The research imagination: an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Cambridge University Press
2007
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Publisher description Contributor biographical information Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and indexes |
| Physical Description: | xxii, 456 p. Ill., graph. Darst. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780521879729 9780521705554 052170555X |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The research imagination |b an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |c Paul S. Gray ... [et al.] |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Cambridge University Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a xxii, 456 p. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 26 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and indexes | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Sozialwissenschaften | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social sciences |x Research |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social sciences |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social surveys |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research |x Methodology | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804137785462882304 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE XIX 1 RESEARCH PROCESS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 WHAT IS
SOCIAL RESEARCH? 1 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 2 ADDING TO KNOWLEDGE 2
SOURCES OF DATA 2 SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE 3 WHAT IS METHODOLOGY? 3 THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD 4 THE RESEARCH CYCLE - THEORY 4 OBSERVATION AND
TESTING 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FINDINGS 5 A SHORT HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 6
COMMON SENSE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 7 WHY COMMON SENSE FAILS US, 8 *
DISTANCE, 8 * FAMILIARITY, NOT UNDERSTANDING, 8 * EMOTIONS, 9 PRINCIPLES
OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION 10 OBJECTIVITY, 10 * REPLICATION AND
RELIABILITY, 11 * PRECISION, 12 * VALIDITY, 12 THE CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
13 REMAINING QUESTIONS 13 SUMMARY 14 KEY TERMS 14 EXERCISES 15 SUGGESTED
READINGS 15 REFERENCES 15 2 THEORY AND METHOD 17 INTRODUCTION 17 THEORY
AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 18 WHAT THEORY LOOKS LIKE 18 TAXONOMIES, 18 *
MODETS, 20 * TYPOLOGIES, 21 * PARADIGMS, 22 DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION
, 23 THE VERIFICATION AND DISCOVERY OF THEORY 23 DEDUCTION, 23 *
INDUCTION, 24 VII VIII * THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH IDEAS CURIOSITY
PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY * ALREADY EXISTING THEORY
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE INTELLECTUAL CRAFTSMANSHIP LEARN ING THE CRAFT
USING RESEARCH IMAGINATION SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED
READINGS REFERENCES RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION THE RESEARCH COOKBOOK
MENUS AND RECIPES, 34 * BUDGETING, 35 * FROM KITCHEN TO TABLE, 36 THE
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH SELECTING A TOPIC CONCEPTUALIZING A TOPIC
CONCEPTS AND VARIABLES THE ROLE OF THE LITERATURE IN RESEARCH DESIGN
TYPES OF INFORMATION QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES STRATEGIES
OF DATA COLLECTION SPENDING TIME AND RESOURCES WISELY COLLECTING DATA
ANALYZING AND PROCESSING DATA MAKING INFERENCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER THE FINAL REPORT THE UPS AND DOWNS OF RESEARCH
AN EXAMPLE: A STUDY OF UNDERGRADUATE LIFE *HOW WAS THE TOPIC SELECTED?,
51 * HOW WAS THE TOPIC CONCEPTUALIZED?, 51 * HOW WAS A STRATEGY FOR DATA
COLLECTION SELECTED?, 52 * ISSUES OF DATA COLLECTION, 53 SUMMARY KEY
TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES REFERENCES MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT CONTENTS 25 25 25 26 26 28 29 29 30
30 31 31 31 31 33 34 34 37 37 37 38 39 40 42 43 46 47 48 49 49 49 50
51 54 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 CONTENTS IX NOMINAL MEASURES ORDINAL MEASURES
INTERVAL MEASURES RATIO MEASURES % PRECISION AND ACCURACY
OPERATIONAL1ZATION EXAMPLE: ASSESSING EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATION EXAMPLE:
ASSESSING HAPPINESS BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS EVALUATING RELIABILITY AND
VALIDITY THE CRITERION OF RELIABILITY THE CRITERION OF VALIDITY SOURCES
OF MEASUREMENT ERROR RANDOM ERROR SYSTEMATIC ERROR SITUATIONAL ERROR
PROBLEMS OF FACE VALIDITY PROBLEMS OF RELIABILITY IN THE RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT RESEARCHER BIAS RESPONDENT BIAS LYING AS A SOURCE OF ERROR
ERROR ARISING FROM SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES ERRORS IN DATA PROCESSING THE
SITUATIONAL NATURE OF VARIABLES MEASUREMENT IN THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES LACK OF CONSENSUS IN MEASUREMENT IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF
MEASUREMENT TRIANGULATION USING A VARIETY OF METHODS SUMMARY KEY TERMS
EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES ETHICAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVITY THE STRICT POSITION CRITICISM OF OBJECTIVITY
FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION TOPIC SELECTION CHOICE OF THEORY
FUNDING DATA COLLECTION IMPARTIALITY CONFIDENTIALITY DISGUISED
OBSERVATION 59 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 63 63 64 64 69 69 69 69 70 70 71 71
71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 78 78 81 82 82 82 83 84 84 84 85 86
86 87 87 ETHICS AND EXPERIMENTATION INFORMED CONSENT RESEARCH ON
CHILDREN ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS THE
FUDGING EFFECT APPRAISALS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS APPLICATION OF RESEARCH
RESULTS CO-OPTATION OR POTENCY? MISUSE OF INFORMATION SUMMARY KEY TERMS
EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES REFERENCES SAMPLING
INTRODUCTION POPULATIONS SAMPLING PLANS NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING, 104 * QUOTA SAMPLING, 104 * PURPOSIVE SAMPLING, 105
PROBABILITY SAMPLING RANDOM SAMPLING, 105 * PROBABILITY THEORY, 106 *
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING, 108 * STRATIFIED SAMPLING, 108 * CLUSTER SAMPLING,
110 * MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING, 110 COMBINING SAMPLING PLANS POLLING
RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE CONFIDENCE LEVELS
NONSAMPLING ERROR POOR SAMPLING FRAME NONRESPONSE BIAS IN PANELS
INTERNET POLLING BIAS IN RESPONDENT SELECTION SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH TIME SAMPLING PLACE SAMPLING EVENT SAMPLING STATUS, ROLE, AND
RELATIONSHIP SAMPLING SAMPLING AND THE CREATION OF THEORY SNOWBALL
SAMPLING SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES CONTENTS 88 90 91 93 93 94 94 94 95
95 96 96 97 98 101 102 103 104 104 105 111 112 112 112 113 113 114 114
114 115 115 115 116 116 116 117 117 117 118 118 119 CONTENTS XI
SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES 119 REFERENCES 120 7 SURVEY RESEARCH _
121 INTRODUCTION 122 SURVEY DESIGN 123 FORMULATING OBJECTIVES AND
HYPOTHESES 123 CHOOSING A TIME FRAME 124 CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN, 124 *
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, 125 * PANEL STUDIES, 125 PLANNING A SAMPLING
STRATEGY 126 CHOOSING A DATA-GATHERING TECHNIQUE 127 SELF-ADMINISTERED
QUESTIONNAIRES, 127 * FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS, 128 * TELEPHONE SURVEYS,
129 FORMULATING QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS 130 QUESTION CONTENT, 130 * MULTIPLE
INDICATORS, 132 * STRUCTURED VERSUS UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONS, 132 *
QUESTION WORDING, 134 CONSTRUCTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE 135 INTRODUCTION,
135 * INSTRUCTIONS, 136 * SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS, 136 * LAYOUT AND
RESPONSE FORMAT, 137 * PRETESTING, 138 SURVEY EXECUTION 139 THE
SELF-ADMINISTERED SURVEY 139 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY 139 PREPARATION, 140 *
DEVELOPING RAPPORT, 140 * PROVIDING A UNIFORM STIMULUS, 140 * PROBING,
141 * RECORDING RESPONSES, 141 PREPARING THE DATA FOR PROCESSING 141
PRECODING, 141 * CODING, 142 * PREPARING A CODEBOOK, 142 * ENTERING THE
DATA, 142 A HYPOTHETICAL SURVEY 143 DATA ANALYSIS 143 CODE CHECKING AND
CLEANING 143 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 144 SECONDARY ANALYSIS 144 DATA BANKS,
145 THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF SURVEY RESEARCH 145 SUMMARY 146
KEY TERMS 147 EXERCISES 147 SUGGESTED READINGS 147 REFERENCES 149 8
INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING 151 INTRODUCTION 152 APPLICATIONS OF INTENSIVE
INTERVIEWING 153 XII DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSIVE INTERVIEWS
COMMITMENT AND RECIPROCITY SHARED MEANINGS FLEXIBILITY ASSIMILATION
INTERVIEWING AND INDUCTION INTERVIEWING, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY
CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW DEGREES OF STRUCTURE ACCESS TO RESPONDENTS
PREPARATION EXECUTION SENSITIVE TOPICS: EMOTIONALITY GUIDELINES FOR
QUESTIONING RECORDING INFORMATION REMAINING IN CONTROL AVOIDING
OVERRAPPORT NONVERBAL SIGNS LIMITATIONS OF INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNIQUE TELEPHONE INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING
USING E-MAIL USING THE WORLD WIDE WEB SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES
SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES OBSERVATIONAL FIELD RESEARCH INTRODUCTION
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND BEYOND EXAMPLES FROM THE LITERATURE PROMISE AND
PROBLEMS DOING FIELDWORK BEGINNING THE RESEARCH: A QUESTION AND A
RESEARCH SITE GAINING ACCESS TAKING A ROLE SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS
DATA COLLECTION AND NOTE TAKING DESCRIPTIONS EXPLANATIONS LEAVING THE
FIELD FORMULATING AN ANALYSIS CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES DATA CODING FROM
ANALYSIS TO THEORY CONTENTS 155 156 157 159 159 160 160 161 161 161 163
163 166 166 166 , 170 170 171 171 173 173 174 174 175 176 176 176 177
179 180 180 181 181 183 183 186 187 190 191 192 193 194 194 195 197 198
CONTENTS LIMITATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL FIELD RESEARCH 198 NEW
DEVELOPMENTS IN QUALITATIVE FIELDWORK 200 CYBERSPACE AS A FIELD SETTING
200 COMPUTER-ASSISTED QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 201 QUALITATIVE DATA AND
THE POSTMODERN CRITIQUE 202 SUMMARY 202 KEY TERMS 203 EXERCISES 203
SUGGESTED READINGS 204 REFERENCES 207 10 FEMINIST METHODS 211
INTRODUCTION 212 MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES AND METHODOLOGIES 213 PATRIARCHAL
SCIENCE 215 BASICS OF FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY 216 FEMINIST STANDPOINT
THEORY 218 OUTSIDER WITHIN STATUS 218 PATRICIA HILL COLLTNS S BLACK
FEMINIST THOUGHT 218 DOROTHY SMITH: WOMEN S STANDPOINT 220 SANDRA
HARDING S CRITIQUE OF SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITY 222 FEMINIST METHODOLOGY
224 GRASSROOTS SOCIOLOGY 224 MAKING WOMEN S INVISIBLE EXPERIENCES
VISIBLE 225 A VIEW FROM BELOW 226 FEMINIST ACTIVISM AS PRODUCT OF
RESEARCH 226 WEBBED ACCOUNTS 227 PUTTING WOMEN RESEARCHERS IN THE
RESEARCH 227 COLLABORATION WITH RESEARCH SUBJECTS 227 ACCEPTANCE OF
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF WOMEN S KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS 228 MINIMIZING THE HARMS
OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 228 ISSUES AND CRITICISMS 228 ARE FEMINIST METHODS
EXCLUSIONARY? 228 CAN MEN DO FEMINIST RESEARCH? 229 DO MOST FEMINISTS
AVOID FEMINIST METHODS? 230 WHY BOTHER USING FEMINIST METHODS? 230
EXAMPLES OF FEMINIST RESEARCH 231 INCREASING VALIDITY WITH FEMINIST
METHODS 231 EXAMPLE: A FEMINIST REINTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE 233 NEWER
FEMINIST METHODS 233 SUMMARY 234 KEY TERMS 235 EXERCISES 235 SUGGESTED
READINGS 236 REFERENCES 237 XIV . CONTENTS 11 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 241
INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND CULTURE HISTORY AND THE GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES USING DATA
VERSUS GENERATING DATA GENERALIZABILITY POSTMODERNISM AND HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS USES OF HISTORY: SOME EXAMPLES ANALYZING EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
CHANGES IN URBAN LIFE THE HISTORICAL CASE STUDY PERSONAL DOCUMENTS LIFE
HISTORY REPORTS THE USE OF AVAILABLE RECORDS EXAMPLE: CHANGING ATTITUDES
TOWARD ABORTION EXAMPLE: THE PERSISTENCE OF INEQUALITY HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS IN PERSPECTIVE SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 241 243 243 245 245 246 246 247 247 248
248 250 251 252 , 252 254 255 255 256 256 257 257 259 263 INTRODUCTION
264 THE ELEMENTS OF TRUE EXPERIMENTATION 265 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
VARIABLES 265 EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS 265 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
266 ESTABLISHING CAUSALITY 267 THREATS TO VALIDITY IN EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH 268 INTERNAL VALIDITY 268 THE SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN 269
EXTERNAL VALIDITY 270 MODELING EFFECTS 271 SAMPLING AND GENERALIZABILITY
271 A LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 272 FIELD EXPERIMENTATION 272 QUASI-FIELD
EXPERIMENTS 275 A STUDY OF GROUP CULTURE 275 MORE QUASI-FIELD
EXPERIMENTS 276 DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS 277 A FINAL WORD 278 SUMMARY .
279 CONTENTS __. AV KEY TERMS : 280 EXERCISES 280 SUGGESTED READINGS
281 REFERENCES % 281 13 CONTENT ANALYSIS 283 INTRODUCTION AN OVERVIEW
OF THE METHOD OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS MANIFEST AND LATENT CONTENT APPLICATIONS OF CONTENT
ANALYSIS INFERENCES TO THE SOURCE OF COMMUNICATIONS INFERENCES TO
POPULATIONS: COMMUNICATION CONTENT AND SOCIAL VALUES EVALUATING THE
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATIONS PERFORMING CONTENT ANALYSIS SPECIFICATION OF
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM SAMPLING ITEMS CHOOSING THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
CATEGORY CONSTRUCTION COMPUTER-ASSISTED CONTENT ANALYSIS THE TECHNIQUE
IN PERSPECTIVE SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES
AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS 283 284 284 285 285 286 286 286 288 290 291 291
292 293 294 296 297 298 299 299 299 301 305 INTRODUCTION 305
APPLICATIONS OF AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS 306 USING CENSUS MATERIALS TO
STUDY RACE RELATIONS 307 ESTIMATED RATES AND TRUE RATES: THE CASE OF
CRIME STATISTICS 310 DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INDICATORS 311 FORECASTING
313 FALLACIES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF AGGREGATE DATA 316 THE ECOLOGICAL
FALLACY 317 THE ATOMISTIC FALLACY 318 SUMMARY 318 KEYTERMS 319 EXERCISES
319 SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES 320 REFERENCES 322 XVI COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS INTRODUCTION A BRIEF HISTORY WHY DO COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH? TESTING AND QUALIFYING EXISTING THEORIES TESTING THEORY
CROSS-CULTURALLY SPECIFYING THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEORY APPLIES
DISCOVERING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MACROLEVEL VARIABLES RELIABILITY AND
VALIDITY ISSUES FIELDWORK ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA FILES HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH COMPARATIVE SURVEY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT
EQUIVALENCE COMPARATIVE SAMPLING AND INTERVIEWING SECONDARY DATA
ANALYSIS THE NATION AS A UNIT OF AGGREGATION TWO EXAMPLES WARNING: USE
WITH CARE OTHER COMPARATIVE TECHNIQUES SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES
SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES REFERENCES EVALUATION RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION AN EXAMPLE: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
EVALUATION RESEARCH THE EVALUATOR S ROLE FORMATIVE EVALUATION SUMMATIVE
EVALUATION RESISTANCE TO THE EVALUATION: OUTSIDERS AND INSIDERS
EVALUATION RESEARCH PROCESS FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM . RESEARCH DESIGN
SOURCES OF DATA SAMPLING FOCUS GROUPS MEASUREMENT AND VARIABLES ONE-SHOT
AND BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDIES EXPERIMENTATION AND EVALUATION DIFFICULTIES
IN IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH DESIGN ACTION RESEARCH OUTCOME MAPPING CONTENTS
325 326 326 327 327 329 329 330 331 331 332 333 335 335 337 337 338 338
339 340 341 342 342 343 345 349 350 350 352 353 353 354 354 356 356 358
359 360 361 362 362 363 364 366 366 CONTENTS UTILIZATION OF RESULTS FOR
DECISION MAKING SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES * SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES 17 INDEXES AND SCALES INTRODUCTION AN EXAMPLE: THE CONSUMER
PRICE INDEX INDEX CONSTRUCTION ITEM SELECTION FACE VALIDITY
UNIDIMENSIONALITY ACHIEVING CONCEPTUAL BALANCE STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIP
AMONG ITEMS INDEX SCORING THE RANGE AND NUMBERING OF RESPONSE CATEGORIES
WEIGHTING OF INDEX ITEMS COPING WITH MISSING DATA INDEX VALIDATION
INTERNAL VALIDATION EXTERNAL VALIDATION THE SCALING OF RESPONSES
MEASURING INTENSITY AND RESPONSE PATTERNS SOME WELL-KNOWN SCALING
TECHNIQUES THE BOGARDUS SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE, 388 * THURSTONE SCALING,
389 * GUTTMAN SCALING, 390 STANDARDIZATION OF COMPOSITE MEASURES THE
POLITICS OF MEASUREMENT SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS
AND SOURCES REFERENCES 18 BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS MARGINALS CENTRAL TENDENCY AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY GROUPING AND RECODING DATA BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
CROSS-TABULATION COMPUTING PERCENTAGES FOR CROSS-TABULATIONS 368 369 370
370 371 372 375 376 377 378 378 378 379 379 379 381 381 383 384 385 385
386 386 387 388 392 393 394 394 395 395 396 397 397 398 398 399 401 403
404 405 405 XVII XVIII CONTENTS MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION 406 CORRELATION,
407 OTHER MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION 409 STATISTICAL CONTROL 4 410 THE
ELABORATION PARADIGM 410 EXPLANATION, 411 * INTERPRETATION, 412 *
SPECIFICATION, 412 * SUPPRESSOR VARIABLES, 414 PARTIAL CORRELATION 415
SUMMARY 417 KEY TERMS 418 EXERCISES 418 SUGGESTED READINGS 419
REFERENCES 419 19 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS AND STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 421
INTRODUCTION 421 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 421 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 421
PATH ANALYSIS 424 OTHER MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES 425 STATISTICAL
INFERENCE 426 TESTS OF STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 426 THE MISUSE OF
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE 428 SUMMARY 429 KEY TERMS * 430 EXERCISES 430
SUGGESTED READINGS 431 REFERENCES * 432 EPILOGUE: THE VALUE AND LIMITS
OF SOCIAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE 433 A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE 433 THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE RULES OF INVESTIGATION 433 SCIENCE AS A BLUEPRINT;
IMAGINATION AS INSPIRATION 434 TOLERANCE FOR AMBIGUITY: LIMITS TO
POSITIVISM? 434 SOLVING SOCIAL PROBLEMS: DATA AND DEMOCRACY 436 APPENDIX
A: A PRECODED QUESTIONNAIRE 439 APPENDIX B: EXCERPT FROM A CODEBOOK 442
AUTHOR INDEX 445 SUBJECT INDEX 449
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE XIX 1 RESEARCH PROCESS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 WHAT IS
SOCIAL RESEARCH? 1 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 2 ADDING TO KNOWLEDGE 2
SOURCES OF DATA 2 SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE 3 WHAT IS METHODOLOGY? 3 THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD 4 THE RESEARCH CYCLE - THEORY 4 OBSERVATION AND
TESTING 5 CONCLUSIONS AND FINDINGS 5 A SHORT HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE 6
COMMON SENSE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 7 WHY COMMON SENSE FAILS US, 8 *
DISTANCE, 8 * FAMILIARITY, NOT UNDERSTANDING, 8 * EMOTIONS, 9 PRINCIPLES
OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION 10 OBJECTIVITY, 10 * REPLICATION AND
RELIABILITY, 11 * PRECISION, 12 * VALIDITY, 12 THE CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
13 REMAINING QUESTIONS 13 SUMMARY 14 KEY TERMS 14 EXERCISES 15 SUGGESTED
READINGS 15 REFERENCES 15 2 THEORY AND METHOD 17 INTRODUCTION 17 THEORY
AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 18 WHAT THEORY LOOKS LIKE 18 TAXONOMIES, 18 *
MODETS, 20 * TYPOLOGIES, 21 * PARADIGMS, 22 DESCRIPTION AND EXPLANATION
, 23 THE VERIFICATION AND DISCOVERY OF THEORY 23 DEDUCTION, 23 *
INDUCTION, 24 VII VIII * THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH IDEAS CURIOSITY
PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY * ALREADY EXISTING THEORY
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE INTELLECTUAL CRAFTSMANSHIP LEARN ING THE CRAFT
USING RESEARCH IMAGINATION SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED
READINGS REFERENCES RESEARCH DESIGN INTRODUCTION THE RESEARCH COOKBOOK
MENUS AND RECIPES, 34 * BUDGETING, 35 * FROM KITCHEN TO TABLE, 36 THE
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH SELECTING A TOPIC CONCEPTUALIZING A TOPIC
CONCEPTS AND VARIABLES THE ROLE OF THE LITERATURE IN RESEARCH DESIGN
TYPES OF INFORMATION QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES STRATEGIES
OF DATA COLLECTION SPENDING TIME AND RESOURCES WISELY' COLLECTING DATA
ANALYZING AND PROCESSING DATA MAKING INFERENCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER THE FINAL REPORT THE UPS AND DOWNS OF RESEARCH
AN EXAMPLE: A STUDY OF UNDERGRADUATE LIFE *HOW WAS THE TOPIC SELECTED?,
51 * HOW WAS THE TOPIC CONCEPTUALIZED?, 51 * HOW WAS A STRATEGY FOR DATA
COLLECTION SELECTED?, 52 * ISSUES OF DATA COLLECTION, 53 SUMMARY KEY
TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES REFERENCES MEASUREMENT
INTRODUCTION LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT CONTENTS 25 25 25 26 26 28 29 29 30
30 31 31 31 31 33 ' 34 34 37 37 37 38 39 40 42 43 46 47 48 49 49 49 50
51 54 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 CONTENTS IX NOMINAL MEASURES ORDINAL MEASURES
INTERVAL MEASURES RATIO MEASURES % PRECISION AND ACCURACY
OPERATIONAL1ZATION EXAMPLE: ASSESSING EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATION EXAMPLE:
ASSESSING HAPPINESS BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS EVALUATING RELIABILITY AND
VALIDITY THE CRITERION OF RELIABILITY THE CRITERION OF VALIDITY SOURCES
OF MEASUREMENT ERROR RANDOM ERROR SYSTEMATIC ERROR SITUATIONAL ERROR
PROBLEMS OF FACE VALIDITY PROBLEMS OF RELIABILITY IN THE RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT RESEARCHER BIAS RESPONDENT BIAS LYING AS A SOURCE OF ERROR
ERROR ARISING FROM SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES ERRORS IN DATA PROCESSING THE
SITUATIONAL NATURE OF VARIABLES MEASUREMENT IN THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES LACK OF CONSENSUS IN MEASUREMENT IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF
MEASUREMENT TRIANGULATION USING A VARIETY OF METHODS SUMMARY KEY TERMS
EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES ETHICAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVITY THE STRICT POSITION CRITICISM OF OBJECTIVITY
FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION TOPIC SELECTION CHOICE OF THEORY
FUNDING DATA COLLECTION IMPARTIALITY CONFIDENTIALITY DISGUISED
OBSERVATION 59 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 63 63 64 64 69 69 69 69 70 70 71 71
71 72 72 73 73 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 78 78 81 82 82 82 83 84 84 84 85 86
86 87 87 ETHICS AND EXPERIMENTATION INFORMED CONSENT RESEARCH ON
CHILDREN ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION OF RESULTS THE
FUDGING EFFECT APPRAISALS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS APPLICATION OF RESEARCH
RESULTS CO-OPTATION OR POTENCY? MISUSE OF INFORMATION SUMMARY KEY TERMS
EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES REFERENCES SAMPLING
INTRODUCTION POPULATIONS SAMPLING PLANS NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING, 104 * QUOTA SAMPLING, 104 * PURPOSIVE SAMPLING, 105
PROBABILITY SAMPLING RANDOM SAMPLING, 105 * PROBABILITY THEORY, 106 *
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING, 108 * STRATIFIED SAMPLING, 108 * CLUSTER SAMPLING,
110 * MULTISTAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING, 110 COMBINING SAMPLING PLANS POLLING
RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE CONFIDENCE LEVELS
NONSAMPLING ERROR POOR SAMPLING FRAME NONRESPONSE BIAS IN PANELS
INTERNET POLLING BIAS IN RESPONDENT SELECTION SAMPLING IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH TIME SAMPLING PLACE SAMPLING EVENT SAMPLING STATUS, ROLE, AND
RELATIONSHIP SAMPLING SAMPLING AND THE CREATION OF THEORY SNOWBALL
SAMPLING SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES CONTENTS 88 90 91 93 93 94 94 94 95
95 96 96 97 98 101 102 103 104 104 105 111 112 112 112 113 113 114 114
114 115 115 115 116 116 116 117 117 117 118 118 119 CONTENTS XI
SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES 119 REFERENCES 120 7 SURVEY RESEARCH ' _
121 INTRODUCTION 122 SURVEY DESIGN 123 FORMULATING OBJECTIVES AND
HYPOTHESES 123 CHOOSING A TIME FRAME 124 CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN, 124 *
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN, 125 * PANEL STUDIES, 125 PLANNING A SAMPLING
STRATEGY 126 CHOOSING A DATA-GATHERING TECHNIQUE 127 SELF-ADMINISTERED
QUESTIONNAIRES, 127 * FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS, 128 * TELEPHONE SURVEYS,
129 FORMULATING QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS 130 QUESTION CONTENT, 130 * MULTIPLE
INDICATORS, 132 * STRUCTURED VERSUS UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONS, 132 *
QUESTION WORDING, 134 CONSTRUCTING THE QUESTIONNAIRE 135 INTRODUCTION,
135 * INSTRUCTIONS, 136 * SEQUENCE OF QUESTIONS, 136 * LAYOUT AND
RESPONSE FORMAT, 137 * PRETESTING, 138 SURVEY EXECUTION 139 THE
SELF-ADMINISTERED SURVEY 139 THE INTERVIEW SURVEY 139 PREPARATION, 140 *
DEVELOPING RAPPORT, 140 * PROVIDING A UNIFORM STIMULUS, 140 * PROBING,
141 * RECORDING RESPONSES, 141 PREPARING THE DATA FOR PROCESSING 141
PRECODING, 141 * CODING, 142 * PREPARING A CODEBOOK, 142 * ENTERING THE
DATA, 142 A HYPOTHETICAL SURVEY 143 DATA ANALYSIS 143 CODE CHECKING AND
CLEANING 143 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 144 SECONDARY ANALYSIS 144 DATA BANKS,
145 THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF SURVEY RESEARCH 145 SUMMARY " 146
KEY TERMS 147 EXERCISES 147 SUGGESTED READINGS 147 REFERENCES 149 8
INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING 151 INTRODUCTION 152 APPLICATIONS OF INTENSIVE
INTERVIEWING 153 XII DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF INTENSIVE INTERVIEWS
COMMITMENT AND RECIPROCITY SHARED MEANINGS FLEXIBILITY ASSIMILATION
INTERVIEWING AND INDUCTION INTERVIEWING, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY
CONDUCTING AN INTERVIEW DEGREES OF STRUCTURE ACCESS TO RESPONDENTS
PREPARATION EXECUTION SENSITIVE TOPICS: EMOTIONALITY GUIDELINES FOR
QUESTIONING RECORDING INFORMATION REMAINING IN CONTROL AVOIDING
OVERRAPPORT NONVERBAL SIGNS LIMITATIONS OF INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING
CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNIQUE TELEPHONE INTENSIVE INTERVIEWING
USING E-MAIL USING THE WORLD WIDE WEB SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES
SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES OBSERVATIONAL FIELD RESEARCH INTRODUCTION
THE CHICAGO SCHOOL AND BEYOND EXAMPLES FROM THE LITERATURE PROMISE AND
PROBLEMS DOING FIELDWORK BEGINNING THE RESEARCH: A QUESTION AND A
RESEARCH SITE GAINING ACCESS TAKING A ROLE SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS
DATA COLLECTION AND NOTE TAKING DESCRIPTIONS EXPLANATIONS LEAVING THE
FIELD FORMULATING AN ANALYSIS CONCEPTUAL CATEGORIES DATA CODING FROM
ANALYSIS TO THEORY CONTENTS 155 156 157 159 159 160 160 161 161 161 163
163 166 166 166 , 170 170 171 171 173 173 174 174 175 176 176 176 177
179 180 180 181 181 183 183 186 187 190 191 192 193 194 194 195 197 198
CONTENTS LIMITATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL FIELD RESEARCH 198 NEW
DEVELOPMENTS IN QUALITATIVE FIELDWORK 200 CYBERSPACE AS A FIELD SETTING
200 COMPUTER-ASSISTED QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 201 QUALITATIVE DATA AND
THE POSTMODERN CRITIQUE 202 SUMMARY 202 KEY TERMS 203 EXERCISES 203
SUGGESTED READINGS 204 REFERENCES 207 10 FEMINIST METHODS 211
INTRODUCTION 212 MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES AND METHODOLOGIES 213 PATRIARCHAL
SCIENCE 215 BASICS OF FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY 216 FEMINIST STANDPOINT
THEORY 218 "OUTSIDER WITHIN" STATUS 218 PATRICIA HILL COLLTNS'S BLACK
FEMINIST THOUGHT 218 DOROTHY SMITH: WOMEN'S STANDPOINT 220 SANDRA
HARDING'S CRITIQUE OF SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVITY 222 FEMINIST METHODOLOGY
224 GRASSROOTS SOCIOLOGY 224 MAKING WOMEN'S INVISIBLE EXPERIENCES
VISIBLE 225 A VIEW FROM BELOW 226 FEMINIST ACTIVISM AS PRODUCT OF
RESEARCH 226 WEBBED ACCOUNTS 227 PUTTING WOMEN RESEARCHERS IN THE
RESEARCH 227 COLLABORATION WITH RESEARCH SUBJECTS 227 ACCEPTANCE OF
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF WOMEN'S KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS 228 MINIMIZING THE HARMS
OF SOCIAL RESEARCH 228 ISSUES AND CRITICISMS 228 ARE FEMINIST METHODS
EXCLUSIONARY? 228 CAN MEN DO FEMINIST RESEARCH? 229 DO MOST FEMINISTS
AVOID FEMINIST METHODS? 230 WHY BOTHER USING FEMINIST METHODS? 230
EXAMPLES OF FEMINIST RESEARCH 231 INCREASING VALIDITY WITH FEMINIST
METHODS 231 EXAMPLE: A FEMINIST REINTERPRETATION OF THE BIBLE 233 NEWER
FEMINIST METHODS 233 SUMMARY 234 KEY TERMS 235 EXERCISES 235 SUGGESTED
READINGS 236 REFERENCES 237 XIV . CONTENTS 11 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 241
INTRODUCTION HISTORY AND CULTURE HISTORY AND THE GROWTH OF KNOWLEDGE
SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES USING DATA
VERSUS GENERATING DATA GENERALIZABILITY POSTMODERNISM AND HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS USES OF HISTORY: SOME EXAMPLES ANALYZING EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
CHANGES IN URBAN LIFE THE HISTORICAL CASE STUDY PERSONAL DOCUMENTS LIFE
HISTORY REPORTS THE USE OF AVAILABLE RECORDS EXAMPLE: CHANGING ATTITUDES
TOWARD ABORTION EXAMPLE: THE PERSISTENCE OF INEQUALITY HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS IN PERSPECTIVE SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 241 243 243 245 245 246 246 247 247 248
248 250 251 252 , 252 254 255 255 256 256 257 257 259 263 INTRODUCTION
264 THE ELEMENTS OF TRUE EXPERIMENTATION 265 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
VARIABLES 265 EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS 265 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
266 ESTABLISHING CAUSALITY 267 THREATS TO VALIDITY IN EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH 268 INTERNAL VALIDITY 268 THE SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN 269
EXTERNAL VALIDITY 270 MODELING EFFECTS 271 SAMPLING AND GENERALIZABILITY
271 A LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 272 FIELD EXPERIMENTATION 272 QUASI-FIELD
EXPERIMENTS 275 A STUDY OF GROUP CULTURE 275 MORE QUASI-FIELD
EXPERIMENTS 276 DEMONSTRATION EXPERIMENTS 277 A FINAL WORD 278 SUMMARY .
279 CONTENTS _. AV KEY TERMS : 280 ' EXERCISES 280 SUGGESTED READINGS
281 REFERENCES % 281 13 CONTENT ANALYSIS 283 INTRODUCTION AN OVERVIEW
OF THE METHOD OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS MANIFEST AND LATENT CONTENT APPLICATIONS OF CONTENT
ANALYSIS INFERENCES TO THE SOURCE OF COMMUNICATIONS INFERENCES TO
POPULATIONS: COMMUNICATION CONTENT AND SOCIAL VALUES EVALUATING THE
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATIONS PERFORMING CONTENT ANALYSIS SPECIFICATION OF
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM SAMPLING ITEMS CHOOSING THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
CATEGORY CONSTRUCTION COMPUTER-ASSISTED CONTENT ANALYSIS THE TECHNIQUE
IN PERSPECTIVE SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS REFERENCES
AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS 283 284 284 285 285 286 286 286 288 290 291 291
292 293 294 296 297 298 299 299 299 301 305 INTRODUCTION 305
APPLICATIONS OF AGGREGATE DATA ANALYSIS 306 USING CENSUS MATERIALS TO
STUDY RACE RELATIONS 307 ESTIMATED RATES AND TRUE RATES: THE CASE OF
CRIME STATISTICS 310 DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL INDICATORS 311 FORECASTING
313 FALLACIES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF AGGREGATE DATA 316 THE ECOLOGICAL
FALLACY 317 THE ATOMISTIC FALLACY 318 SUMMARY 318 KEYTERMS 319 EXERCISES
319 SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES 320 REFERENCES 322 XVI COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH METHODS INTRODUCTION A BRIEF HISTORY WHY DO COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH? TESTING AND QUALIFYING EXISTING THEORIES TESTING THEORY
CROSS-CULTURALLY SPECIFYING THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEORY APPLIES
DISCOVERING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MACROLEVEL VARIABLES RELIABILITY AND
VALIDITY ISSUES FIELDWORK ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA FILES HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH COMPARATIVE SURVEY RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL AND MEASUREMENT
EQUIVALENCE COMPARATIVE SAMPLING AND INTERVIEWING SECONDARY DATA
ANALYSIS THE NATION AS A UNIT OF AGGREGATION TWO EXAMPLES WARNING: USE
WITH CARE OTHER COMPARATIVE TECHNIQUES SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES
SUGGESTED READINGS AND SOURCES REFERENCES EVALUATION RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION AN EXAMPLE: PEDESTRIAN SAFETY' THE SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
EVALUATION RESEARCH THE EVALUATOR'S ROLE FORMATIVE EVALUATION SUMMATIVE
EVALUATION RESISTANCE TO THE EVALUATION: OUTSIDERS AND INSIDERS
EVALUATION RESEARCH PROCESS FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM . RESEARCH DESIGN
SOURCES OF DATA SAMPLING FOCUS GROUPS MEASUREMENT AND VARIABLES ONE-SHOT
AND BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDIES EXPERIMENTATION AND EVALUATION DIFFICULTIES
IN IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH DESIGN ACTION RESEARCH OUTCOME MAPPING CONTENTS
325 326 326 327 327 329 329 330 331 331 332 333 335 335 337 337 338 338
339 340 341 342 342 343 345 349 350 350 352 353 353 354 354 356 356 358
359 360 361 362 362 363 364 366 366 CONTENTS UTILIZATION OF RESULTS FOR
DECISION MAKING SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES * SUGGESTED READINGS
REFERENCES 17 INDEXES AND SCALES INTRODUCTION AN EXAMPLE: THE CONSUMER
PRICE INDEX INDEX CONSTRUCTION ITEM SELECTION FACE VALIDITY
UNIDIMENSIONALITY ACHIEVING CONCEPTUAL BALANCE STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIP
AMONG ITEMS INDEX SCORING THE RANGE AND NUMBERING OF RESPONSE CATEGORIES
WEIGHTING OF INDEX ITEMS COPING WITH MISSING DATA INDEX VALIDATION
INTERNAL VALIDATION EXTERNAL VALIDATION THE SCALING OF RESPONSES
MEASURING INTENSITY AND RESPONSE PATTERNS SOME WELL-KNOWN SCALING
TECHNIQUES THE BOGARDUS SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE, 388 * THURSTONE SCALING,
389 * GUTTMAN SCALING, 390 STANDARDIZATION OF COMPOSITE MEASURES THE
POLITICS OF MEASUREMENT SUMMARY KEY TERMS EXERCISES SUGGESTED READINGS
AND SOURCES REFERENCES 18 BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION
UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS MARGINALS CENTRAL TENDENCY AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY GROUPING AND RECODING DATA BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
CROSS-TABULATION COMPUTING PERCENTAGES FOR CROSS-TABULATIONS 368 369 370
370 371 372 375 376 377 378 378 378 379 379 379 381 381 383 384 385 385
386 386 387 388 392 393 394 394 395 395 396 397 397 398 398 399 401 403
404 405 405 XVII XVIII CONTENTS MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION 406 CORRELATION,
407 OTHER MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION 409 STATISTICAL CONTROL 4 410 THE
ELABORATION PARADIGM 410 EXPLANATION, 411 * INTERPRETATION, 412 *
SPECIFICATION, 412 * SUPPRESSOR VARIABLES, 414 PARTIAL CORRELATION 415
SUMMARY 417 KEY TERMS 418 EXERCISES 418 SUGGESTED READINGS 419
REFERENCES 419 19 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS AND STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 421
INTRODUCTION ' 421 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 421 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 421
PATH ANALYSIS 424 OTHER MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES 425 STATISTICAL
INFERENCE ' 426 TESTS OF STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE 426 THE MISUSE OF
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE 428 SUMMARY 429 KEY TERMS * 430 EXERCISES 430
SUGGESTED READINGS 431 REFERENCES * 432 EPILOGUE: THE VALUE AND LIMITS
OF SOCIAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE 433 A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE 433 THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE RULES OF INVESTIGATION 433 SCIENCE AS A BLUEPRINT;
IMAGINATION AS INSPIRATION 434 TOLERANCE FOR AMBIGUITY: LIMITS TO
POSITIVISM? 434 SOLVING SOCIAL PROBLEMS: DATA AND DEMOCRACY 436 APPENDIX
A: A PRECODED QUESTIONNAIRE 439 APPENDIX B: EXCERPT FROM A CODEBOOK 442
AUTHOR INDEX 445 SUBJECT INDEX 449 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T21:24:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:17:49Z |
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| isbn | 9780521879729 9780521705554 052170555X |
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| spelling | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods Paul S. Gray ... [et al.] 1. publ. New York [u.a.] Cambridge University Press 2007 xxii, 456 p. Ill., graph. Darst. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and indexes Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social sciences Methodology Social surveys Methodology Research Methodology Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd rswk-swf Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd rswk-swf Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 s Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 s DE-604 Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 s DE-188 Gray, Paul S. 1943- Sonstige (DE-588)133732789 oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip079/2007002706.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007002706-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007002706-b.html Contributor biographical information SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584870&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social sciences Methodology Social surveys Methodology Research Methodology Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4155046-8 (DE-588)4232139-6 (DE-588)4137346-7 (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |
| title_auth | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |
| title_exact_search | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |
| title_full | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods Paul S. Gray ... [et al.] |
| title_fullStr | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods Paul S. Gray ... [et al.] |
| title_full_unstemmed | The research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods Paul S. Gray ... [et al.] |
| title_short | The research imagination |
| title_sort | the research imagination an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |
| title_sub | an introduction to qualitative and quantitative methods |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social sciences Methodology Social surveys Methodology Research Methodology Forschungsmethode (DE-588)4155046-8 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd Qualitative Methode (DE-588)4137346-7 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Research Methodology Social sciences Methodology Social surveys Methodology Research Methodology Forschungsmethode Quantitative Methode Qualitative Methode Lehrbuch |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip079/2007002706.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007002706-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0729/2007002706-b.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584870&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT graypauls theresearchimaginationanintroductiontoqualitativeandquantitativemethods |