Introduction to blood transfusion technology:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
St. Malden, MA
Wiley-Blackwell
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | [Bindeeinheit] |
| Schriftenreihe: | ISBT science series
3,2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Einzelaufn. eines Zeitschr.-H. |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 300 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137774159233025 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ISBT Science Series
Volume 3, Number 2, June 2008
Introduction to Blood Transfusion Technology
Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Preface
Abbreviations
SECTION 1: HAEMATOLOGY 1
Haemopoiesis
Circulatory system
Composition and functions of blood
• Plasma
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leucocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red cell abnormalities leading to chronic anaemia
Haemostasis and clotting factors
Coagulation defects
Haemorrhage and shock
SECTION 2: IMMUNOLOGY 10
Immune system
Role of the immune system
Protection strategies of the immune system
• Natural: inflammation, phagocytosis and humoral agents, complement
• Acquired: T-lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity, B-lymphocytes: antibody response
Antigens and antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Nature of immunogenicity
Factors influencing the immune response
Primary and secondary response
Active and passive immunity
Characteristics of immunoglobulins
Immune paralysis and immune tolerance
Autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency
SECTION 3: ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS 21
First and second stages of antigen-antibody reactions
Common types of antigen-antibody reactions
• Haemagglutination
• Sensitization
• Haemolysis
• Neutralization
• Precipitation
Factors that influence antigen-antibody reactions
Use of proteolytic enzymes
Use of high molecular mass substances
Contents iii
Use of low ionic strength saline solution
Use of labelled antibodies
Role of complement
Role of antihuman globulin
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
SECTION 4: PRINCIPLES OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 33
Blood samples (anticoagulants, use of dry tubes, storage of specimens)
Grading of agglutination
General notes on techniques
• Red cell suspensions
• Relative proportions of reactants
• Incubation time and temperature
• Centrifugation
• Reading of tests
• Recording of control and test results
• Washing antiglobulin tests
General techniques
• Saline
• Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)
• Enzyme
Solid phase red cell adherence AHG
Microcolumn techniques
Quality control
Blood grouping
• ABO grouping
• Rh typing
Red cell antibody screening
Red cell antibody identification
Antibody titration
Antibody quantification
Antibody neutralization/inhibition
Antibody elution
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (enzyme immunoassay)
Molecular technology
• Genomic amplification techniques
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Nucleic acid testing for blood donations
Automation
Haemoglobin estimation
Neonatal bilirubin estimation
Causes of false results in serological tests
SECTION 5: GENETICS 61
Mendelian genetics
• Law of segregation
• Law of independent assortment
Key components of inheritance
• Ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
• Chromosomes and genes
Mitosis and meiosis
• Crossing over
• Mutation
iv Contents
• X-linked characteristics
Use of blood groups to clarify concepts
Summary of genetic terms
SECTION 6: BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS 68
Blood group terminology
Functions of blood groups
ABO and H blood group systems
• ABO grouping
• Inheritance of ABO blood groups
• ABO blood group frequencies
• Production of ABO antigens
• H-deficient phenotypes and Bombay Oh phenotype
Subgroups within the ABO system
ABO system antibodies
Clinical significance of ABO system
Lectins (plant agglutinins)
ABH secretion
Unique features of ABO system
Rh blood group system
Rh genetics and inheritance
Rh typing
Rh antigens
Clinical significance of Rh system
Unique features of Rh system
Other major blood group systems
• MNS
• P
• Kell
• Duffy
• Kidd
• Lewis
• Lutheran
I blood group system
Additional blood group systems/collections/antibodies reacting with high and low frequency antigens
Polyagglutination
Human leucocyte antigen system
Human platelet antigen systems
Fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopaenia
SECTION 7: HAEMOLYTIC DISEASES 93
Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
Causes of HDFN
Progression of disease
Prevention of Rh disease caused by anti-D
Antenatal testing
Antenatal interventions to improve prognosis
Postnatal testing
Postnatal interventions to treat anaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia
Haemolytic anaemias
Autoimmunity
Transfusion in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Contents v
Warm autoantibodies
Cold autoantibodies
Drug induced haemolytic anaemia
Red cell abnormalities/deficiencies
SECTION 8: BLOOD DONORS 110
Recruitment of voluntary non-remunerated donors
Other types of donors
• Family replacement
• Paid
• Directed
• Autologous
Donor eligibility
Donor enrolment
Criteria for donor acceptability
Transfusion transmissible infections
Lifestyle assessment
Travel history
SECTION 9: BLOOD COLLECTION 12 3
Overview of anticoagulants and additive solutions
Blood collection area
Categories of whole blood donors
• Allogeneic donors
• Autologous donors
Hand cleaning
Blood collection bags - overview
Donor identification
Venepuncture
Taking the donation of whole blood
Apheresis blood donation - overview
Donor care
Adverse reactions to blood donation
Haemovigilance
Donor records
• Look-back procedure
Handling of collected units - overview
SECTION 10: DONATION TESTING 13 7
Red cell serology testing
Transfusion transmissible infections
Testing strategies
• Human immunodeficiency virus
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Window periods
• Algorithms
Other transmissible infections
Look-back procedure
SECTION 11: BLOOD PROCESSING 148
Concept of blood components
Sterile systems
vi Contents
Bag systems for blood collection
Principles of centrifugation
Blood processing equipment
• Blood bag centrifuge
• Scale
• Balances
• Plasma extractor
• Automated blood processing machines
• Pilot tube sealer
• Sterile connecting device
• Platelet agitator
• Plasma snap freezer
• Low temperature freezer
• Laminar flow cabinet
Preparation of specific blood components
• Whole blood
• Red cell concentrate
• Plasma
• Platelet concentrate
• Irradiated products
Autologous preoperative donations
Measures to prevent transmission of pathogens
Labelling and records
Quality control
Overview of plasma fractionation
SECTION 12: BLOOD STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION 177
Anticoagulant-preservatives
Storage temperatures
Storage equipment
• Blood storage refrigerators
• Plasma storage freezers
• Room temperature storage facilities
Design features
• Refrigerators and freezers
• Cold rooms and freezer rooms
Blood and component transport containers
• Design features
Temperature monitoring
Installation and maintenance
Links in the blood cold chain
• Collection
• Processing
• Storage
• Transport
• Transfusion
Inventory management and control
SECTION 13: COMPATIBILITY TESTING j 97
Concepts of crossmatching
Patient and sample identification
• Handling infectious specimens
Avoiding pitfalls that lead to crossmatching errors
Contents vii
Approaches to compatibility testing
Selection of blood
Alternatives to transfusion
Incompatibilities
Patient records
Issue of blood
Transfusion reactions and haemovigilance
Quality control
SECTION 14: BENEFITS AND RISKS OF TRANSFUSION 216
Clinical benefits of blood transfusion
Transfusion of patients with special needs
• Neonatal patients
• Patients with chronic or severe anaemia
• Patients with rare blood types
• Patients on chemotherapy
• Patients for transplantation
• Patients with antibodies to IgA
Blood conservation
Transfusion risks and adverse reactions
• Haemolytic reactions
• Transfusion associated acute lung injury
• Sepsis - bacterial contamination of products transfused
• Allergic reactions
• Anaphylactoid reactions
• Circulatory overload
• Non-haemolytic, febrile reactions
• Pyrogens in products transfused
• Citrate, potassium and iron toxicity
• Transfusion associated graft versus host disease
• Transmission of infectious disease
• Alloimmunization
Haemovigilance/Biovigilance
• Donors and donations
• Recipients of blood components and plasma derivatives
• Monitoring, evaluation and reporting
Hospital transfusion committees
SECTION 15: SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT 231
Organizational safety policy
Requirements of the safety programme:
• Safety committee
• Work areas
• Training
• Personal protective equipment
• Identification of risks
• Work practices
• Reporting accidents
• Blood-bome pathogens
• Handling of blood spills
• Electrical hazards
• Decontamination of work surfaces and equipment
• Waste management
viii Contents
SECTION 16: QUALITY 238
Quality management system
• Organizational structure
• Premises
• Equipment and materials
• Management of processes and procedures
• Documentation and record keeping
• Quality assurance and quality control
• Management of non-conforming product or material
• Waste management - overview
• Monitoring and evaluation of the quality system
• Process improvement
• Ethical guidelines
SECTION 17: EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT 248
Procurement of equipment and materials
Suppliers and supplies
Acceptance of equipment and materials
• Refrigerated centrifuge for component production
Planned equipment maintenance
Materials management
Glossary 254
Index 284
|
| adam_txt |
ISBT Science Series
Volume 3, Number 2, June 2008
Introduction to Blood Transfusion Technology
Contents
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Preface
Abbreviations
SECTION 1: HAEMATOLOGY 1
Haemopoiesis
Circulatory system
Composition and functions of blood
• Plasma
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leucocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
Red cell abnormalities leading to chronic anaemia
Haemostasis and clotting factors
Coagulation defects
Haemorrhage and shock
SECTION 2: IMMUNOLOGY 10
Immune system
Role of the immune system
Protection strategies of the immune system
• Natural: inflammation, phagocytosis and humoral agents, complement
• Acquired: T-lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity, B-lymphocytes: antibody response
Antigens and antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Nature of immunogenicity
Factors influencing the immune response
Primary and secondary response
Active and passive immunity
Characteristics of immunoglobulins
Immune paralysis and immune tolerance
Autoimmunity
Immunodeficiency
SECTION 3: ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS 21
First and second stages of antigen-antibody reactions
Common types of antigen-antibody reactions
• Haemagglutination
• Sensitization
• Haemolysis
• Neutralization
• Precipitation
Factors that influence antigen-antibody reactions
Use of proteolytic enzymes
Use of high molecular mass substances
Contents iii
Use of low ionic strength saline solution
Use of labelled antibodies
Role of complement
Role of antihuman globulin
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
SECTION 4: PRINCIPLES OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 33
Blood samples (anticoagulants, use of dry tubes, storage of specimens)
Grading of agglutination
General notes on techniques
• Red cell suspensions
• Relative proportions of reactants
• Incubation time and temperature
• Centrifugation
• Reading of tests
• Recording of control and test results
• Washing antiglobulin tests
General techniques
• Saline
• Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)
• Enzyme
Solid phase red cell adherence AHG
Microcolumn techniques
Quality control
Blood grouping
• ABO grouping
• Rh typing
Red cell antibody screening
Red cell antibody identification
Antibody titration
Antibody quantification
Antibody neutralization/inhibition
Antibody elution
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (enzyme immunoassay)
Molecular technology
• Genomic amplification techniques
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Nucleic acid testing for blood donations
Automation
Haemoglobin estimation
Neonatal bilirubin estimation
Causes of false results in serological tests
SECTION 5: GENETICS 61
Mendelian genetics
• Law of segregation
• Law of independent assortment
Key components of inheritance
• Ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid
• Chromosomes and genes
Mitosis and meiosis
• Crossing over
• Mutation
iv Contents
• X-linked characteristics
Use of blood groups to clarify concepts
Summary of genetic terms
SECTION 6: BLOOD GROUP SYSTEMS 68
Blood group terminology
Functions of blood groups
ABO and H blood group systems
• ABO grouping
• Inheritance of ABO blood groups
• ABO blood group frequencies
• Production of ABO antigens
• H-deficient phenotypes and Bombay Oh phenotype
Subgroups within the ABO system
ABO system antibodies
Clinical significance of ABO system
Lectins (plant agglutinins)
ABH secretion
Unique features of ABO system
Rh blood group system
Rh genetics and inheritance
Rh typing
Rh antigens
Clinical significance of Rh system
Unique features of Rh system
Other major blood group systems
• MNS
• P
• Kell
• Duffy
• Kidd
• Lewis
• Lutheran
I blood group system
Additional blood group systems/collections/antibodies reacting with high and low frequency antigens
Polyagglutination
Human leucocyte antigen system
Human platelet antigen systems
Fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopaenia
SECTION 7: HAEMOLYTIC DISEASES 93
Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
Causes of HDFN
Progression of disease
Prevention of Rh disease caused by anti-D
Antenatal testing
Antenatal interventions to improve prognosis
Postnatal testing
Postnatal interventions to treat anaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia
Haemolytic anaemias
Autoimmunity
Transfusion in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Contents v
Warm autoantibodies
Cold autoantibodies
Drug induced haemolytic anaemia
Red cell abnormalities/deficiencies
SECTION 8: BLOOD DONORS 110
Recruitment of voluntary non-remunerated donors
Other types of donors
• Family replacement
• Paid
• Directed
• Autologous
Donor eligibility
Donor enrolment
Criteria for donor acceptability
Transfusion transmissible infections
Lifestyle assessment
Travel history
SECTION 9: BLOOD COLLECTION 12 3
Overview of anticoagulants and additive solutions
Blood collection area
Categories of whole blood donors
• Allogeneic donors
• Autologous donors
Hand cleaning
Blood collection bags - overview
Donor identification
Venepuncture
Taking the donation of whole blood
Apheresis blood donation - overview
Donor care
Adverse reactions to blood donation
Haemovigilance
Donor records
• Look-back procedure
Handling of collected units - overview
SECTION 10: DONATION TESTING 13 7
Red cell serology testing
Transfusion transmissible infections
Testing strategies
• Human immunodeficiency virus
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Window periods
• Algorithms
Other transmissible infections
Look-back procedure
SECTION 11: BLOOD PROCESSING 148
Concept of blood components
Sterile systems
vi Contents
Bag systems for blood collection
Principles of centrifugation
Blood processing equipment
• Blood bag centrifuge
• Scale
• Balances
• Plasma extractor
• Automated blood processing machines
• Pilot tube sealer
• Sterile connecting device
• Platelet agitator
• Plasma snap freezer
• Low temperature freezer
• Laminar flow cabinet
Preparation of specific blood components
• Whole blood
• Red cell concentrate
• Plasma
• Platelet concentrate
• Irradiated products
Autologous preoperative donations
Measures to prevent transmission of pathogens
Labelling and records
Quality control
Overview of plasma fractionation
SECTION 12: BLOOD STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION 177
Anticoagulant-preservatives
Storage temperatures
Storage equipment
• Blood storage refrigerators
• Plasma storage freezers
• Room temperature storage facilities
Design features
• Refrigerators and freezers
• Cold rooms and freezer rooms
Blood and component transport containers
• Design features
Temperature monitoring
Installation and maintenance
Links in the blood cold chain
• Collection
• Processing
• Storage
• Transport
• Transfusion
Inventory management and control
SECTION 13: COMPATIBILITY TESTING j 97
Concepts of crossmatching
Patient and sample identification
• Handling infectious specimens
Avoiding pitfalls that lead to crossmatching errors
Contents vii
Approaches to compatibility testing
Selection of blood
Alternatives to transfusion
Incompatibilities
Patient records
Issue of blood
Transfusion reactions and haemovigilance
Quality control
SECTION 14: BENEFITS AND RISKS OF TRANSFUSION 216
Clinical benefits of blood transfusion
Transfusion of patients with special needs
• Neonatal patients
• Patients with chronic or severe anaemia
• Patients with rare blood types
• Patients on chemotherapy
• Patients for transplantation
• Patients with antibodies to IgA
Blood conservation
Transfusion risks and adverse reactions
• Haemolytic reactions
• Transfusion associated acute lung injury
• Sepsis - bacterial contamination of products transfused
• Allergic reactions
• Anaphylactoid reactions
• Circulatory overload
• Non-haemolytic, febrile reactions
• Pyrogens in products transfused
• Citrate, potassium and iron toxicity
• Transfusion associated graft versus host disease
• Transmission of infectious disease
• Alloimmunization
Haemovigilance/Biovigilance
• Donors and donations
• Recipients of blood components and plasma derivatives
• Monitoring, evaluation and reporting
Hospital transfusion committees
SECTION 15: SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT 231
Organizational safety policy
Requirements of the safety programme:
• Safety committee
• Work areas
• Training
• Personal protective equipment
• Identification of risks
• Work practices
• Reporting accidents
• Blood-bome pathogens
• Handling of blood spills
• Electrical hazards
• Decontamination of work surfaces and equipment
• Waste management
viii Contents
SECTION 16: QUALITY 238
Quality management system
• Organizational structure
• Premises
• Equipment and materials
• Management of processes and procedures
• Documentation and record keeping
• Quality assurance and quality control
• Management of non-conforming product or material
• Waste management - overview
• Monitoring and evaluation of the quality system
• Process improvement
• Ethical guidelines
SECTION 17: EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT 248
Procurement of equipment and materials
Suppliers and supplies
Acceptance of equipment and materials
• Refrigerated centrifuge for component production
Planned equipment maintenance
Materials management
Glossary 254
Index 284 |
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| title | Introduction to blood transfusion technology |
| title_auth | Introduction to blood transfusion technology |
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