95 Gerald Antoch and Andreas Bockisch Introduction 95 PET/CT Imaging Protocols for Staging Solid Tumors 96 Staging Solid Tumors with FDG-PET/CT 9Ć T-stage 97 N-stage 98 M-stage 100 References 102 Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging: Clinical Diagnosis 103 E. Y-K Ng, S. С Fok, and Julie Richardson Introduction 103 Review of Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging 104 Some Past and Recent LDPI Applications 1 06 Potential Integration of LDPI in Cancer Diagnosis 1 10 Conclusions 1 12 Acknowledgment 1 12 References 1 12 Dynamic Sonographic Tissue Perfusion Measurement with the PixelFlux Method 1 1 5 Thomas Scholbach, Jakob Scholbach, and Èrcole Di Martino Introduction 1 15 Tumor Perfusion Evaluation — State of the Art 115 Contents of Volume 1 2.10 2.11 18 Dynamic Tissue Perfusion Measurement (PixelFlux) 1 16 Preconditions 1 1 7 Workflow 1 17 Procedure 1 17 Output 1 17 Use of Contrast Enhancers Application Î 18 PixelFlux Application in Oncology 1 18 Evaluation of PixelFlux Results Comparison of Results with Other Techniques 1 23 Conclusions and Outlook 123 References 124 Irrtmuno-Positron Emission Tomography 127 Lars R. Perk, Gerard W. M. Visser, and Guus A. M. S. van Dongen Introduction 127 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies 128 Therapy Planning with Monoclonal Antibodies 128 Immuno-PET: Imaging and Quantification 129 Clinical PET Imaging Systems 130 Positron Emitters for Immuno-Pet 130 Experience with Preclinical Immuno-Pet 131 Experience with Clinical Immuno-Pet 133 Acknowledgments 136 References 136 Role of Imaging Biomarkers in Drug Development 139 Janet C. Miller, A. Gregory Sorensen, and Homer H. Pien Introduction 139 Biomarkers and Surrogate Markers 140 Imaging Biomarkers 140 Anatomic Imaging 142 Physiological Imaging Molecular Imaging Conclusions 156 References 156 144 148 Part III Lung Carcinoma 3.1 The Role of Imaging in Lung Cancer 163 Clifton F Mountain and Kay E. Hermes Introduction 163 The International System for Staging Lung Cancer 163 Stage Groups and Survival Patterns 164 The Role of Imaging in Lung Cancer Staging 165 Imaging for Primary Tumor Evaluation 165 Imaging for Evaluation of Regional Lymph Nodes 167 Imaging for Evaluation of Distant Metastasis 167 Restaging 168 Implications of Imaging for Lung Cancer Screening 168 Conclusions 169 References 169 3.2 Lung Cancer Staging: Integrated 1 8F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Computed Tomography Alone 171 Kyung Soo Lee Introduction 171 Results Obtained by Previous Studies 172 Т -Staging 1 72 N-Staging 172 M-Staging 173 Problems and Their Solutions 174 Potential Advancements 1 75 References 175 Contents of Volume 1 XI 3.3 3.4 Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer 177 Claudia I. Henschke, Rowena Yip, Matthew D. Cham, and David F Yankelevitz Introduction 177 Prior Screening Studies 177 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and Johns Hopkins Medical Institution (JHMI) Studies 178 Mayo Lung Project (MLP) 178 Czechoslovakia Study 1 78 Recommendations and Controversy Resulting from Prior Studies 178 The Early Lung Cancer Action Project Paradigm for Evalution of Screening 1 79 The Early Lung Cancer Action Project 180 Computed Tomography Screening in Japan 181 The New York Early Lung Cancer Action Project 181 International Conferences on Screening for Lung Cancer 181 International Early Lung Cancer Action Program 182 National Cancer Institute Conferences 182 Performance of Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer 182 Updated Recommendations Regarding Screening 185 Problems Identified in Performing Randomized Screening Trials 185 References 188 Lung Cancer: Role of Multislice Computed Tomography 191 Suzanne Matthews and Sameh K. Morcos Introduction 191 Multislice Computed Tomography Technique for Diagnosis and Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma 192 Scanning Protocol 192 Imaging Protocol 192 Multislice Computed Tomography Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma 192 T-staging 192 Chest Wall Invasion 193 Invasion of Fissures and Diaphragm 194 Invasion of Mediastinum 194 N-staging 194 M-staging 195 Assessment of Response to Treatment and Tumor Recurrence 195 Virtual Bronchoscopy 196 Conclusions 196 References 196 3.5 Surgically Resected Pleomorphic Lung Carcinoma: Computed Tomography 199 Tae Sung Kim Intoduction 199 Pleomorphic Carcinoma of the Lung 199 References 202 3.6 Lung Cancer: Low-dose Helical Computed Tomography 203 Yoshiyuki Abe, Masato Nakamura, Yuichi Ozeki, Kikuo Machida, and Toshiro Ogata Introduction 203 Materials and Methods 204 Results 204 Discussion 205 References 206 3.7 Lung Cancer: Computer-aided Diagnosis with Computed Tomography 209 Yoshiyuki Abe, Katsumi Tamura, Ikuko Sakata, Jiro Ishida, Masayoshi Nagata, Masato Nakamura, Kikuo Machida, and Toshiro Ogata Intoduction 209 Materials and Methods Results 21 1 Discussion 212 Conclusions 213 References 213 210 Xli Contents of Volume 3.8 Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Computed Tomography 215 Hiroshi Onishi, Atsushi Nambu, Tomoki Kimura, and Yasushi Nagata Introduction 215 Definition of Stereotactic Radiotherapy 216 Clinical Status of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Lung Carcinoma 216 The Significance of Computed Tomography Imaging for Stereotactic Radiotherapy 216 Utility of Computed Tomography for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Lung Carcinoma 21 7 Definition of Target Volumes with Computed Tomography Images 217 Radiologie-Pathologie Correlation of Stage I Lung Carcinoma 218 Usefulness of Thin-section Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Lung Carcinoma 218 Attenuation of Lung Carcinoma 218 Solid Attenuation 218 Ground-glass Opacity 2 1 8 Borders Characteristics 219 Spicula and Pleural Indentation 219 Growth Patterns of Lung Carcinoma 219 Limits of Computed Tomography for Evaluating Lung Tumors 220 Management of Respiratory Motion of the Target during Irradiation 220 Simulation Using Slow-scan Computed Tomography for Free or Suppressed Breathing Technique 220 Three-dimensional Stereotactic Repositioning of the Isocenter during Irradiation 221 Computed Tomography-Linear Accelerator (Linac) Unit 221 Cone Beam Computed Tomography 221 Evaluation of the Treatment Effect and Differentiation between Inflammatory Change and a Recurrent Mass 222 Peculiarity of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 222 Appearance Time of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 223 Summary of Computed Tomography Findings of Radiation Injury of the Lung after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 224 Computed Tomography Evaluation of the Tumor Response and Progression 225 Tumor Response 225 Local Recurrence 225 Cases of Computed Tomography Findings after Stereotactic Radiotherapy 226 Guidelines for Quality Control of Computed Tomography Images 226 Future Direction 227 Image Quality of Cone Beam Computed Tomography 227 Megavoltage Computed Tomography 227 Helical Tomotherapy 227 Imaging Supplement for Computed Tomography for Evaluating Tumor Malignancy and Extension 228 References 229 3.9 Thin-section Computed Tomography Correlates with Clinical Outcome in Patients with Mucin-producing Adenocarcinoma of the Lung 231 Ukihide Tateishi, Testuo Maeda, and Yasuaki Arai Introduction 231 Materials and Methods 232 Results 233 Discussion 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 3.10 Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma: ' 8F-f luorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 237 Rodney J. Hicks and Robert E. Ware Introduction 237 Role of FDG-PET on Diagnosing Lung Cancer 238 Contents of Volume 1 XIII Preoperative PET Staging of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 239 Evaluation of Distant Metastasis (M) Stage 240 Evaluation of Intrathoracic Lymph Node (N) Stage 240 Evaluation of Tumor (T) Stage 241 Impact of Staging FDG-PET on Patient Management 241 Role of PET in Therapeutic Response Assessment in NSCLC 243 Use of FDG-PET for Restaging Following Definitive Treatment Of NSCLC 244 A Philosophical Perspective on the Quantitative Analysis of FDG Uptake in NSCLC 244 Use of Hybrid PET-CT Images in Staging 246 Conclusions 246 References 246 3.11 Evaluating Positron Emission Tomography in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Moving Beyond Accuracy to Outcome 249 Harm van Tinteren, Otto S. Hoekstra, Carin A. Uyl-de Groot, and Maarten Boers Introduction 249 Diagnostic Accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer 250 The Framework 251 Literature Analysis 251 Exploiting Clinical Data Obtained Prior to Introducing a New Test 251 Decision Modeling 252 Clinical-Value Studies 252 Randomized Controlled Trials 253 Economic Evaluation 254 Before and After Implementation 254 Conclusions 255 References 255 3.12 Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: False-positive Results with ^F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography 257 Siroos Mirzaei, Helmut Prosch, Peter Knoll, and Gerhard Mostbeck Introduction 257 Physiological High Uptake of i8F-FDG in Different Tissues 258 Head and Central Nervous System 258 Neck 258 Chest 258 Abdomen 258 Urinary Tract 258 Breast 259 Skeletal Muscle 259 Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Benign Disease 259 High Metabolic Activity after Treatment 261 Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Artifacts 262 Focal Uptake of FDG Due to Artifacts by New PET Devices 262 Conclusions 263 References 263 3.13 Oxygen-enhanced Proton Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Lung 267 Eberhard D. Pracht, Johannes F T. Arnold, Nicole Seiberlich, Markus Kotas, Michael Flentje, and Peter M. Jakob Introduction 267 Respiratory Physiology 268 Theory of Oxygen-enhanced Imaging 269 ^-Relaxation in the Human Lung 269 Influence of Oxygen and the Oxygen Transfer Function (OTF) 270 ^"Relaxation in the Human Lung 274 Oxygen-enhanced Imaging in Volunteers and Patients 276 XÌV Contents of Volume 1 Improvement of Imaging Technique 276 Studies in Patients and Correlation with Physiologic Parameters 277 Conclusions 277 References 278 3.14 Detection of Pulmonary Gene Transfer Using Iodide- 1 24/Positron Emission Tomogrpahy 281 Frederick E. Domann and Gang Niu Introduction 281 Pulmonary Applications of Gene Therapy 281 Gene Therapy for Inherited Lung Diseases 282 Cystic Fibrosis 282 Alpha- 1 Anitrypsin Deficiency 283 Gene Therapy for Lung Cancer 283 Gene Delivery Vehicles and Vectors 283 Retroviruses 284 Adenoviruses 284 Adeno-associated Viruses (AAV) 284 Nonviral Liposomal Vectors 284 Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Gene Transfer 284 Reporter Gene Systems 285 Herpes Simplex Virus- 1 Thymidine Kinase (HSVi-TKj 286 Sodium Iodide Symporter 287 Considerations in PET imaging of Pulmonary Gene Transfer 288 Gene Transfer Barriers 288 Iodine- 124 as Imaging Agent 288 Relationship between PET Signal and Reporter Gene Expression 289 Resolution and Sensitivity of PET 290 Acknowledgements 290 References 290 3.15 Lung Cancer with idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: High-resolution Computed Tomography 295 Kazuma Kishi and Atsuko Kurosaki Introduction 295 Prevalence of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 295 Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 296 Clinical Features 296 Chest Radiograph 296 Computed Tomography and High-resolution Computed Tomography Findings 296 References 298 Part IV Breast Carcinoma 4.1 Categorization of Mammographie Density for Breast Cancer: Clinical Significance 301 Mariko Morishita, Akira Ohtsuru, Ichiro Isomoto, and Shunichi Yamashita Introduction 30 1 Breast Density by Mammography 301 Clinical Applications of Breast- density Category 303 Analysis of Patient Characteristics by Breast-density Category 303 Steroid Receptor Status and Breast-density Category 303 Comparison of Nottingham Prognostic Index Scores in Breast-density Categories 304 Patient Prognosis and Breast-density Category 304 Analytic Considerations 304 References 305 4.2 Breast Tumor Classification and Visualization with Machine-learning Approaches 309 Tim W. Nattkemper, Andreas Degenhard, and Thorsten Twellmann Introduction 309 The Contribution of Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks 310 State-of-the-Art Approaches to Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Visualization 3 1 1 Learning Algorithms 312 Learning Clusters 3 1 2 Contents of Volume 1 xv Human Experts versus Computer Algorithms 314 Monitoring Tumor Development 31 7 Supervised Learning Algorithms 318 Supervised Detection and Segmentation of Lesions 319 Supervised Classification of Lesions 319 Summary and Outlook 321 Acknowledgements 321 References 321 4.3 Mass Detection Scheme for Digitized Mammography 325 Bin Zheng Introduction 325 Basic Architecture of Mass Detection Schemes 325 Computer-aided Detection Schemes Based on a Single Image 325 Computer-aided Detection Schemes Based on multi-image 329 Evaluation and Application of Commercial Computer-aided Detection Systems 331 New Developments in Mass Detection Schemes 332 Improvement of Computer-aided Detection Performance 333 Improvement of Reproducibility of Computer- aided Detection Schemes 333 Interactive Computer-aided Detection Systems 334 References 336 4.4 Full-field Digital Phase-contrast Mammography 339 Toyohiko Tanaka, Chika Honda, Satom Matsuo, and Tomonori Gido Introduction 339 Historical Background of the Phase-contrast Technique 340 Absorption Contrast and Phase Contrast 340 Edge Effect Due to Phase Contrast 341 Realization of the Phase-contrast Technique in Mammography 341 Design of Digital Image Acquisition and Output 341 Magnification-demagnification Effect in Digital Mammography 342 Sharpness 342 Image Noise 343 Improvement of Image Quality by the Magnification-demagnification Effect 343 Improvement of Image Sharpness in Digital Full-field PCM 343 Clinical Images 344 Clinical Experience 345 Future Development 345 Acknowledgements 347 References 347 4.5 Full-field Digital Mammography versus Film-screen Mammography 349 Arne Fischmann Introduction and Historical Perspective 349 Physical Performance of Digital Compared to Film-screen Mammography 350 Phantom Studies Comparing Full-field Digital Mammography and Film-screen Mammography 350 Simulated Microcalcifications 351 Clinical or Diagnostic Digital Mammography 353 Full-field Digital Mammography and Fum-screen Mammography in Screening 354 Oslo I and II Studies 355 Digital Mammography Imaging Screening Trial 355 Financial Considerations of Digital Mammography 356 Radiation Dose Considerations 356 References 357 xv¡ Contents of Volume 1 4.6 4.7 4.8 Use of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting invasive Lobular Carcinoma 359 Carla Boetes and Ritse M. Mann Introduction 359 Incidence 359 Presentation 359 Pathology 360 Mammography 360 Ultrasound 360 Goal of MRI in the Assessment of Invasive Lobular Carcinoma 361 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 361 Dynamic Sequences in Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 362 False-Negative Imaging on Magnetic Resonance Imaging 363 Conclusions 364 References 364 Axillary Lymph Node Status in Breast Cancer: Pinhole Collimator Single- Photon Emission Computed Tomography 367 Giuseppe Madeddu, Orazio Schillaci, and Angela Spanu Introduction 367 ""Tc-tetrofosmin pjnhole-Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 369 Method 369 Results and Discussion 369 Conclusions 371 References 372 Detection of Small-size Primary Breast Cancer: "'"Tc-tetrofosmin Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography 375 Angela Spanu, Orazio Schillaci, and Giuseppe Madeddu Introduction 375 The Planar and SPECT Scintimammography Method 376 Results and Discussion Conclusions 380 References 381 377 4.9 Microcalcification in Breast Lesions: Radiography and Histopathology 383 Arne Fischmann Introduction 383 Histopathology 383 Detection 384 Classification of Breast Calcifications 385 Systematic Classification 385 Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System 386 Work-up of Breast Calcifications 389 Summary 391 References 391 4.10 Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: Doppler Sonography 393 José Lufs del Cura Introduction 393 Doppler Ultrasound Technique in Breast Diseases 394 Breast Doppler Limitations 394 Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Solid Breast Lesions 395 Tumor Vessel Identification 395 Quantitative Criteria 395 Semiquantitative Criteria 396 Breast Cancer Prognosis 397 Assessment of Lymph Node Involvement 397 Recurrence versus Scar in Operated Patients 398 Treatment Monitoring 398 Conclusions 398 References 399 Contents of Volume 1 XVII 4.11 Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: Color-Doppler Ultrasound Contrast Medium (Levovist) 401 Paolo Vallone Introduction 40 J Materials and Methods 401 Results 402 Discussion 402 References 406 4.12 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Breast Cancer: Current Techniques and Clinical Applications 407 Sina Meisamy, Patrick J. Bolan, and Michael Garwood Introduction 407 Background 407 The "Choline Peak" 407 Why Is tCho Elevated in Cancer? 408 Technique 408 Tumor Localization 408 Technical Issues 408 Respiratory Artifact 409 Quantification 409 How Reliable Is the tCho Measurement? 410 Clinical Applications 410 Diagnosis 410 Sample Diagnostic Cases 41 1 Therapeutic Monitoring with Early Feedback 412 Sample Therapeutic Monitoring Cases 413 Acknowledgement 414 References 414 4.13 Breast Scintigraphy 417 Orazio Schillaci, Angela Spanu, and Giuseppe Madeddu Introduction 417 Breast Scintigraphy 417 Planar Method 417 Planar Results 418 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Method 418 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Results 419 Dedicated Imaging Systems 419 Methods 419 Results 420 Clinical Indications of Breast Scintigraphy or Scintimammography 421 References 421 4.14 Primary Breast Cancer: False-negative and False-positive Bone Scintigraphy 423 Hatíce Mirac Binnaz Demirkan and Hatice Durak Introduction 423 Search Strategy and Selection Criteria 423 Procedures and Technical Aspects of Bone Scan 423 Clinical Applications in Breast Cancer 427 Pitfalls of Bone Scan Encountered in Breast Cancer Patients and their Solutions with Potential Advances 429 References 431 4.15 Improved Sensitivity and Specificity of Breast Cancer Thermo- graphy 435 E. Y-K. Ng Introduction 435 Image Analysis Tools 436 Thermography 436 Artificial Neural Networks 437 Backpropagation 437 Radial Basis Function Network 438 Biostatistical Methods 438 Data Acqusition 439 Procedures for Thermal Imaging 439 Designed Integrated Approach 440 Step 1 : Linear Regression 440 Step 2: ANN RBFN/BFN 440 Step3: ROC Analysis 441 XVIII Contents of Volume Results and Discussion 441 Summarized Results for Step 1 : Linear Regression 441 Selected Results for Step 2: ANN RBFN/BPN 441 Selected Results (with Area > 0.85) for Step 3: ROC Analysis 44 1 Conclusions and Future Trends 442 Acknowledgements 443 References 443 4.16 Optical Mammography Sergio Fantini and Paola Taroni 445 Introduction 445 Sources of Intrinsic Optical Contrast in Breast Tissue 446 Principles of Optical Mammography 447 Continuous-wave Approaches: Dynamic Measurements and Spectral Information 448 Time-resolved Approaches 448 Interpretation of Optical Mammograms 450 Prospects of Optical Mammography 452 Acknowledgements 453 References 453 4.17 Digital Mammography John M. Lewin 455 Introduction 455 Technical Advantages of Digital Mammography 455 Technologies Used for Digital Mammography 456 Clinical Advantages of Digital Mammography 456 Advanced Applications of Digital Mammography Tomosynthesis 457 Contrast-enhanced Digital Mammography 458 References 458 457 4.18 Screening for Breast Cancer in Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging versus Mammography 459 Mieke Kriege, Cecile T. M. Brekelmans, and Jan G. M. Klij η Introduction 459 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Screening Studies 461 Results 461 Discussion 462 References 463 4.19 Mammographie Screening: Impact on Survival 465 James S. Michaelson Introduction 465 Why Screening Works 465 Screening Effectiveness 465 Cancers Become More Lethal as they Increase in Size 466 Present and Future Life-saving Impact of Screening 466 Life-saving Potential of Screening 467 Tumor Size and Survival 467 False-positives 468 How is Screening Actually Used 468 Present Status of Breast Cancer Screening 469 References 470 4.20 False-positive Mammography Examinations 473 Pamela S. Ganschow and Joann G. Eimore Introduction 473 Definitions 473 Current Estimates of False-positive Rates in the United States and International Guidelines 474 Cumulative False-positive Rates 475 Predictors of False-positive Mammograms 475 Patients factors 476 Radiologist Factors 478 Contents of Volume 1 xix 479 4.21 4.22 480 Facility and System Factors Predicting the Cumulative Risk of False-positive Mammograms Significance of False-positive Mammography Examination Recall Rates in the United States versus Other Countries 481 Efforts to Reduce False-positive Mammograms and to Better Deal with Expected False-Positive Screenings 483 Acknowledgment 483 References 483 Breast Dose in Thoracic Computed Tomography 487 Eric N. С Milne Introduction 487 Methodology 488 Results 488 Discussion 489 Cancer Risks 489 Computed Tomography of the Breast 490 Reducing Radiation Dose 490 Imaging without Using Ionizing Radiation 490 Optical Imaging 491 Ultrasound 49 Î Magnetic Resonance Imaging References 492 480 491 Absorbed Dose Measurement in Mammography 493 Marianne C. Aznar and Bengt A. Hemdal Introduction 493 Estimation of Absorbed Dose to the Breast 494 Concepts and Quantities Used From Measurement to Dose Estimate 496 Dose Limits and Diagnostic Reference Leveis 497 Dosimeters for Indirect Measurements ionízaäon chambers 498 Semiconductors 494 498 Dosimeters for Direct in vivo Measurements 498 Thermoluminescence Detectors 499 Novel in vivo Techniques 499 Summary and Conclusions 500 References 500 4.23 Metastatic Choriocarcinoma to the Breast: Mammography and Color Doppler Ultrasound 503 Naveen Kalra and Vijaynadh Ojili 4.24 4.25 503 504 Introduction Mammography Ultrasonography and Color Doppler 504 Tissue Diagnosis 506 References 507 Detection and Characterization of Breast Lesions: Color-coded Signai intensity Curve Software for Magnetic Resonance-based Breast Imaging 509 Fcderica Pediconi, Fiorella Altomari, Luigi Carotenuto, Simona Padula, Carlo Catalano, and Roberto PassaricHo Introduction 509 Computer-aided Diagnosis: Features and Applications 5 1 1 Computer-aided Detection for Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 512 Characterization Algorithm 514 Registration Algorithm 514 Conclusions 515 References 5 Î 7 Detection of Breast Malignancy: Different Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities 519 Wei Huang and Luminiţa A. Tudorica Introduction 5 1 9 Major Breast imaging Modalities 519 Breast Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance imaging 520 XX Contents of Volume 1 Subjective Assessment 520 Empirical Quantitative Characterization 521 Analytical Pharmacokinetic Modeling 522 Breast ' H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 523 Breast T2*-Weighted Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging 525 References 526 4.26 Breast Lesions: Computerized Analysis of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 529 Kenneth G. A. Gilhuijs Introduction 529 Mechanisms of Functional Imaging using Magnetic Resonance Imaging 530 Interpretation of Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging 531 Reduction of Motion Artifacts 532 Computerized Extraction of Temporal Features 533 Computerized Extraction of the Region of Interest 534 Computerized Extraction of Morphological Features 535 Computerized Classification of Features of Enhancement 536 Current Status and Future Role of Computerized Analysis of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging 537 References 538 4.27 Optical Imaging Techniques for Breast Cancer 539 Alexander Wall and Christoph Bremer Introduction 539 Tomographie Imaging 540 Nonspecific Contrast Agents (Perfusion-type Contrast Agents) 540 Fluorochromes with Molecular Specificity 542 Smart Probes 542 Targeted Probes 542 Multimodality Probes 543 Outlook References 544 544 4.28 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Measurements of Breast Tumor Volume and Vascularity for Monitoring Response to Treatment 547 Savannah C. Partridge Introduction 547 Magnetic Resonance imaging of the Breast 547 Neoadjuvant Treatment 547 Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Monitor Treatment Response 548 Measuring Changes in Tumor Size with Treatment 548 Measuring Changes in Tumor Vascularity with Treatment 548 Imaging Considerations 548 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Acquisition 548 Imaging Postprocessing 549 Assessing Treatment Response 550 Changes in Tumor Volume Predict Recurrence-free Survival (RFS) 550 Vascular Changes with Treatment 550 Conclusions 551 Acknowledgements 552 References 552 4.29 Defining Advanced Breast Cancer: 1 8F-fluorodeoxygIucose-Positron Emission Tomography 555 William B. Eubank Introduction 555 Positron Emission Tomography Principles 556 Positron Emission Tomography Instrumentation 556 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) 556 Axillary Node Staging 557 Detection of Locoregional and Distant Recurrences 557 Contents of Volume 1 xxi 4.31 Locoregional Recurrences Intrathoracic Lymphatic Recurrences 558 557 Distant Métastases 559 Response to Therapy 560 Impact of FDG-PET on Patient Management 561 Beyond FDG: Future Applications of PET to Breast Cancer 562 Estrogen Receptor Imaging 562 References 563 4.30 Leiomyoma of the Breast Parenchyma: Mammographie, Sonographic, and Histopathologic Features 567 Aysin Pourbagher and M. Ali Pourbagher Introduction 567 Mammographie Appearance Sonographic Appearance References 570 568 568 Detection of Breast Cancer: Dynamic Infrared Imaging 571 Terry M, Button Introduction: Infrared and its Detection 571 History of Infrared for Breast Cancer Detection 572 4.32 Dynamic Infrared Imaging 573 Mechanism for Breast Cancer Detection with Dynamic Infrared 575 Applications of Dynamic Infrared Imaging 576 Pitfalls of Dynamic Infrared Imaging 577 Conclusion: The Future of Infrared and Dynamic Infrared Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection 578 Acknowledgements 579 References 579 Phyllodes Breast Tumors: Magnetic Resonance Imaging 581 Aimée В. Herzog and Susanne Wurdinger Introduction 581 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphology 582 Signal Intensity 582 Contrast-enhancement Characteristics 583 Guidelines 583 References 584 Index 585 582 (lancer Imaging concentrates on the application of imag¬ ing technology to the diagnosis and prognosis of lung and breast carcinomas, two of the most prevalent world-wide malignancies. There are ~ 1.2 million new cases of lung cancer diagnosed globally every year, and ~ 1.1 million pa¬ tients die of this malignancy. Lung carcinoma screening, staging, diagnosing, and applying different imaging modali¬ ties are discussed in detail. Both the established as well as new imaging techniques and modalities are included, such as ultrasound, X-ray, color Doppler sonography; PET. CT, PET/CT, MRI, SPECT, diffusion tensor imaging, dynamic infrared imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results of imaging are presented in the form of black and white and color images that are appropriately labeled. Each chapter is comprehensive and stands alone in terms of determination of cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and thus the reader does not have to scour multiple places in the book or outside sources. • Seeks to integrate molecular oncology into clinical practice and addresses the relationship between ra¬ diation dose and image quality. • Offers in-depth discussion of the role of molecular imaging in identifying changes for the emergence and progression of cancer at the cellular and/or molecular levels. • Analyzes the capability of various imaging tech¬ niques in the quantification of drug properties in viro and their role in the development of effective drugs. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Professor M. A. Hayat has published extensively in the fields of microscopy, cytology, immunohistochemistry, immuno- eytochemistry, and antigen reirieval methods. He is Distin¬ guished Professor, Department of Biological Sciences. Kean University, Union, New Jersey. USA.
any_adam_object	1
any_adam_object_boolean	1
author	Hayat, M. A. 1936-
author_GND	(DE-588)129731447
author_facet	Hayat, M. A. 1936-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Hayat, M. A. 1936-
author_variant	m a h ma mah
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV023406549
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)263733973 (DE-599)BVBBV023406549
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01358nam a2200301 cc4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV023406549</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20080903 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">080721s2008 ad\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780123704689</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-12-370468-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0123704685</subfield><subfield code="9">0-12-370468-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)263733973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV023406549</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hayat, M. A.</subfield><subfield code="d">1936-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)129731447</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Cancer imaging</subfield><subfield code="n">1</subfield><subfield code="p">Lung and breast carcinomas</subfield><subfield code="c">ed. by M. A. Hayat</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Amsterdam [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Elsevier, Acad. Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">LII, 602 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV023406535</subfield><subfield code="g">1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Klappentext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016589229</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
id	DE-604.BV023406549
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T21:25:47Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:17:55Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780123704689 0123704685
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016589229
oclc_num	263733973
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
physical	LII, 602 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2008
publishDateSearch	2008
publishDateSort	2008
publisher	Elsevier, Acad. Press
record_format	marc
spelling	Hayat, M. A. 1936- Verfasser (DE-588)129731447 aut Cancer imaging 1 Lung and breast carcinomas ed. by M. A. Hayat Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier, Acad. Press 2008 LII, 602 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV023406535 1 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Hayat, M. A. 1936- Cancer imaging
title	Cancer imaging
title_auth	Cancer imaging
title_exact_search	Cancer imaging
title_exact_search_txtP	Cancer imaging
title_full	Cancer imaging 1 Lung and breast carcinomas ed. by M. A. Hayat
title_fullStr	Cancer imaging 1 Lung and breast carcinomas ed. by M. A. Hayat
title_full_unstemmed	Cancer imaging 1 Lung and breast carcinomas ed. by M. A. Hayat
title_short	Cancer imaging
title_sort	cancer imaging lung and breast carcinomas
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016589229&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV023406535
work_keys_str_mv	AT hayatma cancerimaging1

Verfügbarkeit

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Fernleihe Bestellen Achtung: Nicht im THWS-Bestand! Inhaltsverzeichnis

MARC

Datensatz im Suchindex

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Ähnliche Einträge