Verfügbarkeit: Principles of human anatomy

Principles of human anatomy:

Covers the structure and function of human anatomy. Also emphasizes physiology, disorders, and the clinical applications of anatomy.

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Tortora, Gerard J. (VerfasserIn), Nielsen, Mark T. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2009
Ausgabe:	11. ed.
Schlagworte:	Anatomy Human anatomy Human physiology Physiology Anatomie Lehrbuch
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Zusammenfassung:	Covers the structure and function of human anatomy. Also emphasizes physiology, disorders, and the clinical applications of anatomy.
Beschreibung:	getr. Zählung zahlr. Ill.
ISBN:	9780471789314

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS 1 і AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 2 Anatomy Defined 3 Levels of Body Organization / Basic Anatomical Terminoloj Anatomical Position 8 Regional Names 8 Planes and Sections 10 Body Cavities 14 Thoracic and Abdominlffifi^ity Membrane Abdominopelvic Regions, and Quadrali The Human Body and Disease 19 Medical Imaging 20 Measuring the Human Body 23 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 4 Autopsy 19 Study Outline 23 ° Self-Quiz Questions 24 ° Critical Questions 25 ° Answers to Figure Questions 25 2 І CELLS 26 A Generalized Cell 27 The Plasma Membrane 28 Structure of the Membrane 28 Functions of Membrane Proteins 28 Membrane Permeability 29 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 29 Kinetic Energy Transport 30 Transport by Transporter Proteins 30 Transport in Vesicles 30 Cytoplasm 32 Cytosol 32 Organdíes 33 The Cytoskeleton 33 Centrosome 34 Cilia and Flagella 34 Ribosomes 34 Endoplasmic Reticumm 36 Golgi Complex 37 Lysosomes 38 Peroxisomes 39 Proteasomes 39 Mitochondria 39 Nucleus 40 Cell Division 44 Somatic Cell Division 44 Interphase 44 Mitotic Phase 46 Control of Cell Destiny 48 Reproductive Cell Division 48 Meiosis 48 XII Cellular Diversity 51 Aging and Cells 53 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Genomics 42 Cancer 52 Key Medical Terms 54 ° Study Outline 54 ° Self-Quiz Questions 56 ° Critical Thinking Questions 57 ° Answers to Figure Questions 57 З і TISSUES 58 Types of Tissues and Their Origins 59 Cell Junctions 60 Tight Junctions 60 Adherens Junctions 61 Desmosomes 61 Hemidesmosomes 61 Gap Junctions 61 Comparison of Epithelial and Connective Tissue 61 Epithelial Tissue 61 Classification of Epithelial Tissue 62 Covering and Lining Epithelium 63 Simple Epithelium 63 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 67 Stratified Epithelium 69 Glandular Epithelium 70 Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands 71 Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands 72 Connective Tissue 72 General Features of Connective Tissue 72 Connective Tissue Cells 73 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 74 Ground Substance 74 Fibers 74 Classification of Connective Tissues 74 Types of Mature Connective Tissue 76 Loose Connective Tissue 76 Dense Connective Tissue 76 Cartilage 76 Bone Tissue 83 Liquid Connective Tissue 83 Membranes 83 Epithelial Membranes 83 Mucous Membranes 83 Serous Membranes 85 Cutaneous Membrane 85 Synovial Membranes 85 Muscular Tissue 85 Nervous Tissue 87 Aging and Tissues 88 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Biopsy 59 Papanicolaou Test 69 Liposuction 76 KeyMedical Terms 88 « Study Outlaw 88 » Self-Quiz Questions 90 <* Critical Thinking Questions 91 « Answers to Figure Questions 91 CONTENTS XU! 4 ! DEVELOPMENT 92 Embryonic Period 94 First Week of Development 94 Fertilization 94 Cleavage of the Zygote 95 Blastocyst Formation 95 Implantation 96 Second Week of Development 98 Development of the Trophoblast 98 Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 98 Development of the Amnion 98 Development of the Yolk Sac 98 Development of Sinusoids 100 Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 100 Development of the Chorion 101 Third Week of Development 101 Gastrulation 102 Neuralation 105 Development of Somites 102 Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 103 Development of the Cardiovascular System 104 Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 104 Fourth Week of Development 106 Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 108 Fetal Period 108 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 111 Labor 111 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 97 Early Pregnancy Tests 98 Key Medical Terms 112 ° Study Outline 113 ° Self-Quiz Questions 113 θ Critical Thinking Questions 115 a Answers to Figure Questions 115 5 I THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 116 Structure of the Skin 117 Epidermis 117 Stratum Basale 120 Stratum Spinosum 120 Stratum Granulosum 120 Stratum Lucidum 121 Stratum Corneum 121 Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 121 Dermis 122 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 123 Tattooing and Body Piercing 124 Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis 124 Accessory Structures of the Skin 125 Hair 125 Anatomy of a Hair 125 Hair Growth 127 Types of Hairs 127 Hair Color 128 Skin Glands 128 Sebaceous Glands 128 Sudoriferous Glands 129 Ceruminous Glands 130 Nails 130 Types of Skin 131 Functions of the Skin 132 Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 132 Development of the Integumentary System 134 Aging and the Integumentary System 134 • CUNICAL CONNECTION Skin Cancer 125 Burns 133 Key Medical Tenns 136 ° Study Outline 137 ° Self-Quiz Questions 137 ° Critical Thinking Questions 139 ° Answers to Figure Questions 139 BONE TISSUE 140 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System Types of Bones 141 Anatomy of a Bone 142 Bone Surface Markings 142 Histology of Bone Tissue 144 Compact Bone Tissue 146 Spongy Bone Tissue 147 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 148 Bone Formation 149 Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus 149 Intram embranous Ossification 149 Endochondrial Ossification 150 Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence 152 Growth in Length 152 Growth in Thickness 153 Remodeling of Bone 154 Fractures 155 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 157 Exercise and Bone Tissue 158 Aging and Bone Tissue 158 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Bone Scan 148 Osteoporosis 154 Key Medical Terms 158 ° Study Outline 159 ° Self Quiz Questions 160 ° Critical Thinking Questions 161 Answers to Figure Questions 161 141 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 162 Divisions of the Skeletal System 163 Skull (Cranium) 165 General Features and Functions 166 Nasal Septum 185 Orbits 185 Foramina 185 Unique Features of the Skull 187 Sutures 187 Paranasal Sinuses 188 Fontanels 188 Cranial Fossae 191 Hyoid Bone 192 Vertebral Column 193 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 193 Intervertébral Discs 194 Parts of a Typical Vmebra 195 Body 195 Vertebral Arch 195 Processes 195 Regions of the Vertebral Column 196 Thorax 206 XIV CONTENTS . CLINICAL CONNECTION Blade Eye 182 Cleft Palate and Cleft Up 183 Temporomandtbutar joint Syndrome 184 Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column 194 Caudal Anesthesia 205 Key Medical Terms 210 ° Study Outline 210 => Self-Quiz Questions 211 = Critical Thinking Questions 212 ° Answers to Figure Questions 212 b THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 213 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 214 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 228 False and True Pelves 233 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 234 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 234 Development of the Skeletal System 245 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Fractured Clavicle 216 Hip Fracture 232 PaieUofemoral Stress Syndrome 238 Bone Grafting 241 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 244 Key Medical Terms 247 » Study Outline 247 » Self-Quiz Questions 247 ° Critical Thinking Questions 249 ° Answers to Figure Questions 249 9 ! JOINTS 250 Joint Classifications 251 Ligaments 251 Fibrous Joints 252 Sutures 253 Syndesmoses 253 Interosseous Membranes 253 Cartilaginous Joints 253 Synchondroses 253 Symphyses 254 Synovial Joints 254 Structure of Synovial Joints 254 Articular Capsule 254 Synovial Fluid 254 Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Labra 254 Nerve and Blood Supply 256 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 256 Types of Synovial Joints 256 Planar Joints 256 Hinge Joints 256 Pivot Joints 258 Condyloid Joints 258 Saddle Joints 259 Ball-and-Socket Joints 259 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 259 Gliding 259 Angular Movements 259 Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 259 Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 260 Rotation 262 Special Movements 262 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 264 Selected Joints of the Body 266 Aging and Joints 282 . CLINICAL CONNECTION Tom Cartilage and Arthroscopy 256 Rheumatism and Arthritis 265 Dislocated Mandible 269 Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 271 Knee Injuries 279 Ankle Sprains and Fractures 282 Arthroplasty 283 Key Medical Tenns 2S4 ° Study Outline 284 ° Self-Quiz Questions 285 ° Critical Thinking Questions 286 Answers to Figure Questions 286 10 I MUSCULAR TISSUE 287 Overview of Muscular Tissue 288 Types of Muscular Tissue 288 Functions of Muscular Tissue 288 Properties of Muscular Tissue 288 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 289 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle 290 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 290 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 292 Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 292 Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 292 Filaments and the Sarcomere 292 Muscle Proteins 292 Nerve and Blood Supply 294 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 296 Muscle Tone 297 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 297 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 298 Slow Oxidative Fibers 298 Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 299 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 299 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 300 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 300 Smooth Muscle Tissue 300 Development of Muscles 304 Aging and Muscular Tissue 305 CLINICAL CONNECTION Electromyography 296 Muscular Dystrophy 298 Key Medical Tenns 305 ° Study Outline 305 ° Self-Quiz Questions 306 ° Critical Thinking Questions 307 Answers to Figure Questions 308 11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 309 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 310 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 310 Lever Systems 311 Effects of Fascicle Arrangement 312 Muscle Actions 312 Coordination Among Muscles 312 Structure and Function of Muscle Groups 313 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 314 Principal Skeletal Muscles 314 CONTENTS XV • CLINICAL CONNECTION Bell s Palsy 319 Strabismus 324 Intubation During Anesthesia 328 Inguinal Hernia 341 Injury of Levator Ani and Urinary Stress Incontinence 350 Impingement Syndrome 359 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 374 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 379 Groin Pull 385 Pulled Hamstrings 395 Shin Splint Syndrome 398 Plantar Fasciitis 405 Study Outline 410 ° Self-Quiz Questions 410 ° Critical Thinking Questions 412 ° Answers to Figure Questions 412 12 í SURFACE ANATOMY 413 Surface Anatomy of the Head 414 Surface Anatomy of the Neck 419 Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb (Extremity) 425 Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 430 Overview of Surface Anatomy 414 Study Outline 434 ® Self-Quiz Questions 434 ° Critical Thinking Questions 435 ° Апѕгиегѕ to Figure Questions 436 13 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 437 Functions of Blood 438 Physical Characteristics of Blood 438 Components of Blood 438 Blood Plasma 438 Formed Elements 440 Formation of Blood Cells 440 Red Blood Cells RBC Anatomy 443 RBC Functions 444 RBC Life Cycle 444 Erythropoiesis: Production of RBCs 444 Blood Group Systems 444 White Blood Cells 445 WBC ¿Anatomy and Types 445 Granular Leukocytes 446 Agranular Leukocytes 446 WBC Functions 446 Platelets 447 Stem Cell Transplants From Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood 449 443 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Bone Marrow Examination 441 Sickle-Cell Disease 445 Key Medical Terms 449 ° Study Outline 450 ° Self-Quiz Questions 451 ° Critical Thinking Questions 452 Answers to Figure Questions 452 I4 l THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 453 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 454 Structure and Function of the Heart 456 Pericardium 456 Layers of the Heart Wall 457 Chambers of the Heart 459 Right Atrium 460 Right Ventricle 462 Left Atrium 462 Left Ventricle 462 Myocardial Thickness and Function 463 Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 463 Heart Valves 463 Atrioventricular Valves 464 Semilunar Valves 464 Circulation of Blood 466 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 466 * Coronar^- Circulation 466 Coronary-Arteries 469 Coronary Veins 469 Cardiac Conduction System 470 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 472 Heart Sounds 472 Exercise and the Heart Development of the Heart 476 473 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Heart Valve Disorders 466 Coronary Artery Disease 473 Artificial Pacemakers 471 Key Medical Terms 478 ° Study Outline 418 ° Self-Quiz Questions 479 ° Critical Thinking Questions 480 Answers to Figure Questions 480 ! THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOODVESSELS 481 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 482 Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel 482 Tunica Interna (Intima) 482 Tunica Media 482 Tunica Externa 482 Arteries 484 Elastic Arteries 484 Muscular Arteries 484 Anastomoses 484 Atterioles 484 Capillaries 485 Venules 486 Veins 487 Blood Distribution 488 Circulatory Routes 490 Systemic Circulation 490 The Hepatic Portal Circulation 530 The Pulmonary Circulation 531 The Fetal Circulation 533 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 535 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 536 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Varicose Veins 488 Hypertension 536 Key Medical Tenns 537 u Study Outline 538 ° Self-Quiz Questions 538 ° Critical Thinking Questions 539 ° Answers to Figure Questions 540 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 541 542 Lymphatic System Structure and Functions Functions of the Lymphatic System 542 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 542 Lymphatic Capillaries 542 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 544 Formation and Flow of Lymph 544 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 546 Thymus 546 Lymph Nodes 547 Spleen 550 Lymphatic Nodules 550 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 552 XVI CONTENTS Development of Lymphatic Tissues 562 Aging and the Lymphatic System 562 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels 550 AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 562 Key Medical Terms 564 = Study Outline 564 => Self-Quiz Questions 565 ° Critical Thinking Questions 566 -■ Answers to Figure Questions 566 17 А, Я NERVOUS TISSUE 567 Overview of the Nervous System 568 Structures of the Nervous System 568 Organization of the Nervous System 568 Anatomical Organization 568 Functional Organization 568 Histology of Nervous Tissue 570 Neurons 571 Parts of a Neuron 571 Keurotransmitters 573 Structural Diversity in Neurons 573 Neuroglia 574 Neuroglia of the CNS 574 Neuroglia of the PNS 576 Myelination 576 Gray and White Matter 578 Neural Circuits 578 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 580 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 571 Multiple Sclerosis 578 Key Medical Tenns 581 ° Study Outline 581 =■ Self-Quiz Questions 581 ° Critical Thinking Questions 583 c Answers to Figure Questions 583 1______:____1 IO THE SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES 584 Spinal Cord Anatomy 585 Protective Structures 585 Vertebral Column 585 Meninges 585 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 586 Spinal Cord Anatomy 587 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 589 Spinal Nerves 593 Distribution of Spinal Nerves 593 Branches of Spinal Nerves 594 Plexuses 594 Intercostal Nerves 604 Dermatomes 604 Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 604 Spinal Cord Functions 605 Sensor}r and Motor Tracts 605 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 606 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Spinal Tap 589 Spinal Cord Injury 592 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 596 Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 598 Lumbar Plexus injuries éoi Sciatic Nerve Injury 602 Key Medical Terms 608 ° Study Outline 608 ~ Self-Quiz Questions 609 ° Critical Thinking Questions 610 ° Answers to Figure Questions 611 і ______ 10 THE BRAIN AND THE CRANIAL NERVES 612 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply 613 Major Parts of the Brain 613 Protective Coverings of the Brain 613 Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier 616 Cerebrospinal Fluid 616 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 617 Circulation of CSF 617 The Brain Stem 620 Medulla Oblongata 620 Pons 622 Midbrain 623 Reticular Formation 625 The Cerebellum 625 The Diencephalon 627 Thalamus 627 Hypothalamus 628 Epi thalamus 629 Circumventricular Organs 629 The Cerebrum 630 Lobes of the Cerebrum 631 Cerebral White Matter 631 Basal Ganglia 632 The Limbie System 633 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 636 Sensory Areas 636 Motor Areas 637 Association Areas 637 Hemispheric Lateralization 638 Brain Waves 638 Cranial Nerves 639 Olfactory (I) Nerve 639 Optic (II) Nerve 640 Oculomotor (ПІ) Nerve 640 Trochlear (IV) Nerve 641 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 642 Abducens (VI) Nerve 643 Facial (VU) Nerve 644 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 645 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 646 Vagus (X) Nerve 646 Accessory (XI) Nerve 647 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 649 Development of the Nervous System 653 Aging and the Nervous System 654 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Hydrocephalus 619 Brain Injuries 634 Cerebrovascular Accident 639 Key Medical Tenns 655 ГЈ Study Outline 655 ° Self-Quiz Questions 656 ° Critical Thinking Questions 658 ° Answers to Figure Questions 658 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 659 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomie Nervous Systems 660 Anatomy of Autonomie Motor Pathways 662 Anatomical Components of an Autonomie Motor Pathway 662 ^ Preganglionic Neurons 662 Autonomie Ganglia 662 Autonomie Plexuses 665 Postganglionic Neurons 666 Structure of the Sympathetic Division 667 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 668 Structure of the Enteric Division 669 CONTENTS XVII ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 669 Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 669 Adr energic Neurons and Receptors 670 Functions of the ANS 670 Sympathetic Responses 671 Parasympathetic Responses 671 Integration and Control of Autonomie Functions 674 Autonomie Reflexes 674 Autonomie Control by Higher Centers 674 • CUNJCAl CONNECTION Brogsani Recepto? Selectivity 671 Key Medical Tenns 674 ° Study Outline 675 ° Self-Quiz Questions 676 ° Critical Thinking Questions 677 Answers to Figure Questions 677 21 I SOMATIC SENSES AND MOTOR CONTROL 678 Overview of Sensations 679 Definition of Sensations 679 Characteristics of Sensations 679 Classification of Sensations 679 Types of Sensory Receptors 679 Somatic Sensations 680 Tactile Sensations 680 Touch 681 Pressure and Vibration 681 [tch and Tickle 681 Thermal Sensations 682 Pain Sensations 682 Types of Pain 682 Localization of Pain 682 Proprioceptive Sensations 683 Muscle Spindles 683 Tendon Organs 684 Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 684 Somatic Sensory Pathways 684 Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 685 Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 686 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 687 Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 688 Somatic Motor Pathways 689 Mapping the Motor Areas 689 Direct Motor Pathways 689 Indirect Motor Pathways 690 Roles of the Basal Ganglia 692 Roles of the Cerebellum 692 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 693 . CLINICAL CONNECTION Paralysis 689 Parkins» Disease 691 Key Medical Tenns 693 ° Study Outline 693 ° Self-Quiz Questions 694 ° Critical Thinking Questions 696 ° Answers to Figure Questions 696 22 ï SPECÍAL SENSES 697 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 698 Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 698 The Oltactoiv Pathway 699 Gustation: Sense of Taste 700 Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 700 The Gustatory Pathway 701 < Vision 702 Accessory Structures of the Eye 702 Eyelids 702 Eyelashes and Eyebrows 702 The Lacrimal Apparatus 702 Extrinsic Eye ¡Muscles 702 Anatomy of the Eyeball 704 Eibrous Tunic 704 Vascular Tunic 705 Retina 705 Lens 708 Interior of the Eyeball 708 The Visual Pathway 710 Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 710 Pathway in the Brain 710 Hearing and Equilibrium 711 Anatomy of the E ar 711 External (Outer) Ear 711 Middle Ear 712 Internal (Inner) Ear 712 Mechanism of Hearing 717 The Auditor}· Pathway 718 Mechanism of Equilibrium 718 Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 719 Semicircular Ducts 719 Equilibrium Pathways 722 Development of the Eyes and Ears 723 Development of the Eyes 723 Development of the Ears 725 Aging and the Special Senses 726 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Major Causes of Blindness 706 Deafness 718 Key Medical Terms 726 ° Study Outline 727 ° Self-Quiz Questions 727 ° Critical Thinking Questions 729 ° Answers to Figure Questions 729 23 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 730 Endocrine Glands Defined 731 Hormones 731 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 732 Anterior Pituitary 734 Posterior Pituitary 734 Thyroid Gland 736 Parathyroid Glands 738 Adrenal Glands 740 Adrenal Cortex- 741 Adrenal Medulla 741 Pancreas 742 Ovaries and Testes 744 Pineal Gland 746 Thymus 746 Other Endocrine Tissues 746 Development of the Endocrine System 747 Aging and the Endocrine System 748 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Btodting Hetmene Recepters. 731 iiafeetes Metitas jąą Key Medical Terms 748 ° Study Outline 749 ° Self-Quiz Questions 750 ° Critical Thinking Questions 751 ° Answers Ћ Figure Questions 751 XVIII CONTENTS 2å ; THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 752 Respiratory System Anatomy 753 Nose 753 Pharynx 757 Larynx 758 The Structures of Voice Production 759 Trachea 761 Bronchi 762 Lungs 765 Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 766 Alveoli 767 Blood Supply to the Lungs 770 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 771 Inhalation 771 Exhalation 773 Regulation of Respiration 773 Role of the Respirator}^ Center 773 Medullary Rhythmicity Area 773 Pneumotaxic Area 774 Apneustic Area 774 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 774 Cortical Influences on Respiration 774 Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration 774 The Inflation Reflex 775 Exercise and the Respiratory System 776 Development of the Respiratory System 776 Aging and the Respiratory System 777 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Coryza and Influenza 757 Lung Cancer 771 Pneumonia 775 Key Medical Terms 777 · · Study Outline 778 ° Self-Quiz Questions 779 Critical Thinking Questions 780 ° Answers to Figure Questions 780 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 781 Overview of the Digestive System 782 Layers of the GI Tract 782 Mucosa 782 Submucosa 784 Musmlaris 784 Serosa 784 Peritoneum 785 Mouth 787 Salivary Glands 788 Tongue 790 Teeth 790 Pharynx 793 Esophagus 793 Histology 793 Functions 794 Stomach 794 Anatomy 794 Histology 796 Functions 798 Pancreas 798 Anatomy 798 Histology 800 Liver and Gallbladder 800 Anatomy 800 Histology 801 Blood and Nerve Supply 804 Small Intestine 805 Anatomy 805 Histolog} 806 Large Intestine 810 Anatomy 810 Histolog}7 811 Functions 812 Development of the Digestive System 814 Aging and the Digestive System 815 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Vomiting 798 Peptic Ulcer Disease 809 Colorectal Cancer 814 Key Medical Terms 816 ° Study Outline S 17 Self-Quiz Questions 818 < Criticul Thinking Questions 819 Ansivers to Figure Questions 820 Functions 800 Functions 804 Functions 807 THE URINARY SYSTEM 821 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 824 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 825 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 825 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 825 TheNephron 828 Parts of a Nephron 828 Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 831 Functions of Nephrons 833 Glomerular Filtration 833 Tubular Reabsorption 836 Tubular Secretion 836 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 836 Ureters 836 Urinary Bladder 838 Urethra 839 Development of the Urinary System 841 Aging and the Urinary System 842 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Kidney Transplant 828 Dialysis 835 Urinalysis 836 Key Medical Tenns 842 ° Study Outline 843 ■■ Self-Quiz Questions 844 ° Critical Thinking Questions 84) ° Answers to Figure Questions 845 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 846 Male Reproductive System 847 Scrotum 848 Testes 848 Sperm 852 Reproductive System Ducts in Males 852 Ducts of the Testis 852 Epididymis 852 Ductus Deferens 854 Ej aculatory Ducts 855 Urethra 856 Spermatic Cord 856 Accessory Sex Glands in Males 857 Seminal Vesicles 857 Prostate 857 Bulbourethral Glands 857 Semen 858 Penis 858 Female Reproductive System 860 Ovaries 860 Histology of the Ovaries 861 Oogénesis and Follicular Development 864 Uterine Tubes 866 Uterus 869 Vagina 871 Vulva 873 Perineum 875 Mammary Glands 875 Female Reproductive Cycle 878 Menstrual Phase 879 Events in the Ovaries 879 Events in the Uterus 879 Preovulatory Phase 879 Events in the Ovaries 880 Events in the Uterus 880 Ovulation 880 Postovulatoiy Phase 880 Events in the Ovaries 881 Events in the Uterus 881 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 883 Birth Control Methods 883 Surgical Sterilization 883 Hormonal Methods 883 Intrauterine Devices 884 Spermicides 884 Barrier Methods 884 Periodic Abstinence 884 Abortion 884 Development of the Reproductive Systems 885 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 885 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Prostate Cancer 857 Breast Cancer 876 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 880 Key Medical Terms 888 ° Study Outline 889 ° Self-Quiz Questions 890 ° Critical Thinking Questions 891 Aiiswers to Figure Questions 891 APPENDIX A MEASUREMENTS APPENDIXE ANSWERS B-2 GLOSSARY G-i CREDITS C-i INDEX 1-і A-i
adam_txt	CONTENTS 1 і AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 2 Anatomy Defined 3 Levels of Body Organization / Basic Anatomical Terminoloj Anatomical Position 8 Regional Names 8 Planes and Sections 10 Body Cavities 14 Thoracic and Abdominlffifi^ity Membrane Abdominopelvic Regions, and Quadrali The Human Body and Disease 19 Medical Imaging 20 Measuring the Human Body 23 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 4 Autopsy 19 Study Outline 23 ° Self-Quiz Questions 24 ° Critical Questions 25 ° Answers to Figure Questions 25 2 І CELLS 26 A Generalized Cell 27 The Plasma Membrane 28 Structure of the Membrane 28 Functions of Membrane Proteins 28 Membrane Permeability 29 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 29 Kinetic Energy Transport 30 Transport by Transporter Proteins 30 Transport in Vesicles 30 Cytoplasm 32 Cytosol 32 Organdíes 33 The Cytoskeleton 33 Centrosome 34 Cilia and Flagella 34 Ribosomes 34 Endoplasmic Reticumm 36 Golgi Complex 37 Lysosomes 38 Peroxisomes 39 Proteasomes 39 Mitochondria 39 Nucleus 40 Cell Division 44 Somatic Cell Division 44 Interphase 44 Mitotic Phase 46 Control of Cell Destiny 48 Reproductive Cell Division 48 Meiosis 48 XII Cellular Diversity 51 Aging and Cells 53 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Genomics 42 Cancer 52 Key Medical Terms 54 ° Study Outline 54 ° Self-Quiz Questions 56 ° Critical Thinking Questions 57 ° Answers to Figure Questions 57 З і TISSUES 58 Types of Tissues and Their Origins 59 Cell Junctions 60 Tight Junctions 60 Adherens Junctions 61 Desmosomes 61 Hemidesmosomes 61 Gap Junctions 61 Comparison of Epithelial and Connective Tissue 61 Epithelial Tissue 61 Classification of Epithelial Tissue 62 Covering and Lining Epithelium 63 Simple Epithelium 63 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 67 Stratified Epithelium 69 Glandular Epithelium 70 Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands 71 Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands 72 Connective Tissue 72 General Features of Connective Tissue 72 Connective Tissue Cells 73 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 74 Ground Substance 74 Fibers 74 Classification of Connective Tissues 74 Types of Mature Connective Tissue 76 Loose Connective Tissue 76 Dense Connective Tissue 76 Cartilage 76 Bone Tissue 83 Liquid Connective Tissue 83 Membranes 83 Epithelial Membranes 83 Mucous Membranes 83 Serous Membranes 85 Cutaneous Membrane 85 Synovial Membranes 85 Muscular Tissue 85 Nervous Tissue 87 Aging and Tissues 88 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Biopsy 59 Papanicolaou Test 69 Liposuction 76 KeyMedical Terms 88 « Study Outlaw 88 » Self-Quiz Questions 90 <* Critical Thinking Questions 91 « Answers to Figure Questions 91 CONTENTS XU! 4 ! DEVELOPMENT 92 Embryonic Period 94 First Week of Development 94 Fertilization 94 Cleavage of the Zygote 95 Blastocyst Formation 95 Implantation 96 Second Week of Development 98 Development of the Trophoblast 98 Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 98 Development of the Amnion 98 Development of the Yolk Sac 98 Development of Sinusoids 100 Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 100 Development of the Chorion 101 Third Week of Development 101 Gastrulation 102 Neuralation 105 Development of Somites 102 Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 103 Development of the Cardiovascular System 104 Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 104 Fourth Week of Development 106 Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 108 Fetal Period 108 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 111 Labor 111 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 97 Early Pregnancy Tests 98 Key Medical Terms 112 ° Study Outline 113 ° Self-Quiz Questions 113 θ Critical Thinking Questions 115 a Answers to Figure Questions 115 5 I THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 116 Structure of the Skin 117 Epidermis 117 Stratum Basale 120 Stratum Spinosum 120 Stratum Granulosum 120 Stratum Lucidum 121 Stratum Corneum 121 Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 121 Dermis 122 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 123 Tattooing and Body Piercing 124 Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis 124 Accessory Structures of the Skin 125 Hair 125 Anatomy of a Hair 125 Hair Growth 127 Types of Hairs 127 Hair Color 128 Skin Glands 128 Sebaceous Glands 128 Sudoriferous Glands 129 Ceruminous Glands 130 Nails 130 Types of Skin 131 Functions of the Skin 132 Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 132 Development of the Integumentary System 134 Aging and the Integumentary System 134 • CUNICAL CONNECTION Skin Cancer 125 Burns 133 Key Medical Tenns 136 ° Study Outline 137 ° Self-Quiz Questions 137 ° Critical Thinking Questions 139 ° Answers to Figure Questions 139 BONE TISSUE 140 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System Types of Bones 141 Anatomy of a Bone 142 Bone Surface Markings 142 Histology of Bone Tissue 144 Compact Bone Tissue 146 Spongy Bone Tissue 147 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 148 Bone Formation 149 Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus 149 Intram embranous Ossification 149 Endochondrial Ossification 150 Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence 152 Growth in Length 152 Growth in Thickness 153 Remodeling of Bone 154 Fractures 155 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 157 Exercise and Bone Tissue 158 Aging and Bone Tissue 158 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Bone Scan 148 Osteoporosis 154 Key Medical Terms 158 ° Study Outline 159 ° Self Quiz Questions 160 ° Critical Thinking Questions 161 Answers to Figure Questions 161 141 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 162 Divisions of the Skeletal System 163 Skull (Cranium) 165 General Features and Functions 166 Nasal Septum 185 Orbits 185 Foramina 185 Unique Features of the Skull 187 Sutures 187 Paranasal Sinuses 188 Fontanels 188 Cranial Fossae 191 Hyoid Bone 192 Vertebral Column 193 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 193 Intervertébral Discs 194 Parts of a Typical Vmebra 195 Body 195 Vertebral Arch 195 Processes 195 Regions of the Vertebral Column 196 Thorax 206 XIV CONTENTS . CLINICAL CONNECTION Blade Eye 182 Cleft Palate and Cleft Up 183 Temporomandtbutar joint Syndrome 184 Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column 194 Caudal Anesthesia 205 Key Medical Terms 210 ° Study Outline 210 => Self-Quiz Questions 211 = Critical Thinking Questions 212 ° Answers to Figure Questions 212 b THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 213 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 214 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 228 False and True Pelves 233 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 234 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 234 Development of the Skeletal System 245 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Fractured Clavicle 216 Hip Fracture 232 PaieUofemoral Stress Syndrome 238 Bone Grafting 241 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 244 Key Medical Terms 247 » Study Outline 247 » Self-Quiz Questions 247 ° Critical Thinking Questions 249 ° Answers to Figure Questions 249 9 ! JOINTS 250 Joint Classifications 251 Ligaments 251 Fibrous Joints 252 Sutures 253 Syndesmoses 253 Interosseous Membranes 253 Cartilaginous Joints 253 Synchondroses 253 Symphyses 254 Synovial Joints 254 Structure of Synovial Joints 254 Articular Capsule 254 Synovial Fluid 254 Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Labra 254 Nerve and Blood Supply 256 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 256 Types of Synovial Joints 256 Planar Joints 256 Hinge Joints 256 Pivot Joints 258 Condyloid Joints 258 Saddle Joints 259 Ball-and-Socket Joints 259 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 259 Gliding 259 Angular Movements 259 Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 259 Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 260 Rotation 262 Special Movements 262 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 264 Selected Joints of the Body 266 Aging and Joints 282 . CLINICAL CONNECTION Tom Cartilage and Arthroscopy 256 Rheumatism and Arthritis 265 Dislocated Mandible 269 Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 271 Knee Injuries 279 Ankle Sprains and Fractures 282 Arthroplasty 283 Key Medical Tenns 2S4 ° Study Outline 284 ° Self-Quiz Questions 285 ° Critical Thinking Questions 286 Answers to Figure Questions 286 10 I MUSCULAR TISSUE 287 Overview of Muscular Tissue 288 Types of Muscular Tissue 288 Functions of Muscular Tissue 288 Properties of Muscular Tissue 288 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 289 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle 290 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 290 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 292 Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 292 Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 292 Filaments and the Sarcomere 292 Muscle Proteins 292 Nerve and Blood Supply 294 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 296 Muscle Tone 297 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 297 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 298 Slow Oxidative Fibers 298 Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 299 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 299 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 300 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 300 Smooth Muscle Tissue 300 Development of Muscles 304 Aging and Muscular Tissue 305 CLINICAL CONNECTION Electromyography 296 Muscular Dystrophy 298 Key Medical Tenns 305 ° Study Outline 305 ° Self-Quiz Questions 306 ° Critical Thinking Questions 307 Answers to Figure Questions 308 11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 309 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 310 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 310 Lever Systems 311 Effects of Fascicle Arrangement 312 Muscle Actions 312 Coordination Among Muscles 312 Structure and Function of Muscle Groups 313 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 314 Principal Skeletal Muscles 314 CONTENTS XV • CLINICAL CONNECTION Bell's Palsy 319 Strabismus 324 Intubation During Anesthesia 328 Inguinal Hernia 341 Injury of Levator Ani and Urinary Stress Incontinence 350 Impingement Syndrome 359 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 374 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 379 Groin Pull 385 Pulled Hamstrings 395 Shin Splint Syndrome 398 Plantar Fasciitis 405 Study Outline 410 ° Self-Quiz Questions 410 ° Critical Thinking Questions 412 ° Answers to Figure Questions 412 12 í SURFACE ANATOMY 413 Surface Anatomy of the Head 414 Surface Anatomy of the Neck 419 Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb (Extremity) 425 Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 430 Overview of Surface Anatomy 414 Study Outline 434 ® Self-Quiz Questions 434 ° Critical Thinking Questions 435 ° Апѕгиегѕ to Figure Questions 436 13 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 437 Functions of Blood 438 Physical Characteristics of Blood 438 Components of Blood 438 Blood Plasma 438 Formed Elements 440 Formation of Blood Cells 440 Red Blood Cells RBC Anatomy 443 RBC Functions 444 RBC Life Cycle 444 Erythropoiesis: Production of RBCs 444 Blood Group Systems 444 White Blood Cells 445 WBC ¿Anatomy and Types 445 Granular Leukocytes 446 Agranular Leukocytes 446 WBC Functions 446 Platelets 447 Stem Cell Transplants From Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood 449 443 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Bone Marrow Examination 441 Sickle-Cell Disease 445 Key Medical Terms 449 ° Study Outline 450 ° Self-Quiz Questions 451 ° Critical Thinking Questions 452 Answers to Figure Questions 452 I4 l THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 453 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 454 Structure and Function of the Heart 456 Pericardium 456 Layers of the Heart Wall 457 Chambers of the Heart 459 Right Atrium 460 Right Ventricle 462 Left Atrium 462 Left Ventricle 462 Myocardial Thickness and Function 463 Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 463 Heart Valves 463 Atrioventricular Valves 464 Semilunar Valves 464 Circulation of Blood 466 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 466 * Coronar^- Circulation 466 Coronary-Arteries 469 Coronary Veins 469 Cardiac Conduction System 470 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 472 Heart Sounds 472 Exercise and the Heart Development of the Heart 476 473 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Heart Valve Disorders 466 Coronary Artery Disease 473 Artificial Pacemakers 471 Key Medical Terms 478 ° Study Outline 418 ° Self-Quiz Questions 479 ° Critical Thinking Questions 480 Answers to Figure Questions 480 ! THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOODVESSELS 481 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 482 Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel 482 Tunica Interna (Intima) 482 Tunica Media 482 Tunica Externa 482 Arteries 484 Elastic Arteries 484 Muscular Arteries 484 Anastomoses 484 Atterioles 484 Capillaries 485 Venules 486 Veins 487 Blood Distribution 488 Circulatory Routes 490 Systemic Circulation 490 The Hepatic Portal Circulation 530 The Pulmonary Circulation 531 The Fetal Circulation 533 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 535 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 536 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Varicose Veins 488 Hypertension 536 Key Medical Tenns 537 u Study Outline 538 ° Self-Quiz Questions 538 ° Critical Thinking Questions 539 ° Answers to Figure Questions 540 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 541 542 Lymphatic System Structure and Functions Functions of the Lymphatic System 542 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 542 Lymphatic Capillaries 542 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 544 Formation and Flow of Lymph 544 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 546 Thymus 546 Lymph Nodes 547 Spleen 550 Lymphatic Nodules 550 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 552 XVI CONTENTS Development of Lymphatic Tissues 562 Aging and the Lymphatic System 562 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels 550 AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 562 Key Medical Terms 564 = Study Outline 564 => Self-Quiz Questions 565 ° Critical Thinking Questions 566 -■ Answers to Figure Questions 566 17 А, Я NERVOUS TISSUE 567 Overview of the Nervous System 568 Structures of the Nervous System 568 Organization of the Nervous System 568 Anatomical Organization 568 Functional Organization 568 Histology of Nervous Tissue 570 Neurons 571 Parts of a Neuron 571 Keurotransmitters 573 Structural Diversity in Neurons 573 Neuroglia 574 Neuroglia of the CNS 574 Neuroglia of the PNS 576 Myelination 576 Gray and White Matter 578 Neural Circuits 578 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 580 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 571 Multiple Sclerosis 578 Key Medical Tenns 581 ° Study Outline 581 =■ Self-Quiz Questions 581 ° Critical Thinking Questions 583 c Answers to Figure Questions 583 1_:_1 IO THE SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES 584 Spinal Cord Anatomy 585 Protective Structures 585 Vertebral Column 585 Meninges 585 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 586 Spinal Cord Anatomy 587 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 589 Spinal Nerves 593 Distribution of Spinal Nerves 593 Branches of Spinal Nerves 594 Plexuses 594 Intercostal Nerves 604 Dermatomes 604 Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 604 Spinal Cord Functions 605 Sensor}r and Motor Tracts 605 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 606 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Spinal Tap 589 Spinal Cord Injury 592 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 596 Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 598 Lumbar Plexus injuries éoi Sciatic Nerve Injury 602 Key Medical Terms 608 ° Study Outline 608 ~ Self-Quiz Questions 609 ° Critical Thinking Questions 610 ° Answers to Figure Questions 611 і _ 10 THE BRAIN AND THE CRANIAL NERVES 612 Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply 613 Major Parts of the Brain 613 Protective Coverings of the Brain 613 Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier 616 Cerebrospinal Fluid 616 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 617 Circulation of CSF 617 The Brain Stem 620 Medulla Oblongata 620 Pons 622 Midbrain 623 Reticular Formation 625 The Cerebellum 625 The Diencephalon 627 Thalamus 627 Hypothalamus 628 Epi thalamus 629 Circumventricular Organs 629 The Cerebrum 630 Lobes of the Cerebrum 631 Cerebral White Matter 631 Basal Ganglia 632 The Limbie System 633 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 636 Sensory Areas 636 Motor Areas 637 Association Areas 637 Hemispheric Lateralization 638 Brain Waves 638 Cranial Nerves 639 Olfactory (I) Nerve 639 Optic (II) Nerve 640 Oculomotor (ПІ) Nerve 640 Trochlear (IV) Nerve 641 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 642 Abducens (VI) Nerve 643 Facial (VU) Nerve 644 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 645 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 646 Vagus (X) Nerve 646 Accessory (XI) Nerve 647 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 649 Development of the Nervous System 653 Aging and the Nervous System 654 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Hydrocephalus 619 Brain Injuries 634 Cerebrovascular Accident 639 Key Medical Tenns 655 ГЈ Study Outline 655 ° Self-Quiz Questions 656 ° Critical Thinking Questions 658 ° Answers to Figure Questions 658 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 659 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomie Nervous Systems 660 Anatomy of Autonomie Motor Pathways 662 Anatomical Components of an Autonomie Motor Pathway 662 ^ Preganglionic Neurons 662 Autonomie Ganglia 662 Autonomie Plexuses 665 Postganglionic Neurons 666 Structure of the Sympathetic Division 667 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 668 Structure of the Enteric Division 669 CONTENTS XVII ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 669 Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 669 Adr energic Neurons and Receptors 670 Functions of the ANS 670 Sympathetic Responses 671 Parasympathetic Responses 671 Integration and Control of Autonomie Functions 674 Autonomie Reflexes 674 Autonomie Control by Higher Centers 674 • CUNJCAl CONNECTION Brogsani Recepto? Selectivity 671 Key Medical Tenns 674 ° Study Outline 675 ° Self-Quiz Questions 676 ° Critical Thinking Questions 677 Answers to Figure Questions 677 21 I SOMATIC SENSES AND MOTOR CONTROL 678 Overview of Sensations 679 Definition of Sensations 679 Characteristics of Sensations 679 Classification of Sensations 679 Types of Sensory Receptors 679 Somatic Sensations 680 Tactile Sensations 680 Touch 681 Pressure and Vibration 681 [tch and Tickle 681 Thermal Sensations 682 Pain Sensations 682 Types of Pain 682 Localization of Pain 682 Proprioceptive Sensations 683 Muscle Spindles 683 Tendon Organs 684 Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 684 Somatic Sensory Pathways 684 Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 685 Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 686 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 687 Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 688 Somatic Motor Pathways 689 Mapping the Motor Areas 689 Direct Motor Pathways 689 Indirect Motor Pathways 690 Roles of the Basal Ganglia 692 Roles of the Cerebellum 692 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 693 . CLINICAL CONNECTION Paralysis 689 Parkins» Disease 691 Key Medical Tenns 693 ° Study Outline 693 ° Self-Quiz Questions 694 ° Critical Thinking Questions 696 ° Answers to Figure Questions 696 22 ï SPECÍAL SENSES 697 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 698 Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 698 The Oltactoiv Pathway 699 Gustation: Sense of Taste 700 Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 700 The Gustatory Pathway 701 < Vision 702 Accessory Structures of the Eye 702 Eyelids 702 \ Eyelashes and Eyebrows 702 \ The Lacrimal Apparatus 702 Extrinsic Eye ¡Muscles 702 Anatomy of the Eyeball 704 Eibrous Tunic 704 Vascular Tunic 705 Retina 705 Lens 708 Interior of the Eyeball 708 The Visual Pathway 710 Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 710 Pathway in the Brain 710 Hearing and Equilibrium 711 Anatomy of the E'ar 711 External (Outer) Ear 711 Middle Ear 712 Internal (Inner) Ear 712 Mechanism of Hearing 717 The Auditor}· Pathway 718 Mechanism of Equilibrium 718 Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 719 Semicircular Ducts 719 Equilibrium Pathways 722 Development of the Eyes and Ears 723 Development of the Eyes 723 Development of the Ears 725 Aging and the Special Senses 726 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Major Causes of Blindness 706 Deafness 718 Key Medical Terms 726 ° Study Outline 727 ° Self-Quiz Questions 727 ° Critical Thinking Questions 729 ° Answers to Figure Questions 729 23 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 730 Endocrine Glands Defined 731 Hormones 731 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 732 Anterior Pituitary 734 Posterior Pituitary 734 Thyroid Gland 736 Parathyroid Glands 738 Adrenal Glands 740 Adrenal Cortex- 741 Adrenal Medulla 741 Pancreas 742 Ovaries and Testes 744 Pineal Gland 746 Thymus 746 Other Endocrine Tissues 746 Development of the Endocrine System 747 Aging and the Endocrine System 748 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Btodting Hetmene Recepters. 731 iiafeetes Metitas jąą Key Medical Terms 748 ° Study Outline 749 ° Self-Quiz Questions 750 ° Critical Thinking Questions 751 ° Answers Ћ Figure Questions 751 XVIII CONTENTS 2å ; THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 752 Respiratory System Anatomy 753 Nose 753 Pharynx 757 Larynx 758 The Structures of Voice Production 759 Trachea 761 Bronchi 762 Lungs 765 Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 766 Alveoli 767 Blood Supply to the Lungs 770 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 771 Inhalation 771 Exhalation 773 Regulation of Respiration 773 Role of the Respirator}^ Center 773 Medullary Rhythmicity Area 773 Pneumotaxic Area 774 Apneustic Area 774 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 774 Cortical Influences on Respiration 774 Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration 774 The Inflation Reflex 775 Exercise and the Respiratory System 776 Development of the Respiratory System 776 Aging and the Respiratory System 777 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Coryza and Influenza 757 Lung Cancer 771 Pneumonia 775 Key Medical Terms 777 · · Study Outline 778 ° Self-Quiz Questions 779 " Critical Thinking Questions 780 ° Answers to Figure Questions 780 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 781 Overview of the Digestive System 782 Layers of the GI Tract 782 Mucosa 782 Submucosa 784 Musmlaris 784 Serosa 784 Peritoneum 785 Mouth 787 Salivary Glands 788 Tongue 790 Teeth 790 Pharynx 793 Esophagus 793 Histology 793 Functions 794 Stomach 794 Anatomy 794 Histology 796 Functions 798 Pancreas 798 Anatomy 798 Histology 800 Liver and Gallbladder 800 Anatomy 800 Histology 801 Blood and Nerve Supply 804 Small Intestine 805 Anatomy 805 Histolog}' 806 Large Intestine 810 Anatomy 810 Histolog}7 811 Functions 812 Development of the Digestive System 814 Aging and the Digestive System 815 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Vomiting 798 Peptic Ulcer Disease 809 Colorectal Cancer 814 Key Medical Terms 816 ° Study Outline S 17 Self-Quiz Questions 818 < Criticul Thinking Questions 819 Ansivers to Figure Questions 820 Functions 800 Functions 804 Functions 807 THE URINARY SYSTEM 821 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 824 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 825 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 825 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 825 TheNephron 828 Parts of a Nephron 828 Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 831 Functions of Nephrons 833 Glomerular Filtration 833 Tubular Reabsorption 836 Tubular Secretion 836 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 836 Ureters 836 Urinary Bladder 838 Urethra 839 Development of the Urinary System 841 Aging and the Urinary System 842 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Kidney Transplant 828 Dialysis 835 Urinalysis 836 Key Medical Tenns 842 ° Study Outline 843 '■■ Self-Quiz Questions 844 ° Critical Thinking Questions 84) ° Answers to Figure Questions 845 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 846 Male Reproductive System 847 Scrotum 848 Testes 848 Sperm 852 Reproductive System Ducts in Males 852 Ducts of the Testis 852 Epididymis 852 Ductus Deferens 854 Ej aculatory Ducts 855 Urethra 856 Spermatic Cord 856 Accessory Sex Glands in Males 857 Seminal Vesicles 857 Prostate 857 Bulbourethral Glands 857 Semen 858 Penis 858 Female Reproductive System 860 Ovaries 860 Histology of the Ovaries 861 Oogénesis and Follicular Development 864 Uterine Tubes 866 Uterus 869 Vagina 871 Vulva 873 Perineum 875 Mammary Glands 875 Female Reproductive Cycle 878 Menstrual Phase 879 Events in the Ovaries 879 Events in the Uterus 879 Preovulatory Phase 879 Events in the Ovaries 880 Events in the Uterus 880 Ovulation 880 Postovulatoiy Phase 880 Events in the Ovaries 881 Events in the Uterus 881 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 883 Birth Control Methods 883 Surgical Sterilization 883 Hormonal Methods 883 Intrauterine Devices 884 Spermicides 884 Barrier Methods 884 Periodic Abstinence 884 Abortion 884 Development of the Reproductive Systems 885 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 885 • CLINICAL CONNECTION Prostate Cancer 857 Breast Cancer 876 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 880 Key Medical Terms 888 ° Study Outline 889 ° Self-Quiz Questions 890 ° Critical Thinking Questions 891 Aiiswers to Figure Questions 891 APPENDIX A MEASUREMENTS APPENDIXE ANSWERS B-2 GLOSSARY G-i CREDITS C-i INDEX 1-і A-i
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spellingShingle	Tortora, Gerard J. Nielsen, Mark T. Principles of human anatomy Anatomy Human anatomy Human physiology Physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4001895-7 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Principles of human anatomy
title_auth	Principles of human anatomy
title_exact_search	Principles of human anatomy
title_exact_search_txtP	Principles of human anatomy
title_full	Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora ; Mark T. Nielsen
title_fullStr	Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora ; Mark T. Nielsen
title_full_unstemmed	Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora ; Mark T. Nielsen
title_short	Principles of human anatomy
title_sort	principles of human anatomy
topic	Anatomy Human anatomy Human physiology Physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd
topic_facet	Anatomy Human anatomy Human physiology Physiology Anatomie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016585437&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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