Verfügbarkeit: Human factors in simple and complex systems

Human factors in simple and complex systems:

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1. Verfasser:	Proctor, Robert W. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2008
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schlagworte:	Ergonomie Ingénierie des systèmes Sens et sensations Human engineering Systems engineering Arbeitspsychologie Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation Industrial Engineering
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Beschreibung:	XV, 679 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9780805841190

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................xiii Authors ............................................................................................................................................xv PART I Historical Foundations of Human Factors Chapter 1 Historical Foundations of Human Factors ...................................................................3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................3 Electronic and Digital Equipment .................................................................................................4 Computer Technology ..................................................................................................................4 Serious Accidents Resulting from Major System Failures ...........................................................6 What Is Human Factors and Ergonomics? .......................................................................................8 Definition ......................................................................................................................................9 Basic Human Performance ......................................................................................................... 10 Human-Machine Systems and Domains of Specialization ........................................................ 10 Historical Antecedents .................................................................................................................... 13 Psychology of Human Performance ........................................................................................... 13 Human Performance in Applied Settings ................................................................................... 16 Biomechanics and Physiology of Human Performance ............................................................. 18 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 19 Emergence of the Human Factors Profession ................................................................................. 19 Contemporary Human Factors ........................................................................................................22 Summary .........................................................................................................................................23 Recommended Readings .................................................................................................................23 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Human Factors ........................................................................25 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................25 Distinguishing Features of Science .................................................................................................26 Foundations of Science ...............................................................................................................27 Scientific Method ........................................................................................................................27 Goals of Science .........................................................................................................................29 Measurement ...................................................................................................................................30 Reliability, Validity, and Control ...............................................................................................31 Research Methods ...........................................................................................................................32 Descriptive Methods ...................................................................................................................33 Correlational and Differential Research .....................................................................................37 Experimental Methods ................................................................................................................38 Summary .....................................................................................................................................39 Statistical Methods ..........................................................................................................................40 Descriptive Statistics ...................................................................................................................40 Inferential Statistics .....................................................................................................................45 Study Evaluating Human Factors Design .......................................................................................49 Summary .........................................................................................................................................52 Recommended Readings .................................................................................................................52 Chapter 3 Reliability and Human Error in Systems ...................................................................53 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................53 Central Concept in Human Factors: The System ...........................................................................54 Implications of the System Concept ...........................................................................................54 System Variables .........................................................................................................................55 Summary .....................................................................................................................................58 Human EiTor ...................................................................................................................................58 Why Human Error Occurs ..........................................................................................................59 Error Taxonomies .......................................................................................................................60 Summary .....................................................................................................................................63 Reliability Analysis .........................................................................................................................65 System Reliability .......................................................................................................................65 Human Reliability .......................................................................................................................68 Probabilistic Risk Analysis .........................................................................................................78 Summary .........................................................................................................................................78 Recommended Readings .................................................................................................................79 Chapter 4 Human Information Processing .................................................................................81 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................81 Three-Stage Model ..........................................................................................................................83 Perceptual Stage ..........................................................................................................................83 Cognitive Stage ...........................................................................................................................83 Action Stage ................................................................................................................................84 Human Information Processing and the Three-Stage Model .....................................................84 Psychological Representation of the Physical World .....................................................................87 Classical Methods for Detection and Discrimination .................................................................88 Signal Detection ..........................................................................................................................90 Psychophysical Scaling ...............................................................................................................95 Information Theory .........................................................................................................................97 Chronometrie Methods ................................................................................................................. 101 Subtractive Logic ......................................................................................................................102 Additive-Factors Logic ............................................................................................................. 103 Continuous Information Accumulation .................................................................................... 104 Psychophysiological Measures ..................................................................................................... 105 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 107 Recommended Readings ............................................................................................................... 107 PART II Perceptual Factors and Their Applications Chapter 5 Visual Perception ..................................................................................................... 111 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... Ш Properties of Sensory Systems .................................................................................................. 111 Visual Sensory System ................................................................................................................. 112 Focusing System ....................................................................................................................... 113 Retina ........................................................................................................................................ 119 Visual Pathways ........................................................................................................................ 123 Aspects of Visual Perception ........................................................................................................ 125 Brightness .................................................................................................................................. 125 Lightness ................................................................................................................................... 130 Spatial and Temporal Resolution ..............................................................................................131 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 136 Recommended Readings ............................................................................................................... 136 Chapter 6 Perception of Objects in the World ......................................................................... 137 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 137 Color Perception ........................................................................................................................... 137 Color Mixing ............................................................................................................................. 138 Trichromatic Theory ................................................................................................................. 140 Opponent Process Theory ......................................................................................................... 141 Human Factors Issues ............................................................................................................... 141 Perceptual Organization ................................................................................................................ 142 Figure and Ground .................................................................................................................... 142 Grouping Principles .................................................................................................................. 144 Depth Perception ........................................................................................................................... 148 Oculomotor Cues ...................................................................................................................... 148 Monocular Visual Cues ............................................................................................................ 149 Binocular Visual Cues .............................................................................................................. 154 Size and Shape Constancy ........................................................................................................ 157 Illusions of Size and Direction ................................................................................................. 158 Perception of Motion .................................................................................................................... 159 Object Motion ........................................................................................................................... 160 Induced Motion ......................................................................................................................... 160 Apparent Motion ....................................................................................................................... 161 Pattern Recognition ....................................................................................................................... 161 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 163 Recommended Readings ............................................................................................................... 164 Chapter 7 Hearing, Proprioception, and the Chemical Senses ................................................ 165 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 165 Hearing .......................................................................................................................................... 165 Sound ........................................................................................................................................ 166 Auditory Sensory System ............................................................................................................. 167 Perception of Basic Properties .................................................................................................. 172 Perception of Higher-Level Properties ..................................................................................... 178 Vestibular System ......................................................................................................................... 182 Somesthetic System ...................................................................................................................... 183 Sensory System ......................................................................................................................... 185 Perception of Touch .................................................................................................................. 185 Perception of Temperature and Pain ......................................................................................... 188 Chemical Systems ......................................................................................................................... 189 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 190 Recommended Readings ............................................................................................................... 190 Chapter 8 Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactual Information ........................................... 193 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 193 Visual Displays ............................................................................................................................. 195 Static Displays .......................................................................................................................... 197 Dynamic Displays .....................................................................................................................208 Other Displays ..........................................................................................................................213 Warning Signals and Labels .....................................................................................................217 Auditory Displays .........................................................................................................................217 VIII Warning and Alarm Signals ......................................................................................................217 Three-Dimensional Displays .....................................................................................................220 Speech Displays ........................................................................................................................220 Tactile Displays .............................................................................................................................224 Summary .......................................................................................................................................225 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................226 PART III Cognitive Factors and Their Applications Chapter 9 Attention and the Assessment of Mental Workload ...............................................229 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................229 Models of Attention ......................................................................................................................230 Bottleneck Models ....................................................................................................................231 Resource Models .......................................................................................................................233 Executive Control Models ........................................................................................................236 Summary ...................................................................................................................................237 Modes of Attention .......................................................................................................................237 Selective Attention ....................................................................................................................237 Divided Attention ......................................................................................................................242 Arousal and Vigilance ..............................................................................................................244 Mental Workload Assessment ......................................................................................................248 Empirical Techniques ...............................................................................................................249 Analytical Techniques ...............................................................................................................258 Summary .......................................................................................................................................259 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................259 Chapter 10 Retention and Comprehension ofinformation ......................................................261 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................261 Sensory Memory ...........................................................................................................................262 Visual Sensory Memory ...........................................................................................................262 Tactile and Auditory Sensory Memories ..................................................................................264 What Is the Role of Sensory Memory? ....................................................................................264 Short-Term Memory .....................................................................................................................264 Basic Characteristics .................................................................................................................265 Improving Short-Term Retention ..............................................................................................266 Memory Search .........................................................................................................................267 Models of Short-Term or Working Memory ............................................................................269 Imagery .....................................................................................................................................271 Long-Term Memory .....................................................................................................................273 Basic Characteristics .................................................................................................................273 Processing Strategies .................................................................................................................275 Comprehending Verbal and Nonverbal Material ..........................................................................278 Semantic Memory .....................................................................................................................278 Reading Written Information ....................................................................................................280 Spoken Communication ............................................................................................................282 Situation Awareness ..................................................................................................................286 Summary .......................................................................................................................................286 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................287 Chapter 11 Solving Problems and Making Decisions .............................................................289 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................289 Problem Solving ............................................................................................................................290 Problem Space Hypothesis .......................................................................................................290 Analogy .....................................................................................................................................293 Logic and Reasoning ....................................................................................................................295 Deduction ..................................................................................................................................295 Induction and Concepts ............................................................................................................300 Abduction and Hypotheses .......................................................................................................302 Decision Making ...........................................................................................................................303 Nonnative Theory .....................................................................................................................303 Descriptive Theory ....................................................................................................................305 Transitivity and Framing ...........................................................................................................305 Bounded Rationality .................................................................................................................306 Improving Decisions .....................................................................................................................309 Training and Task Environment ...............................................................................................309 Decision Aids ................................................................................................................................310 Summary .......................................................................................................................................313 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................314 Chapter 12 Experts and Expert Systems ..................................................................................315 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................315 Acquisition of Cognitive Skill ......................................................................................................316 Power Law of Practice ..................................................................................................................316 Taxonomies of Skill ..................................................................................................................318 Theories of Skill Acquisition ....................................................................................................320 Transfer of Learning .................................................................................................................322 Expert Performance .......................................................................................................................324 Distinctions between Experts and Novices ...............................................................................325 Naturalistic Decision Making .......................................................................................................327 Expert Systems ..............................................................................................................................328 Characteristics of Expert Systems ............................................................................................328 Human Factors Issues ...............................................................................................................330 Example Systems ......................................................................................................................335 Summary .......................................................................................................................................336 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................337 PART IV Action Factors and Their Applications Chapter 13 Response Selection and Principles of Compatibility ............................................341 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................341 Simple Reactions ..........................................................................................................................341 Choice Reactions ..........................................................................................................................342 Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off ......................................................................................................343 Temporal Uncertainty ...............................................................................................................344 Stimulus-Response Uncertainty ...............................................................................................345 Principles of Compatibility ...........................................................................................................347 Stimulus-Response Compatibility ............................................................................................347 S-C-R Compatibility ................................................................................................................353 Practice and Response Selection ...............................................................................................354 Irrelevant Stimuli ..........................................................................................................................356 Dual-Task and Sequential Performance ........................................................................................357 Psychological Refractory Period Effect ....................................................................................357 Stimulus and Response Repetition ...........................................................................................359 Preferences for Controlling Actions .............................................................................................360 Summary .......................................................................................................................................365 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................365 Chapter 14 Control of Movement and Learning of Motor Skill ..............................................367 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................367 Physiological Foundations of Movement .....................................................................................367 Musculoskeletal System ............................................................................................................368 Control of Movement ...............................................................................................................368 Control of Action ..........................................................................................................................370 Closed-Loop Control ................................................................................................................371 Open-Loop Control ...................................................................................................................372 Aimed Movements ....................................................................................................................376 Grasping and Intercepting Objects ...........................................................................................380 Other Aspects of Motor Control ...............................................................................................381 Motor Learning .............................................................................................................................382 Conditions and Schedules of Practice and Training .................................................................383 Training with Simulators ..............................................................................................................387 Feedback and Skill Acquisition ....................................................................................................388 Knowledge of Results ...............................................................................................................389 Knowledge of Performance ......................................................................................................390 Observational Learning .............................................................................................................393 Summary .......................................................................................................................................394 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................395 Chapter 15 Controls and Controlling Actions ..........................................................................397 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................397 Control Features ............................................................................................................................398 Basic Dimensions ......................................................................................................................398 Control Resistance ....................................................................................................................399 Manipulation-Outcome Relations ............................................................................................402 Control Panels ...............................................................................................................................409 Coding of Controls ...................................................................................................................409 Control Arrangements ...............................................................................................................413 Preventing Accidental Operation ..............................................................................................414 Specific Controls ...........................................................................................................................415 Hand-Operated Controls ...........................................................................................................416 Foot-Operated Controls .............................................................................................................425 Specialized Controls .................................................................................................................426 Summary .......................................................................................................................................429 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................429 XI PART V Environmental Factors and Their Applications Chapter 16 Anthropometries and Workspace Design ..............................................................433 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................433 Engineering Anthropometry .........................................................................................................433 Anthropométrie Measurement ..................................................................................................436 Sources of Anthropométrie Data ..............................................................................................439 Biomechanical Factors ..............................................................................................................440 Cumulative Trauma Disorders ......................................................................................................441 Hand Tools ....................................................................................................................................445 Design Principles for Hand Tools ............................................................................................446 Manual or Power Tools ............................................................................................................450 Additional Principles .................................................................................................................450 Manual Materials Handling ..........................................................................................................451 Lifting and Lowering ................................................................................................................452 Carrying and Pushing/Pulling ..................................................................................................454 Workspace Design ........................................................................................................................455 Working Position ......................................................................................................................456 Seating .......................................................................................................................................458 Positioning of Visual Displays .................................................................................................461 Positioning of Controls and Objects .........................................................................................462 Steps in Workspace Design ......................................................................................................463 Summary .......................................................................................................................................465 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................465 Chapter 17 Environmental Ergonomics ...................................................................................467 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................467 Lighting .........................................................................................................................................467 Light Measurement ...................................................................................................................468 Light Sources ............................................................................................................................469 Illumination and Performance ...................................................................................................471 Glare ..........................................................................................................................................475 Noise .............................................................................................................................................477 Noise Measurement ...................................................................................................................477 Noise Level and Performance ...................................................................................................479 Healing Loss .............................................................................................................................482 Noise Reduction ........................................................................................................................485 Vibration .......................................................................................................................................486 Whole-Body Vibration ..............................................................................................................487 Segmental Vibration .................................................................................................................487 Thermal Comfort and Air Quality ................................................................................................489 Stress .............................................................................................................................................492 General Adaptation Syndrome and Stressors...........................................................................492 Occupational Stress ...................................................................................................................494 Summary .......................................................................................................................................497 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................497 XII Chapter 18 Human Resource Management and Macroergonomics .........................................499 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................499 Individual Employee .....................................................................................................................500 Job Analysis and Design ..........................................................................................................500 Personnel Selection ...................................................................................................................503 Training .....................................................................................................................................504 Performance Appraisal ..............................................................................................................506 Circadian Rhythms and Work Schedules .................................................................................508 Interactions among Employees .....................................................................................................513 Personal Space ..........................................................................................................................513 Territoriality ..............................................................................................................................515 Crowding and Privacy ..............................................................................................................515 Office Space and Arrangement .................................................................................................518 Interactions between Organizational Groups ................................................................................522 Communication in Organizations .............................................................................................523 Employee Participation .............................................................................................................526 Organizational Development ....................................................................................................527 Summary .......................................................................................................................................528 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................530 Chapter 19 Practice of Human Factors ....................................................................................531 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................531 System Development ....................................................................................................................532 Making the Case for Human Factors ........................................................................................532 System Development Process ...................................................................................................536 Cognitive and Physical Models of Human Performance .............................................................540 Engineering Models of Human Performance ...........................................................................541 Integrative Cognitive Architectures ..........................................................................................545 Control Theory Models .............................................................................................................548 Forensic Human Factors ...............................................................................................................549 Liability .....................................................................................................................................549 Expert Testimony ......................................................................................................................552 Human Factors and Society ..........................................................................................................553 Recommended Readings ...............................................................................................................554 Appendix 1...................................................................................................................................555 Appendix 2...................................................................................................................................557 Glossary ........................................................................................................................................559 References ....................................................................................................................................571 Author Index ...............................................................................................................................639 Subject Index ...............................................................................................................................655 List of Credits ..............................................................................................................................669 Technology has advanced considerably since the initial publication of this book fourteen years ago. At that time, DVDs did not exist, cell phones were few and far between, and the web and information superhighway were in their infancy. All of these technological developments have posed new usability problems for human factors scientists and professionals to address. Nevertheless, the basic principles underlying human factors and ergonomics are as relevant today as they were when the first edition was published. The second edition of a bestseller, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, Second Edition provides the necessary understanding of the breadth and depth of human factors issues that influence the design, implementation, and evaluation of products and systems. Emphasizing the close relationship between basic theory and application, the authors delineate a framework for the research process, present an integrated view of the current state of knowledge, and examine how these factors can be applied to system design. The new edition addresses such concepts as situation awareness and highlights topics of interest, with a special focus on computer applications and human-computer interaction. See what s new in the Second Edition • New topics, such as situational awareness, that capture the tremendous changes in human factors and ergonomics • Tightly integrates basic research and application, strengthening the link between knowledge and practice • Each chapter includes a separate box that discusses a topic of current interest related to human interaction with computers and recent technology Demonstrating a general approach io solving a broad range of system problems, the book provides coverage of the theoretical foundation on which the discipline of human factors is built. Structured around human information processing, it covers the full range of contemporary human factors and ergonomics, then shows you how to apply them.
adam_txt	Contents Preface .xiii Authors .xv PART I Historical Foundations of Human Factors Chapter 1 Historical Foundations of Human Factors .3 Introduction .3 Electronic and Digital Equipment .4 Computer Technology .4 Serious Accidents Resulting from Major System Failures .6 What Is Human Factors and Ergonomics? .8 Definition .9 Basic Human Performance . 10 Human-Machine Systems and Domains of Specialization . 10 Historical Antecedents . 13 Psychology of Human Performance . 13 Human Performance in Applied Settings . 16 Biomechanics and Physiology of Human Performance . 18 Summary . 19 Emergence of the Human Factors Profession . 19 Contemporary Human Factors .22 Summary .23 Recommended Readings .23 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Human Factors .25 Introduction .25 Distinguishing Features of Science .26 Foundations of Science .27 Scientific Method .27 Goals of Science .29 Measurement .30 Reliability, Validity, and Control .31 Research Methods .32 Descriptive Methods .33 Correlational and Differential Research .37 Experimental Methods .38 Summary .39 Statistical Methods .40 Descriptive Statistics .40 Inferential Statistics .45 Study Evaluating Human Factors Design .49 Summary .52 Recommended Readings .52 Chapter 3 Reliability and Human Error in Systems .53 Introduction .53 Central Concept in Human Factors: The System .54 Implications of the System Concept .54 System Variables .55 Summary .58 Human EiTor .58 Why Human Error Occurs .59 Error Taxonomies .60 Summary .63 Reliability Analysis .65 System Reliability .65 Human Reliability .68 Probabilistic Risk Analysis .78 Summary .78 Recommended Readings .79 Chapter 4 Human Information Processing .81 Introduction .81 Three-Stage Model .83 Perceptual Stage .83 Cognitive Stage .83 Action Stage .84 Human Information Processing and the Three-Stage Model .84 Psychological Representation of the Physical World .87 Classical Methods for Detection and Discrimination .88 Signal Detection .90 Psychophysical Scaling .95 Information Theory .97 Chronometrie Methods . 101 Subtractive Logic .102 Additive-Factors Logic . 103 Continuous Information Accumulation . 104 Psychophysiological Measures . 105 Summary . 107 Recommended Readings . 107 PART II Perceptual Factors and Their Applications Chapter 5 Visual Perception . 111 Introduction . Ш Properties of Sensory Systems . 111 Visual Sensory System . 112 Focusing System . 113 Retina . 119 Visual Pathways . 123 Aspects of Visual Perception . 125 Brightness . 125 Lightness . 130 Spatial and Temporal Resolution .131 Summary . 136 Recommended Readings . 136 Chapter 6 Perception of Objects in the World . 137 Introduction . 137 Color Perception . 137 Color Mixing . 138 Trichromatic Theory . 140 Opponent Process Theory . 141 Human Factors Issues . 141 Perceptual Organization . 142 Figure and Ground . 142 Grouping Principles . 144 Depth Perception . 148 Oculomotor Cues . 148 Monocular Visual Cues . 149 Binocular Visual Cues . 154 Size and Shape Constancy . 157 Illusions of Size and Direction . 158 Perception of Motion . 159 Object Motion . 160 Induced Motion . 160 Apparent Motion . 161 Pattern Recognition . 161 Summary . 163 Recommended Readings . 164 Chapter 7 Hearing, Proprioception, and the Chemical Senses . 165 Introduction . 165 Hearing . 165 Sound . 166 Auditory Sensory System . 167 Perception of Basic Properties . 172 Perception of Higher-Level Properties . 178 Vestibular System . 182 Somesthetic System . 183 Sensory System . 185 Perception of Touch . 185 Perception of Temperature and Pain . 188 Chemical Systems . 189 Summary . 190 Recommended Readings . 190 Chapter 8 Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactual Information . 193 Introduction . 193 Visual Displays . 195 Static Displays . 197 Dynamic Displays .208 Other Displays .213 Warning Signals and Labels .217 Auditory Displays .217 VIII Warning and Alarm Signals .217 Three-Dimensional Displays .220 Speech Displays .220 Tactile Displays .224 Summary .225 Recommended Readings .226 PART III Cognitive Factors and Their Applications Chapter 9 Attention and the Assessment of Mental Workload .229 Introduction .229 Models of Attention .230 Bottleneck Models .231 Resource Models .233 Executive Control Models .236 Summary .237 Modes of Attention .237 Selective Attention .237 Divided Attention .242 Arousal and Vigilance .244 Mental Workload Assessment .248 Empirical Techniques .249 Analytical Techniques .258 Summary .259 Recommended Readings .259 Chapter 10 Retention and Comprehension ofinformation .261 Introduction .261 Sensory Memory .262 Visual Sensory Memory .262 Tactile and Auditory Sensory Memories .264 What Is the Role of Sensory Memory? .264 Short-Term Memory .264 Basic Characteristics .265 Improving Short-Term Retention .266 Memory Search .267 Models of Short-Term or Working Memory .269 Imagery .271 Long-Term Memory .273 Basic Characteristics .273 Processing Strategies .275 Comprehending Verbal and Nonverbal Material .278 Semantic Memory .278 Reading Written Information .280 Spoken Communication .282 Situation Awareness .286 Summary .286 Recommended Readings .287 Chapter 11 Solving Problems and Making Decisions .289 Introduction .289 Problem Solving .290 Problem Space Hypothesis .290 Analogy .293 Logic and Reasoning .295 Deduction .295 Induction and Concepts .300 Abduction and Hypotheses .302 Decision Making .303 Nonnative Theory .303 Descriptive Theory .305 Transitivity and Framing .305 Bounded Rationality .306 Improving Decisions .309 Training and Task Environment .309 Decision Aids .310 Summary .313 Recommended Readings .314 Chapter 12 Experts and Expert Systems .315 Introduction .315 Acquisition of Cognitive Skill .316 Power Law of Practice .316 Taxonomies of Skill .318 Theories of Skill Acquisition .320 Transfer of Learning .322 Expert Performance .324 Distinctions between Experts and Novices .325 Naturalistic Decision Making .327 Expert Systems .328 Characteristics of Expert Systems .328 Human Factors Issues .330 Example Systems .335 Summary .336 Recommended Readings .337 PART IV Action Factors and Their Applications Chapter 13 Response Selection and Principles of Compatibility .341 Introduction .341 Simple Reactions .341 Choice Reactions .342 Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off .343 Temporal Uncertainty .344 Stimulus-Response Uncertainty .345 Principles of Compatibility .347 Stimulus-Response Compatibility .347 S-C-R Compatibility .353 Practice and Response Selection .354 Irrelevant Stimuli .356 Dual-Task and Sequential Performance .357 Psychological Refractory Period Effect .357 Stimulus and Response Repetition .359 Preferences for Controlling Actions .360 Summary .365 Recommended Readings .365 Chapter 14 Control of Movement and Learning of Motor Skill .367 Introduction .367 Physiological Foundations of Movement .367 Musculoskeletal System .368 Control of Movement .368 Control of Action .370 Closed-Loop Control .371 Open-Loop Control .372 Aimed Movements .376 Grasping and Intercepting Objects .380 Other Aspects of Motor Control .381 Motor Learning .382 Conditions and Schedules of Practice and Training .383 Training with Simulators .387 Feedback and Skill Acquisition .388 Knowledge of Results .389 Knowledge of Performance .390 Observational Learning .393 Summary .394 Recommended Readings .395 Chapter 15 Controls and Controlling Actions .397 Introduction .397 Control Features .398 Basic Dimensions .398 Control Resistance .399 Manipulation-Outcome Relations .402 Control Panels .409 Coding of Controls .409 Control Arrangements .413 Preventing Accidental Operation .414 Specific Controls .415 Hand-Operated Controls .416 Foot-Operated Controls .425 Specialized Controls .426 Summary .429 Recommended Readings .429 XI PART V Environmental Factors and Their Applications Chapter 16 Anthropometries and Workspace Design .433 Introduction .433 Engineering Anthropometry .433 Anthropométrie Measurement .436 Sources of Anthropométrie Data .439 Biomechanical Factors .440 Cumulative Trauma Disorders .441 Hand Tools .445 Design Principles for Hand Tools .446 Manual or Power Tools .450 Additional Principles .450 Manual Materials Handling .451 Lifting and Lowering .452 Carrying and Pushing/Pulling .454 Workspace Design .455 Working Position .456 Seating .458 Positioning of Visual Displays .461 Positioning of Controls and Objects .462 Steps in Workspace Design .463 Summary .465 Recommended Readings .465 Chapter 17 Environmental Ergonomics .467 Introduction .467 Lighting .467 Light Measurement .468 Light Sources .469 Illumination and Performance .471 Glare .475 Noise .477 Noise Measurement .477 Noise Level and Performance .479 Healing Loss .482 Noise Reduction .485 Vibration .486 Whole-Body Vibration .487 Segmental Vibration .487 Thermal Comfort and Air Quality .489 Stress .492 General Adaptation Syndrome and Stressors.492 Occupational Stress .494 Summary .497 Recommended Readings .497 XII Chapter 18 Human Resource Management and Macroergonomics .499 Introduction .499 Individual Employee .500 Job Analysis and Design .500 Personnel Selection .503 Training .504 Performance Appraisal .506 Circadian Rhythms and Work Schedules .508 Interactions among Employees .513 Personal Space .513 Territoriality .515 Crowding and Privacy .515 Office Space and Arrangement .518 Interactions between Organizational Groups .522 Communication in Organizations .523 Employee Participation .526 Organizational Development .527 Summary .528 Recommended Readings .530 Chapter 19 Practice of Human Factors .531 Introduction .531 System Development .532 Making the Case for Human Factors .532 System Development Process .536 Cognitive and Physical Models of Human Performance .540 Engineering Models of Human Performance .541 Integrative Cognitive Architectures .545 Control Theory Models .548 Forensic Human Factors .549 Liability .549 Expert Testimony .552 Human Factors and Society .553 Recommended Readings .554 Appendix 1.555 Appendix 2.557 Glossary .559 References .571 Author Index .639 Subject Index .655 List of Credits .669 Technology has advanced considerably since the initial publication of this book fourteen years ago. At that time, DVDs did not exist, cell phones were few and far between, and the web and information superhighway were in their infancy. All of these technological developments have posed new usability problems for human factors scientists and professionals to address. Nevertheless, the basic principles underlying human factors and ergonomics are as relevant today as they were when the first edition was published. The second edition of a bestseller, Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems, Second Edition provides the necessary understanding of the breadth and depth of human factors issues that influence the design, implementation, and evaluation of products and systems. Emphasizing the close relationship between basic theory and application, the authors delineate a framework for the research process, present an integrated view of the current state of knowledge, and examine how these factors can be applied to system design. The new edition addresses such concepts as situation awareness and highlights topics of interest, with a special focus on computer applications and human-computer interaction. See what's new in the Second Edition • New topics, such as situational awareness, that capture the tremendous changes in human factors and ergonomics • Tightly integrates basic research and application, strengthening the link between knowledge and practice • Each chapter includes a separate box that discusses a topic of current interest related to human interaction with computers and recent technology Demonstrating a general approach io solving a broad range of system problems, the book provides coverage of the theoretical foundation on which the discipline of human factors is built. Structured around human information processing, it covers the full range of contemporary human factors and ergonomics, then shows you how to apply them.
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author	Proctor, Robert W.
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isbn	9780805841190
language	English
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spelling	Proctor, Robert W. Verfasser aut Human factors in simple and complex systems Robert W. Proctor ; Trisha Van Zandt 2. ed. Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.] CRC Press 2008 XV, 679 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ergonomie Ingénierie des systèmes Sens et sensations Human engineering Systems engineering Arbeitspsychologie (DE-588)4002767-3 gnd rswk-swf Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (DE-588)4125909-9 gnd rswk-swf Industrial Engineering (DE-588)4026775-1 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitspsychologie (DE-588)4002767-3 s Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (DE-588)4125909-9 s DE-604 Industrial Engineering (DE-588)4026775-1 s b DE-604 Van Zandt, Trisha Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584084&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584084&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Proctor, Robert W. Human factors in simple and complex systems Ergonomie Ingénierie des systèmes Sens et sensations Human engineering Systems engineering Arbeitspsychologie (DE-588)4002767-3 gnd Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (DE-588)4125909-9 gnd Industrial Engineering (DE-588)4026775-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4002767-3 (DE-588)4125909-9 (DE-588)4026775-1
title	Human factors in simple and complex systems
title_auth	Human factors in simple and complex systems
title_exact_search	Human factors in simple and complex systems
title_exact_search_txtP	Human factors in simple and complex systems
title_full	Human factors in simple and complex systems Robert W. Proctor ; Trisha Van Zandt
title_fullStr	Human factors in simple and complex systems Robert W. Proctor ; Trisha Van Zandt
title_full_unstemmed	Human factors in simple and complex systems Robert W. Proctor ; Trisha Van Zandt
title_short	Human factors in simple and complex systems
title_sort	human factors in simple and complex systems
topic	Ergonomie Ingénierie des systèmes Sens et sensations Human engineering Systems engineering Arbeitspsychologie (DE-588)4002767-3 gnd Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation (DE-588)4125909-9 gnd Industrial Engineering (DE-588)4026775-1 gnd
topic_facet	Ergonomie Ingénierie des systèmes Sens et sensations Human engineering Systems engineering Arbeitspsychologie Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation Industrial Engineering
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584084&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016584084&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT proctorrobertw humanfactorsinsimpleandcomplexsystems AT vanzandttrisha humanfactorsinsimpleandcomplexsystems

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